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Introduction Methods Results Conclusion Improvements in computed tomography (CT) technology in terms of image quality and reduction in absorbed dose have increased its applications in medical imaging. Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) help to identify high radiation doses that are unusually delivered to patients undergoing exposure to ionising radiation. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of published studies by African researchers towards establishing paediatric CT DRLs in Africa.The search for articles was conducted using some relevant literature search engines including PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Web of Science. Two reviewers were involved in the article selection process which involved a three‐stage screening process of identifying; article titles, abstracts and full‐test reading.One hundred and seventy‐four articles were identified from the database, PubMed (30), Scopus (21), Google Scholar (53), Web of Science (25) and Science Direct (45). Fifty duplicated articles were excluded before screening. Twelve peer‐reviewed articles were included in this study based on the inclusion criteria. DRL values in terms of computed tomography dose index volume of head for the age groupings 0–1, 1–5, 5–10 and 10–15 were 27, 36.6, 39.5 and 47.5 mGy while the dose length product values were 461.6, 664, 872 and 978 mGy.cm respectively. The DRLs were calculated as 75th percentile of the local DRLs reported by the 12 articles included in this review.This review has shown that only few of the African countries (19%) have published studies on paediatric CT DRLs. There were variations in the DRLs published by the various authors which indicate that harmonisation and standardisation of paediatric CT protocols is essential for the optimisation of paediatric doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I respond to comments from Mark Bowker, Jessica Keiser, and Eliot Michaelson on my book, Talking About. The response clarifies my stance on the nature of reference, conflicting intentions, and the sense in which language may have proper functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It doesn't have (just) one, and this matters for how we ought to pursue a theory of meaning and communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being in a state of confusion is, unfortunately, an ordinary part of human experience. What is going on in our heads exactly, when we are confused about something? Surely, there are many different ways of being confused, but in his engaging new book Talking About, Elmar Unnsteinsson takes on the special case of what he calls identity confusion. He suggests that understanding what happens when we are in a state of identity confusion – and what kinds of things this confusion allows us to, or inhibits us from doing – will dissolve Frege's puzzle. And more importantly, it will pave the road to a new theory of reference which relies on what he calls the Edenic Constraint – a constraint that makes acts of reference unavailable to victims of identity confusion. I argue that this account is convincing if the Edenic Constraint is restricted to certain cases of combinatory confusion – namely those that involve conflicting intentions – but that it is less plausible that the reference mechanism fails in cases of combinatory confusion that don't involve conflicting intentions, or in any cases of separatory confusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One may not only represent the same objects of one’s past, but also represent them as the same objects across time. I call this phenomenon “Remembering as the Same” (RaS). In this article, I aim to bring out the connection between the simulationist model of cognitive memory and this underexplored aspect of memory experience. I shall suggest that, unlike the causalist contender, the simulationist is in an advantageous position to properly capture RaS, especially when subjects represent past objects as the same in cross-temporal trains of thought that are also future-oriented. In the course of defending this claim, I will highlight the significance of RaS in the study of memory and cross-temporal reference, critically examine the resources available to causalist approaches, and reject too simplistic incorporations of RaS within the simulationist framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although we encounter objects from a particular perspective, what we perceive and remember are typically whole objects. In 'amodal completion' our mind automatically fills in objects' spatially occluded parts, and our memory then often discards information about the orientation from which the objects were perceived. An analogous phenomenon of 'event completion' has been demonstrated, which may be understood as the mind automatically filling in temporally occluded parts of events. Exemplifying typical experiments in this paradigm, Strickland and Keil (Strickland and Keil, Cognition 121:409–415, 2011) showed participants videos depicting a causal event (e.g., someone kicking a ball), which was edited so that a crucial part was missing (e.g., the moment of contact between foot and ball). Subjects were more likely to falsely remember having seen the moment of contact if (and only if) it was strongly implied by subsequent footage. We use this phenomenon of event completion as a test case for comparing different theories of reference in memory. We argue that event completion puts pressure on both pure causal and pure descriptive theories of reference, and favors more nuanced hybrids of causal and descriptive theories, which integrate insights from cognitive and epistemic approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a study on the organ weights of African green monkeys (AGMs) at different ages and sexes. The findings show that males generally have higher body and organ weights than females, but the relative organ weights do not differ between the sexes. The study provides scatterplots, tables, and descriptive statistics for body and organ weights, adhering to the National Institutes of Health guidelines for the care of laboratory animals. This information can be useful for biomedical researchers and pathologists working with AGMs. [Extracted from the article]

In this paper, I will critically assess a very popular interpretation of Heidegger's early thought, according to which meaning (Bedeutung) is conceived as ontologically dependent on human existence (Dasein). To criticize this subjectivist understanding of meaning, I will offer an interpretation of Heidegger's analysis of signs in Being and Time (§17). This will reveal two main things: first, that the ubiquity of sign phenomena is founded on the universality of the structure known as reference (Verweisung); second, that Heidegger's idea of reference offers a non-substantialist understanding of meaning and its relation to the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buddhist architecture plays a crucial role in traditional Chinese architecture, representing the localized adaptation of Buddhism, a foreign religion, in China. Historically, abundant materials, including paintings, photographs, and texts, demonstrate the longstanding interest of visiting Christian missionaries in Chinese Buddhist architecture. As their understanding deepens, Buddhist architecture becomes a valuable reference for the Sinicization of Christian venues in China. Unlike the "Chinese Roof with Western walls style" or "mixed Easten and Western façade style", Tao Fong Shan represents a "Buddhist-Christian style", with its success rooted in the similarity of life and spatial modes between Buddhist and Christian monasteries. Using Tao Fong Shan Christian Centre as a case study, this article examines the localization construction of Christian architecture. It explores how Norwegian missionary Karl Ludvig Reichelt (1877–1952) and Danish Christian architect Johannes Prip-Møller (1889–1943) collaborated to establish a Christian center targeting Buddhists. Through an in-depth study of Prip-Møller's field research in the 1930s, especially his analysis of Longchang Si, the article investigates how Tao Fong Shan learned from it and transformed its spatial characteristics to achieve a localized sense of space perception through site selection, layout, and spatial design. It ultimately aims to influence the beliefs of Buddhists within the local context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to determine how we ought to distinguish between reference and readers' advisory (RA) service, given the latter's turn toward a whole collection approach. In other words, the paper answers this question: If both reference and RA librarians aim to meet patrons' information needs and may theoretically do so using the same materials, then how are we to differentiate the two services conceptually? Design/methodology/approach: In this conceptual paper, we posit that we can distinguish between RA and reference using Louise Rosenblatt's theory of the aesthetic transaction. With this theory in hand, we can redefine the service distinction in terms of the stance – aesthetic or efferent – that the patron expects to take toward the material they seek. Findings: On our account, the reader's desired stance becomes a kind of hermeneutical lens through which a library worker may productively evaluate plausible pathways and materials. An aesthetic lens is characteristic of RA; it makes features of potential aesthetic transactions between a particular reader and a particular text (or genre or author's oeuvre) salient. Originality/value: The proposed account constitutes a novel application of Rosenblattian response theory, one that grounds and refines the going view that RA's proper focus is on supporting a particular sort of experience rather than providing particular sorts of texts. This theoretical emendation also better aligns the service distinction with contemporary conceptualizations of RA as a "whole collection" service. Important practical and philosophical implications follow from the new account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to highlight some of the latest tendencies in the criminal court decisions ruled in the stage of the preliminary chamber regarding the exclusion of unlawfully obtained evidence, in light of the CCR decisions issued in the last years. The exclusion of unlawfully obtained evidence from criminal proceedings as a legal consequence of annulment of the tainted evidence is merely an elimination of the possibility of the judge to rely on such evidence in the solving of the case, but it does not erase from the magistrate's memory the information he or she has become aware of from the tainted evidence, this being the main argument for the positive trend of judicial practice in this specific area. Consequently, the recent court decisions are a strong emphasis of the CCR arguments that conclude that exclusion by law of evidence that was obtained unlawfully in criminal proceedings, in the absence of physical removal of such evidence from the criminal case file is not enough to actually guarantee compliance with the rule of presumption of innocence and the right to a fair trial. Although the CCR decision seems to be quite explicit, difficulties have arisen in judicial practice regarding application of the aforementioned provisions, therefore the recent court decisions highlight the necessity of complete physical exclusion of any mentioning or reference regarding the unlawfully obtained evidence.

In Talking about, Unnsteinsson defends an intentionalist theory of reference by arguing that confused referential intentions degrade reference. Central to this project is a "belief model" of both identity confusion and unconfused thought. By appealing to a well‐known argument from Campbell, I argue that this belief model falls short, because it fails to explain the inferential behavior it promises to explain. Campbell's argument has been central in the contemporary literature on Frege's puzzle, but Unnsteinsson's account of confusion provides an opportunity for more clarity about how the argument is best interpreted, and what it shows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A main selling point of predicativism is that, in addition to accounting for predicative uses of proper names, it can successfully account for their referential uses while treating them as predicates, thus providing a uniform semantics for proper names. The strategy is to postulate an unpronounced determiner that is realised with names when they appear to function as singular terms, making them effectively a concealed determiner phrase. I argue against the thesis that names are really predicates in referential uses. I discuss four different environments where names do not behave like the determiner phrases that are thought to embed them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between language and being is one of the most intricate issues in the history of thought. Naming places at the center of this relationship. Human beings can only know existence and do science by naming it. Since knowing begins with naming, discussions on naming have been carried out in connection with epistemology, ontology, and metaphysics throughout the history of thought, transcending the limits of the linguistic plane. The fact that changes in the understanding of being also shape the understanding of language has led to changes in the theories of naming. In particular, Kant's criticisms of metaphysics deeply affected the naming theories in the modern period. Kant rejected the concept of substance existing independently, which had been accepted since antiquity, and introduced an understanding of an object constructed by the subject's judgment. This elimination also changed the position of proper names. Understanding proper names based on substance metaphysics became difficult to defend with the "linguistic turn." While this difficulty is in question for any name, when it comes to naming God, the issue gains a theological dimension and becomes even more intricate. The main question that this study seeks to answer is whether the modern theories of naming developed after Kant enable us to determine the referent of the proper name "Allah." Several studies have been written to investigate the possibility of referring to God with modern linguistic theories. In these studies, either the concept of "God", which is a universal concept (i.e., under which different individuals can be included), has been analyzed, or the possibility of referring to the "God" of Christianity and Judaism with the existing theories of reference has been investigated. However, there has not been an examination of how to refer to "Allah" as a proper name, considering the views of Islamic thinkers on the subject. Our study aims to fill this gap by including the statements of famous Islamic scholars on the subject with attention to metaphysical backgrounds. To investigate the possibility of naming "Allah" in the modern philosophy of language, it is necessary to reveal how the signification of the name "Allah" was determined in the classical period. There are two main approaches in Islamic thought on how the word "Allah" is a name. While one states that the word has become a name through descriptions, the other view defends the directness of this naming without the mediation of descriptions. While explaining these views defended by different names, we will mainly include the views of Fakhr al-Dīn al-Razi and alBayḍāwī, We will also draw attention to the metaphysical ground on which the explanations are based for their comparison with the modern period. This study does not purport to encompass all modern theories of reference developed after Kant. Considering their founding positions in the modern philosophy of language, we will first analyze Frege and Russell's descriptivist theory of reference and discuss whether it offers the possibility of reference to "Allah". The descriptivist theory presents an understanding in which proper names are reduced to descriptions. This understanding has been criticized for some of its limitations. The most famous of these criticisms is that of the logician Saul Kripke. Thanks to his proofs in modal logic, Kripke could talk about the "accessibility relation" and claim that proper names are strict determiners in all accessible worlds. Based on this idea, the causal theory of reference argues that proper names can name their objects without needing to mediate descriptions. In our study, we will analyze Kripke's views for two purposes. Firstly, we will reveal the limitations of the descriptivist theory through Kripke's criticisms. Our second but more primary aim is to investigate whether Kripke and his followers' theory of direct reference provides the possibility of reference to the word "Allah”. At this point, we will use the works of philosophers of religion, such as W. Alston and J. Gellman, who have worked on the subject of a reference to God. Some philosophers of religion, such as Miller, Alston, and Gellman, believe that the causal theory of reference is the most appropriate ground to explain the reference to God. In this study, we will examine their arguments in the context of Islamic thought. The study concluded that modern naming theories would be insufficient to name the word "Allah" with its classical meaning. The limitations of the theories in referring to any proper name are also valid for the word "Allah". However, our main claim at this point is that the main reason for the inadequacy is the changing understanding of existence between classical and modern theories. The lack of the idea of “thing in itself” independent of the subject in both the descriptive reference theory and the direct reference theory prevents the word "Allah" from referring to essence. Although our research is limited to the two theories mentioned above, it is assumed that all modern philosophies of language have the color of his thought since they were developed after Kant. However, the study does not claim that reference to God is impossible in the modern period. We propose constructing a new theory that can successfully explain that Lafzatullah (the Word of Allah) refers to “Allah” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the aspects of textual coherence in Mamdouh Adwan's poem "On You Life Relies," which was included in his final collection, written while he was battling the cancer that ultimately took his life. The study examines how these mechanisms work together to achieve textual cohesion at the surface (linguistic) level through reference, repetition, and various syntactic relations, which in turn achieve a kind of deep semantic cohesion. To do this, the study used a descriptive statistical method to identify the elements of coherence in the text under study and then employed an analytical method to highlight the effect of these elements in connecting parts of the text, leading to a comprehensive understanding of the text. The study concluded that these elements work together to achieve textual cohesion within the poem to the extent of giving it life and renewal, which opens the door to interpretation for the reader, away from ambiguity and obscurity. Adwan demonstrated his ability to use different types of textual cohesion tools, giving them an aesthetic function at the formal level and a meaningful function at the semantic level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the conceptual correspondences between two of the central theses of Willard Van Orman Quine's philosophical proposal, the inscrutability of reference, through which Quine presents examples to support his theory of the indeterminacy of translation; and ontological relativity, with which Quine deals with the different possibilities that linguists have while carrying out observations for the translation of new languages. These Quinean theses are strongly linked due to their centrality to the theory of indeterminacy of translation, that is, the impossibility of obtaining a precise referential meaning. In view of this thematic choice, intrinsic to the origins of naturalized epistemology, I intend to present introductory elements to Quine's philosophy of language, which explain the elementary conceptual correspondence of his thought, that is, which demonstrate the inseparability between the thesis of the inscrutability of reference and the consequent ontological relativity. With the verification of the non-dependence of ontological postulates for the semantic and intersubjective effectiveness of language, we can affirm that it is due to the indeterminacy of the translation that the inscrutability of the reference is verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chatbot Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) is an artificial intelligence-powered language model chatbot able to help otolaryngologists in practice and research. The ability of ChatGPT in generating patient-centered information related to laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD) was evaluated. Methods: Twenty-five questions dedicated to definition, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of LPRD were developed from the Dubai definition and management of LPRD consensus and recent reviews. Questions about the four aforementioned categories were entered into ChatGPT-4. Four board-certified laryngologists evaluated the accuracy of ChatGPT-4 with a 5-point Likert scale. Interrater reliability was evaluated. Results: The mean scores (SD) of ChatGPT-4 answers for definition, clinical presentation, additional examination, and treatments were 4.13 (0.52), 4.50 (0.72), 3.75 (0.61), and 4.18 (0.47), respectively. Experts reported high interrater reliability for sub-scores (ICC = 0.973). The lowest performances of ChatGPT-4 were on answers about the most prevalent LPR signs, the most reliable objective tool for the diagnosis (hypopharyngeal-esophageal multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring (HEMII-pH)), and the criteria for the diagnosis of LPR using HEMII-pH. Conclusion: ChatGPT-4 may provide adequate information on the definition of LPR, differences compared to GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), and clinical presentation. Information provided upon extra-laryngeal manifestations and HEMII-pH may need further optimization. Regarding the recent trends identifying increasing patient use of internet sources for self-education, the findings of the present study may help draw attention to ChatGPT-4's accuracy on the topic of LPR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the causal-historical theory of reference, natural kind terms refer in virtue of complicated causal relations the speakers have to their environment. A common objection to the theory is that purely causal relations are insufficient to fix reference in a determinate fashion. The so-called hybrid view holds that what is also needed for successful fixing are true descriptions associated in the mind of the speaker with the referent. The main claim of this paper is that the objection fails: reference fixing of natural kind terms can be purely causal. The main argument draws inspiration from recent theoretical advances made in metaphysics of kinds by Marion Godman, Antonella Mallozzi, and David Papineau. The main claim is that their notion of super-explanatory properties may explain how reference of many kind terms can be fixed purely causally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Machery et al.’s 2004 x-phi project has been widely criticised for ambiguities contained in the expression ‘talk about’. Interestingly, although ‘about’ plays a prominent part in the debate, aboutness has not been a topic. This paper discusses this aspect. Alas, it must thereby add a further ambiguity to the list, the ambiguity between aboutness and reference, and thus also between subject matter and referent. It explains the distinction between intra-categorical aboutness which makes no ontological demands, and cross-categorical reference which requires the referent to exist. It then analyses the 4-fold embedding contained in Machery et al.’s study and shows how the aboutness-reference distinction bears on it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A heat recovery coke oven (HRCO) is one of important approaches to achieving a carbon peak and carbon neutrality in China. However, the steady operation of an HRCO is significantly influenced by the internal working conditions and the quality of lining refractories. In this work, a comprehensive study of the internal working conditions of an HRCO was carried out. The results suggest that the partition wall (PW) between the carbonization and combustion chambers is the most vulnerable area, with the corresponding traditional silica bricks inadequate for the service requirements. A reference based on a comparison of the average thermal stress and high-temperature compressive strength is offered for evaluating and selecting silica bricks for the PW. New optimized silica bricks within the reference are verified to be more applicable to the actual working conditions of an HRCO than the traditional silica bricks. As such, this work provides valuable guidance for the optimization and selection of silica bricks for the PW in an HRCO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do children learn to connect expressions (e.g., "that red apple") to the real-world objects they refer to? The dominant view in developmental psychology is that children rely on descriptive information, "red" and "apple." In contrast, linguistic theories of the adult language attribute primacy to grammatical elements: words such as "that" or "another" first establish the status of potential referents within the discourse context (old or new) before descriptions can factor in. These theories predict that reference can succeed even when the description does not match the referent. We explored this novel prediction in adults and children. Over four experiments, we found that (a) adults relied on the articles to identify the referent, even when the description did not fit, consistent with grammar-first accounts; (b) consistent with description-first accounts, and unlike adults, 3- to 5-year-old children prioritized the descriptions provided by nouns and adjectives, despite being sensitive to grammatical information. This suggests that children connect expressions to referents differently from adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to better understand the main source of the Islamic religion, the Holy Qur'an, as a text, certain methods have been followed from the earliest periods. Rules of language have become one of the most important instruments among these methods that develop within a particular system. Although the Qur'anic text is the primary source for the formation of language rules, the rules of language in general have been decisive in the understanding of the Qur'an. As a matter of fact, the lexical tafsir studies that started in the classical period have emerged as a result of this understanding. In the following periods, linguistic issues were increasingly addressed and subject-work-based studies gained momentum. In this context, preferences regarding the reference of pronouns have been one of the issues that prepare the ground for different interpretations. Because in some usages, more than one word has the property of being a reference for a pronoun, and one of them should be preferred. The preferences that are made cause the meaning to differ. In this study, the subject of the reference of pronouns in the Holy Qur'an will be dealt with in the context of the work entitled Hak Dini Kur'an Dili written by Elmalılı, using many of the tafsirs written before his time. Elmalılı's preferences regarding the subject of the pronoun were determined and compared with the preferences of other interpreters. Elmalılı were not only sufficed with narrations in the interpretation of these pronouns, but also included his own original opinions. In addition, differences were found between the preferences of the author in the tafsirs and the preferences in the translation written by him. Thus, the different meanings and interpretations arising from the determination of the authority of the pronoun have been reached and their justifications have been revealed, and the possible effects of different meanings on the judgment have been focused on. Of the eighteen pronouns identified in the Elmalılı tafsir, nine of them were examined and their preferences, which are different from other interpreters, were primarily determined. In addition, Elmalılı's arguments in his own preferences were examined and his evidences was evaluated. The consistency of the opinions expressed during the preference in terms of language rules has also been investigated. In particular, it has been shown that Elmalılı follows a original path regarding the reference of the pronoun contained in the three verses. In some pronouns, it has been observed that he prefers interpretations accepted by very few commentators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to a family of metasemantics for demonstratives called intentionalism, the intentions of speakers determine the reference of demonstratives. And according to a sub-family I call proximal intentions (PI) intentionalism, the intention that determines reference is one that occupies a certain place—the proximal one—in a structure of intentions. PI intentionalism is thought to make correct predictions about reference where less sophisticated forms of intentionalism make the wrong predictions. In this article I argue that this is an illusion: PI intentionalism also suffers from predictive inadequacy. In Sect. 1, I present the problem of predictive inadequacy for intentionalism and an ad hoc response to it. In Sect. 2, I sketch a version of PI intentionalism that aims to provide the most principled response to this problem. In Sect. 3, I explain why PI intentionalism cannot solve the problem after all. In Sect. 4, I indicate where I think metasemanticists should go next. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chatbot generative pre-trained transformer (ChatGPT) is a new artificial intelligence-powered language model of chatbot able to help otolaryngologists in practice and research. We investigated the accuracy of ChatGPT-3.5 and -4 in the referencing of manuscripts published in otolaryngology. Methods: ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4 were interrogated for providing references of the top-30 most cited papers in otolaryngology in the past 40 years including clinical guidelines and key studies that changed the practice. The responses were regenerated three times to assess the accuracy and stability of ChatGPT. ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4 were compared for accuracy of reference and potential mistakes. Results: The accuracy of ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4.0 ranged from 47% to 60%, and 73% to 87%, respectively (p < 0.005). ChatGPT-3.5 provided 19 inaccurate references and invented 2 references throughout the regenerated questions. ChatGPT-4.0 provided 13 inaccurate references, while it proposed only one invented reference. The stability of responses throughout regenerated answers was mild (k = 0.238) and moderate (k = 0.408) for ChatGPT-3.5 and 4.0, respectively. Conclusions: ChatGPT-4.0 reported higher accuracy than the free-access version (3.5). False references were detected in both 3.5 and 4.0 versions. Practitioners need to be careful regarding the use of ChatGPT in the reach of some key reference when writing a report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To deal with memory-based modes of presentation I propose a couple of revisions to the standard criterion of difference for modes of presentation attributed to Frege. First, we need to broaden the scope of the criterion so that not merely the thoughts of a given subject at a given time may or may not involve the same way of thinking of some object, but also the thoughts of a subject at different times. Second, we need to ‘relativize’ the criterion of difference to particular subjects in particular situations. Thanks to these revisions, we can make sense of Evans’ notion of a dynamic mode of presentation that persists through time despite lower-level changes. A dynamic mode of presentation is a complex mode of presentation involving several epistemically rewarding relations to the reference successively (in contrast to composite modes of presentation, which involve several epistemically rewarding relations simultaneously). I show how this idea can be cashed out in the mental file framework, and how, in that framework, we can provide a straightforward answer to the question: when is a mode of presentation based on a memory M the same as the mode of presentation based on the perception P from which the memory derives? The answer appeals to the distinction between anchored and unanchored memories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La notion d’identité narrative place la possibilité de l’identité à soi (ou identité-idem) avec celle du changement. Mais a-t-on besoin d’une médiation « dialectique », comme la désigne Ricœur, entre identité et changement ? Seulement si l’identité est supposée exclure le changement. Or, tel n’est pas le cas de l’identité au sens le plus fondamental du terme, l’identité numérique. La seconde difficulté tient à ce que Ricœur paraît souvent rabattre l’une sur l’autre les notions d’histoire et de narration. Nous sommes des êtres historiques, cela n’est guère discutable, mais est-ce à dire que notre identité dépend de la narration que nous faisons de notre histoire ? Enfin, la troisième aporie réside dans la place primordiale accordée par Ricœur à la fiction dans sa détermination de l’identité narrative. Or il n’est pas du tout évident que les personnages de fiction jouissent d’une identité véritable en un quelconque sens. Des théoriciens contemporains de la référence, tels Saul Kripke ou David Kaplan, ont au contraire insisté sur le fait que les personnages romanesques ne possédaient qu’une apparence d’identité. Comment dès lors faire de ce semblant d’identité, qui se réduit à un faisceau de caractéristiques plus ou moins stables, le modèle pour penser nos identités réelles.

Consultations are fundamental to data librarianship, serving as a vital means of one-on-one support for researchers. However, the topics and forms of support unique to data services consults are not always carefully considered. This commentary addresses five common services offered by data librarians—dataset reference, data management support, data analysis and software support, data curation, and data management (and sharing) plan writing—and considers strategies for successful patron support within the boundaries of a consultation.

This study investigates the ability of voice assistants and generative AI tools to respond to reference questions traditionally received by academic librarians. The authors created a sample of 25 questions based on queries received on the virtual reference service at their institution. They then created a rubric to evaluate the quality of the answers that the AI powered tools provided. The authors determined that the tools understand reference questions well and provide relevant answers but that the quality of the references provided, and the accuracy of the answers can be lacking. They suggest that more research needs to be done to understand the place of AI powered tools in reference services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis causes ungulate morbidity and mortality in eastern and central North America, but no reference genome sequence exists to facilitate research. Here, we present a P. tenuis genome assembly and annotation, generated with PacBio and Illumina technologies. The assembly is 491 Mbp, with 7285 scaffolds and 185 kb N50.

Introduction: Serum creatinine and urea levels are affected by numerous factors such as ethnicity, environment, age, sex, and anthropometric measurements. The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommends that each laboratory should establish its own reference intervals for biochemistry and haematology. There are no local reference intervals for serum creatinine and blood urea in Sudan; instead, intervals derived from worldwide research are used. The purpose of this study was to determine the blood urea and serum creatinine reference intervals for healthy adults in the Western Sudanese population. Method: Randomly selected adult Sudanese residents of Al Fashir City who were from the Western Sudan states of Kordofan and Darfur were the subjects of a cross-sectional study conducted in September and October 2018. We recruited 153 participants. After giving their consent, they were evaluated using a questionnaire that collected medical history and demographic information. We used standard techniques to measure blood pressure, body mass index, urea, and creatinine. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used to assess the distributions of the creatinine and urea values, and reference intervals calculated. T-tests were used to investigate differences of mean creatinine and urea levels by sex and age. IBM SPSS Statistics version 25 was used to analyse the data and p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Overall, the reference intervals (Mean±1.96*SD) for serum creatinine and urea levels were 0.45-0.92 mg/dL and 7.6-27.9 mg/dL respectively, compared to international reference intervals adopted from the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) serum creatinine (males 0.7-1.3, females 0.5-1.1 mg/dL) and blood urea (17.12-42.8 mg/dL for both sexes) and The Western Sudanese population’s mean serum creatinine and urea levels were, respectively, 0.69 mg/dL and 17.8 mg/dL. Male sex was associated with higher levels of both creatinine and urea (p

Sudden cardiac death causes multiple deaths annually, and T-wave alternans are a reliable predictor of this fatal event. Detecting alternans is crucial for reducing disease incidence, and electrocardiographic imaging is a promising tool, providing spatial-temporal insights. The absence of references and segmentation methods specific to these data may complicate progress in the field. Therefore, this work aimed to develop a reference for evaluating estimation methods. Initially, a novel T-wave segmentation procedure specific to these data was introduced and compared with a commonly used method. Subsequently, a reference for assessing alternans estimation methods was created by integrating alternans into epicardial signals through a spatial-temporal Gaussian function. Finally, a bootstrap-based classifier for detecting alternans was developed. Results underscored the superiority of the novel T-wave segmentation procedure, with the lowest 95% confidence interval being $[16.57~\mu V, 18.80~\mu V]$ , indicating significant disparities between the two segmentation methodologies. Furthermore, the generated reference demonstrated the distinguishability of T-wave alternans with an amplitude of approximately $55~\mu V$ from noise. Additionally, the classifier exhibited consistency with previous findings, demonstrating its ability to detect alternans with amplitudes around $50~\mu V$ . In conclusion, this study provides a spatial-temporal reference for proper evaluation of estimation methods, contributing to establishing a gold standard.

Выявление и характеристика способов референциального ранжирования субъектов в пословицах с формами второго лица единственного числа еще не были предметом специального исследования. Цель исследования – охарактеризовать систему средств выражения референциальных статусов субъектов, представленных в таких пословицах. Материалом послужили пословицы из сборника В. И. Даля. Анализ материала осуществлялся с опорой на теорию категориальных ситуаций А. В. Бондарко. В методологическую базу включены работы по теории референции Н. Д. Арутюновой, Е. В. Падучевой, Т. В. Булыгиной и А. Д. Шмелева и др., а также исследования Н. А. Дьячковой, О. Е. Фроловой, Л. Б. Кацюбы, характеризующие пословицы как особый тип текста. Установлена специфика актуализации/модификации референциальных статусов субъектов в пословицах, определяющаяся различными факторами: особенностями конструкции (с одним семантическим субъектом/с двумя семантическими субъектами); способами выражения субъектов (дискретным/недискретным); взаимодействием с различными распространителями. Выявлено, что субъекты обладают разными референциальными статусами: универсальным и родовым. Универсальный (наивысший) статус лица реализуется в пословицах, построенных по схеме односоставного обобщенно-личного предложения, включающих один семантический субъект. Референциальный статус недискретного субъекта в этом случае определяется с опорой на семантику предиката (действие относится к открытой группе лиц). Понижение ранга субъектов в пределах данного типа возможно при предикате, конкретизирующем круг деятелей, а также при указании на условие осуществления действия. Родовой статус определяется у субъектов, представленных в конструкциях с двумя семантическими субъектами: характеризации (занимающий грамматически подчиненную, а семантически – доминирующую позицию) и действия (грамматически – главного, а семантически – зависимого), служащего для выявления свойств субъекта характеризации. Субъект действия обладает тем же родовым референциальным статусом, что и субъект характеризации вследствие его подчиненности последнему субъекту. Определены семантические типы субъектов, влияющие на их референцию. Установлены способы повышения ранга субъектов (условно референтное употребление) и понижения (отношение к именным группам, некоторым семантическим классам). Учет взаимодействия разных факторов, действующих в пословицах, позволяет представить сложную систему ранжирования субъектов.

of course, the expression “Azkarwa Mutakam Balkhair” is not mentioned in the sources of Al-Furiqin as a narration, although its content is mentioned in numerous narrations in the books of Sunnis. The result of this article with descriptive and analytical method is that; The evidence of these hadiths in the Hadith gatherings of Ahl al-Sunnah is flawed and is not accepted. Also, regarding the meaning and content of the hadiths, there is confusion and disagreement on this issue, and no unified view is presented; That is, it is sometimes said that it is meant to express good and to forbid the expression of evil so that the living are not bothered by the relatives of the dead. Sometimes it is said that it is because of the sanctity of occultation, and sometimes it is said that it is because of expressing good prayers for the dead, or it is said because he is involved in his actions and we are not the accounting God to judge, etc. Therefore, there is only one possibility that this narration indicates that it is improperly taken and used to purify evil people, which is also against the Qur’an and correct narrations from Sunnis themselves. The pronouns of the audience in these narrations determine the meaning of these narrations. are excluded from these narrations. There is also a possibility that these hadiths were brought up from the reference area and entered the hadith sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Changes in normal reference values of thyroid uptake for iodine have been reported due to geographical and chronological fluctuations in dietary iodine intake in different populations. Nepal is a country with mixed ethnicity, with access to dietary iodine in the form of successful universal salt iodination program by the government of Nepal since 1973. The aim of this study was to establish the normal reference values for thyroid uptake of technetium-99m (Tc-99m) pertechnetate in the Nepalese population in iodine sufficiency era. Methods We prospectively evaluated 52 clinically and biochemically euthyroid participants (46 females and 6 males) with age range from 20 to 71 years who underwent a thyroid Tc-99m pertechnetate scan and uptake between December 2019 to November 2023 in the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chitwan Medical College fulfilling inclusion/exclusion criteria. Biochemical thyroid function tests were reviewed and Tc-99m pertechnetate thyroid uptake values were determined for each patient. Blood was withdrawn for thyroid hormone assessment. Euthyroid participants were then administered 3.5 to 4.5 mCi of Tc-99m pertechnetate intravenously and their percentage thyroid uptake was calculated after 20 minutes. Results The mean and median uptake of Tc-99m pertechnetate in euthyroid patients were 1.26 and 0.85%, respectively, and the interquartile range was 0.7 to 1.7%. The normal reference uptake value for Tc-99m pertechnetate in the studied population ranged between 0.3 and 3.6%. The fifth and 95th percentiles for pertechnetate uptake were 0.5 and 2.9%, respectively. Conclusion The normal reference range for Tc-99m pertechnetate thyroid uptake in Nepalese population was 0.5 to 2.9% that is lower than the currently accepted international standard of 0.75 to 4.5%. Uptake also increased with increasing age. This study highlights the importance of periodically redefining the geographic location specific normal thyroid uptake reference values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Different speakers sometimes convey similar meanings differently. This study examined whether listeners could learn to associate a specific linguistic 'style' with a certain speaker, with no apparent difference in meaning, and the role of unnatural linguistic choices (or unexpectedness) in such learning. We created an inter-speaker variation in 'style' using the weak adjective ordering preferences in Hebrew. Participants were exposed to two different speakers, each producing a different adjective order, consistently. We manipulated the combinations of order pairings, based on their naturalness (with two natural orders, a natural and an unnatural order, and two unnatural orders), and examined participants' ability to associate a unique order with a specific speaker. In two experiments, using different statistical analyses, we show that listeners can learn speaker-specific language use when it is irrelevant for meaning inferences, when deviance from natural or expected language use is involved. We further discuss whether learning may be facilitated by differences in naturalness or structural form. Our findings suggest that listeners are sensitive to inter-speaker variability in 'style', mostly when this 'style' is unexpected. This is in line with the predictions of Surprisal theory, and may suggest that surprisal plays a major role in learning speaker-specific language use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Signos is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mevzu is the property of Ali Sever and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This experimental study examines the acquisition of null and overt pronoun interpretations in Chinese as a second language by native speakers of English. A linguistic phenomenon not present in the native language of the learners is identified: the null element in the embedded subject position of Mandarin resultative constructions can only refer to the main-clause subject, while an overt pronoun in the same position can refer both to the main-clause subject and to another entity in the discourse. Thus the acquisition task includes learning a new functional morpheme, a null element, as well as constraining its interpretation in the resultative construction. We tested 59 L2 learners of Chinese at different proficiency levels and 51 native Mandarin speakers on a Truth Value Judgment Task. The learners showed a pattern of interpretation that was statistically indistinguishable from the native speakers' in all but one context. We argue that our findings point to largely successful acquisition of the requisite proform interpretations, even though the restrictions on the interpretation of null elements cannot be transferred from the native language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to prove the hypothesis: the conceptual schema Choice verbally embodied into the text is formed on the basis of interpretation of conceptual structures represented by socio-cultural experience. The article deals with the concept of Choice in terms of its history, etymology and change. The author tries to analyse the concept of Choice and to compare it with original meaning and different opinions in order to clarify it. The relevance of the paper is due to the need to identify the common and specific features in poetry of John Keats. And also the interrelation of language and context, which will promote the better understanding of the rational worldview reflected in the linguistic pictorial version of the universe. The relevance of my topic is also confirmed by the fact that raised understanding as a cognitive choice that is hard for everyone to make, which carries with it many consequences, which disposes of the concepts of imposition of good and evil, dark and light, freedom and slavery, life and death. The concept Choice is a central category of philosophy. It expresses ideas about human existence. It is the level of all that is positive and all that is negative in human life. Through the prism of this concept, human actions are evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Wildland Fire Science is the property of Journal of Wildland Fire Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recent theories of remembering and of reference (or singular thought) have de-emphasised the role causation was thought to play in mid- to late-twentieth century theorising. According to postcausal theories of remembering, such as simulationism, instances of the psychofunctional kind remembering are not, in principle, dependent on appropriate causal chains running from some event(s) remembered to the occurrence of remembering. Instead they depend only on the reliability, or proper functioning, of the cognitive system responsible for their production. According to broadly reliabilist accounts of singular thought, such thought is not, in principle, dependent on causal chains running from the object(s) of thought to the occurrence of thinking. Despite this common trend, accounts of the two phenomena have been pursued separately. In this paper, we argue that the two lines of research can profitably converge to address a neglected question: what enables occurrences of remembering to refer to particular events, and what determines which event a given occurrence of remembering refers to? We motivate and present a reliabilist account of reference-fixing for postcausal theories of remembering, focusing in particular on simulationism. We then show that this account draws attention to the possibility of referential mnemic confabulation: cases where the reliability requirement for reference is met despite the improper functioning of the episodic construction system. We suggest that this makes sense of some underdiscussed phenomena described in the empirical literature on confabulation and argue that our reliabilist account of mnemic reference-fixing accommodates these more naturally than could causal theories of remembering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Commentary on Mark Richard's Meaning as Species raises three sets of questions about Richard's project: first about the relation between his conception of meaning and the determination of reference and propositional content; second, about its relation to Paul Grice's notion of speaker meaning, and more generally to the Gricean program for a theory of conversation, and third about way meanings evolve while maintaining their identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Workers of the red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta are repeatedly claimed in the literature not to have ovaries. Here, we demonstrate that we cannot find a source publication that proves the statement, and we show how publications are erroneously citing this statement. To remedy this gap, we dissected 87 S. invicta workers over a range of worker sizes, and demonstrate that S. invicta workers do not have reproductive organs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time such a demonstration has been published in the scientific literature. We flag that the same issue of a lack of published evidence for the same statement likely exists for many other species and genera, precluding the ability for appropriate referencing of such details. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Memories can be accurate or inaccurate. They have, then, accuracy conditions. A reasonable picture of the accuracy conditions of a memory is that a memory is accurate just in case the reference of a memory satisfies the information provided by the memory. But how are the references of our memories determined exactly? And what are the accuracy conditions of memories, given their references? In this paper, I argue that the notion of accuracy conditions for memories is ambiguous. There are two types of conditions which can be plausibly construed as accuracy conditions for memories. I motivate this idea by using some resources from two-dimensional semantics. The outcome of applying two-dimensionalism to memory is that memories have two kinds of accuracy conditions. In both cases, causal relations play an important role in the framing of those conditions. But the role is quite different in each case. For one type of accuracy conditions, the causal relations which produce a memory play the role of fixing the reference of that memory. For the other type of accuracy conditions, the causal relations which produce a memory become part of the information which needs to be satisfied by the reference of the memory for it to be accurate. However, in both cases, the picture according to which a memory is accurate just in case the reference of a memory satisfies the information provided by the memory reemerges as being correct, though for interestingly different reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction of "blue granary" is an important move to implement China's maritime power strategy, and is of great strategic significance for maintaining sustainable development of marine resources and guaranteeing national food security. As a major fishery province, Guangdong Province has rich marine resources and is one of the key provinces for the construction of blue granary in China. This paper analyzes the development characteristics of the international blue granary industry powerhouses, the United States and Norway, and the domestic blue granary industry powerhouses, Shandong and Fujian, comparing and analyzing the main problems faced by the development of blue granary industry in Guangdong Province, such as insufficient level of scientific and technological innovation, low level of community participation and lack of supervision and management, and drawing on the initiatives and experience of the construction of the blue granary at home and abroad, it proposes promote the transformation and upgrading of the fisheries industry, promote the development of the marine tertiary industry; improve the capacity of fisheries science and technology research and development, accelerate the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in fisheries; play the role of fisheries associations to guide the masses to participate consciously; improve the legal management system, integration of management institutions intelligence and other suggestions for improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]