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SUMMARY Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is one of the most important root vegetable crops worldwide. However, gene function exploration and germplasm innovation still face tremendous challenges due to its extremely low transformation efficiency. Here, an economic and highly efficient genetic transformation method for radish was explored by Agrobacterium rhizogenes‐mediated transformation with the help of combining special developmental regulator (DR) genes and the visual identification reporter. Firstly, the RUBY gene, a betalain biosynthesis system, could result in a visual red‐violet color used as a convenient and effective reporter for monitoring transgenic hairy roots screening of radish. However, the hairy roots‐to‐shoots conversion system of radish still stands as a barrier to the obtainment of whole transgenic plants, although different hormone combinations and various culture conditions were tried. Following, two DR genes including Wuschel2 (Wus2) and isopentenyl transferase (ipt), as well as their combination Wus2‐ipt were introduced for the shoot regeneration capacity improvement. The results showed that the transgenic shoots could be directly generated without externally supplying any hormones in the presence of a Wus2‐ipt combination. Then, Wus2‐ipt along with the RUBY reporter was employed to establish an efficient genetic transformation system of radish. Moreover, this system was applied in generating gene‐edited radish plants and the phytoene desaturase (RsPDS) gene was effectively knockout through albino phenotype observation and sequencing analysis. These findings have the potential to be widely applied in genetic transformation and genome‐editing genetic improvement of other vegetable species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hollowness is a physiological disorder that frequently occurs during the growth and postharvest storage phases of fleshy radish roots, significantly diminishing quality, yield, and marketability. However, the molecular mechanism for hollowness remains elusive. To identify the QTLs and potential candidate genes for hollowness tolerance in radish, F2 and BC1 populations were constructed from hollowness-tolerant radish (C16) and hollowness-sensitive radish (C17) in the present study. Genetic analysis indicated that hollowness tolerance may be governed by two independent recessive genes. By employing bulked segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq), two significant candidate genomic intervals were pinpointed on chromosomes R04 (960 kb, 6.48–7.44 Mb) and R05 (600 kb, 31.44–32.04 Mb), which together harbor 107 annotated genes. Transcriptomic sequencing revealed that the downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched in biological processes related to cell death and the response to water stress, whereas the upregulated DEGs were significantly associated with the chitin catabolic process and the cell wall macromolecule metabolic process. A total of 46 intersecting genes were identified among these DEGs within the genomic intervals of interest. One gene with high expression (Rsa10025345) and two with low expression (Rsa10025320 and Rsa10018106) were detected in the tolerant variety C16. Furthermore, a SNP within Rsa10025320 resulting in an amino acid change (A188E) was characterized through sequence variation observed in both BSA-seq and RNA-seq data and further developed as a derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (dCAPS) marker. Our study reveals potential target genes for tolerance to hollowness and paves the way for marker-assisted breeding of hollowness tolerance in red-skinned radishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to evaluate the nematicidal effect of powder extracts of different coloured radish seeds against Meloidogyne incognita on tomato (Gülizar F1, susceptibile to root-knot nematode) under controlled conditions. Extractions were obtained from radish seeds of different colours (white, black, red, yellow) by using ethanol and acetone solvents. The experiment was carried out using 2, 4 and 6 g powder/plant application of the extracts in the pot. The experiment was set up in a random plot design with 5 replication for each radish seed extract and concentration. Radish seed powder was applied one week after nematode inoculation (1000 M. incognita eggs). After 50 days, the number of galls and egg masses on the roots were counted. It was determined that radish colour, extraction solvents and concentrations of extracts differed significantly for their nematicidal effects. The mean number of galls and egg masses was found to be 56 units in the negative control. Compared to the negative control, all treatments and concentrations decreased the number of galls and egg masses. The number of galls and egg masses was lower in acetone extract than in ethanole extract. The nematicidal effect was higher in yellow and red radish seeds powder application. The highest nematicidal effect was determined at 6 g powder/plant application. While the mean number of galls was 1.4 unit in the yellow seed powder application at a concentration of 6 g/plant of the extract prepared with acetone solvent, it was found to be 3.0 units in the red seed powder application at 6 g/plant of the acetone extract. The number of egg masses was 1.0 unit in the yellow seed powder application, while it was 2.8 units in the red seed powder application at 6 g/plant of the acetone extract. The acetone extract of radish seed powder can be used as an alternative to chemicals in the root-knot nematodes control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant tissue culture is the method to produce many pigments, such as anthocyanin, regarding the importance of light in plant growth, especially when using laser rays. The present study aimed to establish the effect of laser rays on seed germination, initiation of callus, and the measurement of the amounts of anthocyanin pigment and protein for the growth of radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Sterilizing seeds were cultured on a surface of MS medium, then seedlings stems were exposed to laser rays for 0, 4, 8, and 12 minutes each alone and planted on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l of NAA and 1.0 mg/l of BA, the total protein of seedlings was estimated from all kinds of seedlings exposed to the rays. The anthocyanin pigment content was estimated and read Spectroscopically at a wavelength of 528 nm. The results refer to the different rates and periods of radish se ed germination dependent on the exposure time to the laser rays. They also showed the ability of seedlings to initiate callus fr om hypocotyl stems, which was the fastest exposed for 12 minutes after 7 days at a rate of 100 %. The seeds which were previously exposed to diode laser rays at different times recorded a superiority in stimulating anthocyanin pigment content, which amounted to 1195.2 µg/g for stems and 333.8 µg/g for leaves over the rest of the treatments and the control treatment. This proved to be a modern method to develop forms of physical stimulation as a bio elicitor for the growth of radish tissue cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We did a preliminary investigation of the allelopathic activity of 60 invasive and medicinal plants in Sri Lanka on Lactuca sativa (lettuce) and Raphanus sativus (radish). Out of 60 plants, 14 significantly reduced lettuce seedling lengths than distilled water, and 55 plants reduced radish seedling growth. In consideration of all the parameters tested, Cardiospermum halicacabum and Canarium zeylanicum Blume showed the highest phytotoxicity. C. zeylanicum (family Burseraceae), an endemic plant in Sri Lanka was selected for the isolation of phytotoxic compounds. The whole tree has a distinct fragrance bears edible seeds and has potential health benefits. This plant is used for medicinal purposes and its bark contains 3-hydroxy-12-methoxy-8,11,13-podocarpatrien-3-one and acetyl aleuritolic acid. This is the first report of the aforementioned two compounds from C. zeylanicum. These compounds exhibited phytotoxicity against lettuce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on soil biochar fertilization has mainly been conducted on cereal crops, and information on its potential for radish production remains inconsistent. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted to examine the short-term effects of rice husk biochar on radish growth and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). An investigation was conducted with two application rates of biochar alone, (10 t ha−1 (B10) and 25 t ha−1 (B25), and biochar + chicken manure application with and without NPK fertilizer. The results indicated that the application of biochar 25 t ha−1 + chicken manure (B25:CHM) and the combination of biochar 25 t ha−1 + chicken manure + NPK fertilizer (B25:CHM:NPK) significantly increased root yield by improving NUE, fertilizer recovery efficiency (REN), agronomic efficiency (AE), nitrogen harvest index (NHI), and retaining soil NH4+-N. Although biochar application alone did not significantly influence radish growth on a short-term basis, B10 and B25 increased root yields by 10% and 20%, respectively, compared with the control. Notably, the role of biochar application when combined with organic and inorganic fertilizers was to retain fertilizer N and promote N uptake efficiency by radishes, as higher rates of biochar resulted in higher NUE. Our results suggest that B25:CHM is a suitable combination for organic farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was carried out during 2021 at the experimental farm of Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, DAV University, Jalandhar. Radish is an important crop of Punjab region. Use of Plant Growth Regulators is one of the most recent trends in the field of agriculture science. Plant growth regulators are signal molecules, which occurs in plants naturally in very low concentration. In an attempt to find out the influence of growth regulators on growth, seed yield and quality of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) the experiment was planned and executed. It consisted of nine treatments viz., T1 (Control), T2 (GA3 @ 5 ppm), T3 (GA3 @ 10 ppm), T4 (GA3 @ 15 ppm), T5 (GA3 @ 20 ppm), T6 (NAA @ 5 ppm), T7 (NAA @ 10 ppm), T8 (NAA @ 15 ppm), T9 (NAA @ 20 ppm) and was laid in Randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Punjab Safed Mooli variety was used for the experiment. Observations were recorded on number of leaves per plant, leaf area per plant (cm²), root length (cm), root diameter (cm), root weight (g), fresh weight of plant (g), dry weight of plant (g), plant height (cm), 100 seed weight (g), seed yield plant-1 (g), seed yield plot-1 (g), seed yield ha-1 (q ha-1), TSS (°Brix), ascorbic acid (mg 100 g-1), chlorophyll content (mg 100 g-1) and germination percentage (%). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significantly differences among treatments for all the characters under study. It was concluded that the application of GA3 @ 20 ppm showed superior performance in all growth, seed yield and quality parameters of radish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pullulan can not only provide a source of organic carbon but also has excellent properties. However, current research is mostly limited to the physical properties of the high-molecular-weight components of pullulan, and little is known about the application of its low-molecular-weight components. This study was designed to explore the impact of presoaking of radish seeds in a pullulan solution on seed germination and subsequent seedling growth under salt stress conditions. Pullulan soaking was found to enhance the germination rates of radish seeds subjected to salt stress, while also enhancing the aboveground growth of radish seedlings. Pullulan soaking resulted in increases in chlorophyll, soluble protein, and soluble sugar concentrations in the leaves of these seedlings, together with greater peroxidase activity and root activity as well as decreases in Na+ and malondialdehyde concentrations. This provides an important reference for the application of pullulan in plant protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radish is an important root vegetable that is widely grown in Asia. The root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita seriously affects the growth and development of radish root and causes poor appearance quality. However, the molecular mechanism of radish response to RKNs remains poorly understood. In this study, a total of 220 lncRNAs, 1144 mRNAs, 20 miRNAs and 153 proteins were differential expressed between the RKN-infected and WT samples. Correlation analysis of all DEPs compared with all DGEs showed that 8 mRNAs-DEPs showed a changed abundance. The results showed that 18 DEmiRNAs have 167 target DEGs in 220 miRNA-target modules and 29 DElncRNAs were predicted as putative targets of 16 DEmiRNAs in 37 miRNA-target modules. In all, 6 DGEs in the ABA pathway and 2 DGEs in the JA pathway were identified under RKN infection, respectively. The four regulatory networks of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA were constructed in response to RKN infection. qRT-PCR analysis found that the expression pattern of 6 DElncRNAs, 6 DEmRNAs, 6 DEmiRNAs and 6 DEPs were consistent with sequencing results. These results provide a theoretical basis for studying the molecular mechanism of radish in response to M. incognita and breeding resistant varieties to this nematode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Radish exhibits significant variation in color, particularly in sprouts, leaves, petals, fleshy roots, and other tissues, displaying a range of hues such as green, white, red, purple, and black. Although extensive research has been conducted on the color variation of radish, the underlying mechanism behind the variation in radish flower color remains unclear. To date, there is a lack of comprehensive research investigating the variation mechanism of radish sprouts, leaves, fleshy roots, and flower organs. This study aims to address this gap by utilizing transcriptome sequencing to acquire transcriptome data for white and purple radish flowers. Additionally, the published transcriptome data of sprouts, leaves, and fleshy roots were incorporated to conduct a systematic analysis of the regulatory mechanisms underlying anthocyanin biosynthesis in these four radish tissues. The comparative transcriptome analysis revealed differential expression of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway genes DFR, UGT78D2, TT12 and CPC in the four radish tissues. Additionally, the WGCNA results identified RsDFR.9c and RsUGT78D2.2c as hub genes responsible for regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. By integrating the findings from the comparative transcriptome analysis, WGCNA, and anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway-related gene expression patterns, it is hypothesized that genes RsDFR.9c and RsUGT78D2.2c may serve as pivotal regulators of anthocyanins in the four radish tissues. Furthermore, the tissue-specific expression of the four copies of RsPAP1 is deemed crucial in governing anthocyanin synthesis and accumulation. Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation in different tissues of radish.

Radish exhibits significant variation in color, particularly in sprouts, leaves, petals, fleshy roots, and other tissues, displaying a range of hues such as green, white, red, purple, and black. Although extensive research has been conducted on the color variation of radish, the underlying mechanism behind the variation in radish flower color remains unclear. To date, there is a lack of comprehensive research investigating the variation mechanism of radish sprouts, leaves, fleshy roots, and flower organs. This study aims to address this gap by utilizing transcriptome sequencing to acquire transcriptome data for white and purple radish flowers. Additionally, the published transcriptome data of sprouts, leaves, and fleshy roots were incorporated to conduct a systematic analysis of the regulatory mechanisms underlying anthocyanin biosynthesis in these four radish tissues. The comparative transcriptome analysis revealed differential expression of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway genes DFR, UGT78D2, TT12 and CPC in the four radish tissues. Additionally, the WGCNA results identified RsDFR.9c and RsUGT78D2.2c as hub genes responsible for regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. By integrating the findings from the comparative transcriptome analysis, WGCNA, and anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway-related gene expression patterns, it is hypothesized that genes RsDFR.9c and RsUGT78D2.2c may serve as pivotal regulators of anthocyanins in the four radish tissues. Furthermore, the tissue-specific expression of the four copies of RsPAP1 is deemed crucial in governing anthocyanin synthesis and accumulation. Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation in different tissues of radish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Indian white radish Co. 1 (Raphanus sativus L.) contains medicinal quercetin, and its commercial value supports large‐scale quercetin isolation. Various extraction methods, including ultra‐assisted extraction (UAE), maceration extraction (ME), Soxhlet extraction (SE), conventional extraction (CSE) and serial maceration extraction (SME), were employed to extract quercetin from radish leaf sections. RP‐HPLC‐optimising key experimental parameters yielded a linear response for the individual target compounds in the concentration range, with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 2.2 μg mL−1 (r2 = 0.9995), a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.2 μg per 1.0 g of crushed leaves and repeatability within the relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.23–0.37%. For in vitro callus cultures, 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D), 6‐benzylaminopurine (BAP) and zeatin were used for callus induction from in vitro leaf segments of radish. MS medium enriched with 2,4‐D (0.5 mg) induced the highest percentage of callus at 4 weeks. Among the extraction methods, the SME method yielded the highest recovery of quercetin (96.9%; 1.92 mg g−1 DW), phenolic (26.07 mg g−1 DW) and flavonoid (34.03 mg g−1 DW), compared to other methods and solvents. The callus extract included 0.5 mg of 2,4‐D, 32.07 mg of phenolic, 42.03 mg of flavonoid and 6.46 mg of quercetin. The presence of phytocompounds and quercetin was confirmed by GC–MS/MS and RP‐HPLC. The isolated quercetin (57.9 μg) also showed lethal effects on HT‐29 human colon cancer cells. This method may be effective for evaluating quercetin in radish extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the cosmetics industry, the extract from Raphanus sativus L. is fermented using specific starter cultures. These cosmetic ingredients act as preservatives and skin conditioners. Kombucha is traditionally made by fermenting sweetened tea using symbiotic cultures of bacteria and yeast and is used in cosmetic products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cosmetic properties of radish leaf and root extract fermented with the SCOBY. Both unfermented water extracts and extracts after 7, 14, and 21 days of fermentation were evaluated. The analysis of secondary plant metabolites by UPLC-MS showed higher values for ferments than for extracts. A similar relationship was noted when examining the antioxidant properties using DPPH and ABTS radicals and the protective effect against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in fibroblasts and keratinocytes using the fluorogenic dye H2DCFDA. The results also showed no cytotoxicity to skin cells using Alamar Blue and Neutral Red tests. The ability of the samples to inhibit IL-1β and COX-2 activity in LPS-treated fibroblasts was also demonstrated using ELISA assays. The influence of extracts and ferments on bacterial strains involved in inflammatory processes of skin diseases was also assessed. Additionally, application tests were carried out, which showed a positive effect of extracts and ferments on TEWL and skin hydration using a TEWAmeter and corneometer probe. The results obtained depended on the concentration used and the fermentation time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pithiness is one of the physiological diseases of radishes, which is accompanied by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the sponging of parenchyma tissue in the fleshy roots. A respiratory burst oxidase homolog (Rboh, also known as NADPH oxidase) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the production of ROS in plants. To understand the role of Rboh genes in radish pithiness, herein, 10 RsRboh gene families were identified in the genome of Raphanus sativus using Blastp and Hmmer searching methods and were subjected to basic functional analyses such as phylogenetic tree construction, chromosomal localization, conserved structural domain analysis, and promoter element prediction. The expression profiles of RsRbohs in five stages (Pithiness grade = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, respectively) of radish pithiness were analyzed. The results showed that 10 RsRbohs expressed different levels during the development of radish pithiness. Except for RsRbohB and RsRbohE, the expression of other members increased and reached the peak at the P2 (Pithiness grade = 2) stage, among which RsRbohD1 showed the highest transcripts. Then, the expression of 40 genes related to RsRbohD1 and pithiness were analyzed. These results can provide a theoretical basis for improving pithiness tolerance in radishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The onion processing industry produces hundreds of thousands of tons of onion waste annually. Normally, onion peel waste is dumped in landfills, which creates additional sources of greenhouse gases. Research has validated that onion peel is a concentrated source of bioactive compounds; therefore, it can be turned into useful agricultural products such as soil amendments and possibly biostimulants. This study conducted three experiments to investigate the plant growth-promoting potential of an onion juice concentrate (OJC). The first experiment explored whether the application of OJC could increase plant growth of Bermuda grass, lettuce, and bok choy. The second experiment evaluated the effects of foliar and subsurface drench applications of OJC on bok choy and lettuce growth. The third experiment investigated the interaction between OJC application methods and fertilizer type on bok choy and radish growth. The results indicated that foliar applications of OJC of 1% to 2% concentrations increased the yield of bok choy and its overall growth. Subirrigation with OJC, however, enhanced the root growth of bok choy, lettuce, and radish. Notably, the combined approach of foliar and subirrigation applications further promoted the growth of both bok choy and radish. Comparing across experiments, longer OJC application periods emerged as a promising strategy for amplifying its growth-promoting benefits. Overall, our findings suggest that OJC holds promise for promoting sustainable agriculture. This potential comes from its ability to enhance both the growth and yield of vegetable crops like bok choy, lettuce, and radish while simultaneously reducing waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in plants poses a major risk to consumer health, in addition to affecting plant growth, development and quality. The study aimed to examine the effects of cadmium on the plants' ability for photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme activity. In this study, radishes were planted in Petri dishes and pots containing soil supplemented with different concentrations of cadmium sulphate (25, 50, and 100 mg Cd kg-1 soil). The results showed that the percentage of germination, seedlings length, and fresh and dry matter significantly declined its increasing cadmium concentrations. In addition, cadmium hindered plant growth, as evidenced by the fresh and dried weight of radish roots and leaves after a 100 mg Cd kg-1 soil treatment. There was also a notable decrease in chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and total leaf area per plant. The leaves of radish plant exhibited a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage contents under Cd stress, while, the relative water content (RWC) decreased. However, leaves and roots of radish plant showed a considerable increase in antioxidant enzymes (catalase; CAT, peroxidase; POD, and superoxide dismutase; SOD). Furthermore, radish showed a significant increase in Cd accumulation in all applications, however, there were no obvious symptoms of Cd toxicity following the 25 and 50 mg Cd kg-1 soil applications. In conclusion, the radish plants accumulated cadmium at higher concentrations (100 mg Cd kg-1 soil). So, we recommended cultivating the radish plants in soil that has low concentrations of cadmium.

This study investigated the effect of 1.0 mM preharvest methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment on ‘Jin-Mi’ ponytail radish and cherry radish cultivars (‘Akamaru-Hatsuga’, ‘Cherry-One’, and ‘OP 20′). The MeJA was applied via root drenching and leaf spraying three days before harvest, and the research assessed parameters such as dry matter, minerals, amino acids, various secondary metabolites, and antioxidant activities in four assays. The findings indicated that MeJA enhanced all cultivars’ dry weight, total amino acids, essential amino acids, Chlorophylls, flavonoids, and glucosinolates. However, MeJA led to reduced vitamin C and total phenolics in three cultivars, except for ‘Jin-Mi’, where antioxidant activities increased with total phenolics. Cultivar-specific responses underscore the importance of selecting cultivars based on consumer preferences for desired functional compounds. The study suggests that a single preharvest MeJA treatment may not guarantee consistently higher secondary metabolite content, promoting further investigation into multiple MeJA treatments from early plant development.

Abstract Genetic diversity plays a critical role in crop improvement. Radish is one of the important vegetable crops of Rabi season, however, there is a lack of information about radish germplasm resources available in Pakistan. The present research was carried out to characterize radish gene pool on the basis of qualitative and quantitative traits. Twelve genotypes of radish comprised of local and exotic sources were evaluated for genetic variability through morphological, quality, and quantitative traits. Analysis of variance depicted maximum variation among genotypes for all studied straits. High genotypic co-efficient of variance (GCV) value (>20%) in all traits indicates that these traits can be improved through selection. The estimate of genotypic co-efficient of variance (GCV) in present research was closer to phenotypic co-efficient of variance (PCV), suggesting the key role of genotype as compared to the environment. However, high heritability along with genetic advance (as % of mean) among studied genotypes suggests that the selection of studied traits simply on phenotypic basis can also be effective for the breeding program. Cluster analysis based on morphological traits, grouped genotypes into three clusters and cluster I, contained the maximum number of genotypes. In correlation analysis, significant positive correlation among plant fresh weight, root length, root weight, number of leaves and yield can be directly used a selection criteria. Studying of variability in qualitative traits through frequency distribution exhibited maximum variation for root shape and root base. This study showed considerable variability exists in studied genotypes that can further be used for the improvement of radish breeding.

An investigation was conducted at the Horticulture field Invertis University, Bareilly with a study “Impact of NPK, FYM and Vermicompost on growth and yield of radish (Raphanus sativus L.)” during rabi season (2022–23). The experiment was arranged in Randomized Block Design with three replications. Among the all different eight treatments, the treatment T6 (75 % RDF+25% Vermicompost) was recorded significantly maximum plant height (15.56 cm), number of leaves (11.60), leaf length (11.29 cm), leaf width (5.90 cm), leaf fresh weight per plant (135.50 g), root fresh weight per plant (94.30 g) and Yield (23100 kg/ha), Yield (23.10 t/ha) of radish tender roots after harvesting were also recorded maximum with the treatment T6.

Abstract Salinity stress ranks among the most prevalent stress globally, contributing to soil deterioration. Its negative impacts on crop productivity stem from mechanisms such as osmotic stress, ion toxicity, and oxidative stress, all of which impede plant growth and yield. The effect of cobalt with proline on mitigating salinity impact in radish plants is still unclear. That’s why the current study was conducted with aim to explore the impact of different levels of Co and proline on radish cultivated in salt affected soils. There were four levels of cobalt, i.e., (0, 10, 15 and 20 mg/L) applied as CoSO4 and two levels of proline (0 and 0.25 mM), which were applied as foliar. The treatments were applied in a complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Results showed that 20 CoSO4 with proline showed improvement in shoot length (∼ 20%), root length (∼ 23%), plant dry weight (∼ 19%), and plant fresh weight (∼ 41%) compared to control. The significant increase in chlorophyll, physiological and biochemical attributes of radish plants compared to the control confirms the efficacy of 20 CoSO4 in conjunction with 10 mg/L proline for mitigating salinity stress. In conclusion, application of cobalt with proline can help to alleviate salinity stress in radish plants. However, multiple location experiments with various levels of cobalt and proline still needs in-depth investigations to validate the current findings.

Kadirli district is located in a central location in Turkey in terms of radish production amount and cultivated area size. The district alone meets nearly 70% of Turkey's radish production. The main purpose of this study on radish production in Kadirli district; to determine the agricultural production potential of radish agriculture in the district, to examine its geographical distribution and to ensure its sustainability. Various radishes, especially red radish, are grown in the district every year. In the study, the data of the Farmer Registration System between 2014-2022 were obtained, and the villages where radish cultivation was done more in the district were determined and density maps of the cultivation areas were produced according to the years. The villages of Aşağıçiyanlı, Yeniköy, Mecidiye, Tatarlı and Tozlu, which are located in the southwestern part of the district, where the altitude is low, constitute the villages where radish cultivation is done the most. In order to determine the radish production stages, field studies were carried out on the areas cultivated between September and November and the Savrun Stream, which is used for washing, and farmers, workers and agricultural engineers were interviewed. As a result, studies to review and evaluate the existing radish production potential and to ensure its sustainability were found to be insufficient, and the domestic and international marketing of radish did not reach the desired level. Due to reasons such as the insufficiency of cooperatives and producer unions, the inability to provide organizations and the lack of buyers, the bargaining shares of the producers remained low and their market positions were weak. A SWOT analysis was conducted for the organization of radish production, harvesting and marketing, and suggestions were made in terms of sustainability against weaknesses and threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a globally significant vegetable and relies on cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines for hybrid seed production. The NWB CMS type is favored over Ogura CMS for its ease in maintainer screening. Despite its varied mitochondrial configurations and unvalidated sterile gene, we re-sequenced the mitochondrial genome of NWB CMS Tibet A and verified the function of the sterility gene via genetic transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana. The mitochondrial genomes of Tibet A could be assembled into circular DNA molecules, with a mitochondrial genome size of 239,184 bp. Our analysis indicated that the specific orf463a was the CMS-associated gene in Tibet A, sharing sequence consistency with the CMS gene in DCGMS and NWB CMS YB-A. Collinearity analysis showed that the mitochondrial genomes of NWB CMS Tibet A, DCGMS, and NWB CMS YB-A share the same mitotype, with structural variations due to recombination via a 9731 bp long repeat sequence and a 508 bp short repeat sequence. Driven by the Ap3 promoter, transgenic Arabidopsis with orf463a exhibited male sterility, confirming the gene's potential role in CMS. In this study, we assembled a new isomeric form of NWB CMS mitochondrial genome and proved the function of the candidate sterile gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of double haploids ("DH") by microspore-derived embryos is one of the best breeding methods to generate new varieties with better traits and stable genetic background. In the previous study, radish 'DH' lines were generated with a different range of glucosinolate (GSL) contents, ranging from low to high levels of GSL. In this study, we performed metabolic and transcriptional profiling to elucidate the regulatory system behind the GSL biosynthesis process using the 'DH' radish lines. Four individual 'DH' lines were selected, of which two lines named 'HH' had high GSL content, while the other two lines, 'LL', had low GSL content. HPLC analysis in the vegetative (leaf and root) and reproductive tissue (seed) was detected seven GSL compounds from radish. Among seven GSLs, glucoraphasatin (GRH) occupied the largest proportion of total GSLs in both leaf and root tissues, while glucoraphenin (GRE) was taking a place as the major GSL in radish seeds. Six major genes (RsBCAT4, RsIPMDH1, RsCYP79F1, RsCYP83A1, RsUGT74B1, and RsGRS1) representing the major biosynthesis of aliphatic GSLs were selected for qRT-PCR analysis. Heat map analysis based on Pearson correlation coefficient showed that RsBCAT4, RsIPMDH1, RsCYP79F1, and RsCYP83A1 were positively correlated with the amount of GRH in leaf tissue. Meanwhile, RsGRS1 showed a strong correlation with the amount of GRH and total aliphatic GSLs in both leaf and root tissues. By using the 'DH' radish lines, this study revealed that regardless of tissues of radish, accumulation of total GSL is strongly affected by the RsGRS1 and also positively supported by the other biosynthetic genes like RsBCAT4, RsIPMDH1, RsCYP79F1, and RsCYP83A1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed the impact of weather variables on insect pest dynamics and their diversity in the radish ecosystem through field experiments conducted for two years at a locality in the eastern Himalayas. The relationship with weather variables was studied with six different dates of sowing, and diversity was assessed using standard indices. Various organic management options were also evaluated. Results revealed that temperature had a positive impact, whereas relative humidity and rainfall negatively affected the population of insect pests. The radish ecosystem harbors diverse insect species, including natural enemies, with higher species richness (4.8–5.2) and lower year-to-year variability. Organic management strategies such as neem oil, Beauveria bassiana, and Metarhizium robertsii demonstrated good efficacy against flea beetles without compromising yield, resulting in 39.76%, 39.39%, and 38.71% pest reduction over control, respectively. These biopesticides also recorded less than half to one-fourth reduction in natural predators like coccinellids compared to cypermethrin, a chemical pesticide (74%). The study suggests that, under projected climate change with higher temperatures, pest populations are assumed to increase. Considering the insect diversity of the eastern Himalayas, organic management strategies will be an adaptation strategy to conserve biodiversity while ensuring environment-friendly pest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the absorption and concentration of anthracene (AN) in the garden radish. Experiments were conducted to grow radishes from the sowing stage in soil contaminated with AN and to grow radishes in soil contaminated with AN following maturity (27 days after sowing). Regarding growth in the AN-containing soil from sowing onward, the AN concentrations during the growing period in both the soil and radishes decreased exponentially over time, albeit with a time lag. Regarding growth in the AN-containing soil after maturity, the AN concentrations in the roots and leaves had a higher density than those in the stems. In these experiments, positive relationships between the AN levels in the soil and radishes were observed. It was inferred that the greater the degree of soil contamination, the greater the effect was on the amount of AN assimilated by radishes. The concentration ratio (radish-to-soil; Cr/Cs) decreased exponentially with the number of days following AN application. It was interpreted that AN was significantly absorbed in the early stages of radish growth and some of the AN returned to the soil as the growth period progressed. According to the results regarding the change over time in the Cr/Cs content in radish parts, it is suggested that soil AN was well absorbed through the roots to circulate within the organism, and it is preferentially distributed and accumulated in the roots and leaves, which have high organic matter content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the impact of Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA) application on the nutritional content and yield of five different colored radish microgreens. Microgreens were produced without substrate and subjected to 0.5 mM and 1.0 mM MeJA treatments on the 7th day, three days before harvest. The parameters measured included yield, dry matter, minerals, amino acids, secondary metabolites such as chlorophylls (Chls), anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolics, glucosinolates (GSLs), vitamin C, and antioxidant capacity. MeJA at 1.0 mM generally improved yield and dry weight across cultivars, and all microgreens exhibited rich mineral and amino acid composition, with the influence of cultivar being more significant than MeJA treatment. However, MeJA enhanced all cultivars' anthocyanins, GSLs, phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activities. Generally, as the antioxidant capacity is the primary factor influencing the nutritional quality of microgreens, MeJA-treated microgreens, especially with selected superior cultivars such as 'Asia purple' and 'Koregon red', could offer a potential for cultivation of value-added, eco-friendly microgreens with substrate-free cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetables are important agricultural products with numerous health benefits. Excessive chemical fertilization to meet the food challenge has resulted in environmental and soil health hazards. Considering this aspect, the current study was conducted with the aim to introduce biostimulants as an alternative to chemical fertilizers to improve soil quality, crop quality, and yield. In the first experiment, the response of radish was noted against the application of glycine (GLY), aspartic acid (ASP), lysine (LYS), vitamin B complex (VBC), and chemical fertilizers (CF). The biostimulants were sourced from Sigma Aldrich and Martin Dow Market Ltd. The results indicated that ASP has significantly improved the phenolic contents in shoot (1.01%) and root (12.23%) compared with CF. Additionally, total protein was significantly increased in shoot with GLY (251.81%) and in root with ASP (57.06%). Shoot ascorbic acid contents were significantly improved with ASP (179.90%), VBC (159.91%), and LYS (139.92%). Plant fresh and dry weight was improved with VBC (478.31%) and ASP (364.73%). The N and P concentrations in radish root were higher in VBC (25.93%) and LYS (100%). Soil organic matter was improved ASP (61.51%), followed by VBC (60.13%). Soil available P concentration was also enhanced with LYS (40.43%), ASP (31.20%), and VBC (23.19%). The second experiment was focused on identifying the response of turnip crop against the following treatments: chemical fertilizers (CF), Isabion® (ISA), 25% CF + LYS + GLY (CLG), 25% CF + ASP + GLY (CAG), and 25% CF + ASP + LYS (CAL). The biostimulants were sourced from Sigma Aldrich Syngenta, Pakistan. The results denoted that CAL and ISA significantly improved the phenolic contents in turnip shoot and root. The ascorbic acid in turnip shoot was improved with CAL (19.27%), CAG (18.13%), ISA (17.68%), and in root with CLG (26.96%). The P concentration in turnip shoot was significantly higher in ISA (19.25%), CLG (16.85%), and CAG (12.26%). Soil total N was improved in all treatments. ISA improved the available P concentration, whereas CF (67.87mg kg-1) followed by ISA (65.93mg kg-1) improved the soil available K. Both studies conclude that biostimulants capable of improving vegetable quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of radish roots depends largely on its cultivar, production environment, and postharvest management along the supply chain. Quality monitoring of fresh products is of utmost importance during the postharvest period. The purpose of this study is to nondestructively estimate the weight of a radish using random forests based on color and shape information obtained from images, as well as volumetric information obtained by analyzing a point cloud obtained by combining multiple forms of shape information. The explanatory variables were color and shape information obtained through an image analysis of still images of radishes captured in a constructed photographic environment. The volume information was calculated from the bounding box and convex hull applied to the point cloud by combining the shape information obtained from the image analysis. We then applied random forests to relate the radish weight to the explanatory variables. The experimental results showed that the models using color, shape, or volume information all exhibited good performance with a Pearson's correlation coefficient (COR) ≥ 0.80, suggesting the potential of nondestructive monitoring of radish weight based on color, shape, and volume information. Specifically, the model using volume information showed very high performance, with a COR of 0.95 or higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucosinolates (GSLs) are secondary metabolites that are produced in Brassicale order plants and play an important role in their defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, GSLs were reported to possess health benefits like anticancer and anti-inflammation activity. In the present study, the GSL profiles of 13 radishes (Raphanus sativus L) cultivars or inbred lines with different root phenotypes were analyzed. A total of four aliphatics and three indolic GSL compounds were consistently detected from all tested radish accessions. Based on the amounts and profiles of the GSL compounds, we identified that glucoraphasatin (GRH) and glucobrassicin (GBS) were the most abundant in the aliphatic and indolic GSLs, respectively, in young radishes. In addition, we performed a correlation heatmap analysis between the profiles of the individual GSL compounds and the GSL biosynthetic genes involved in the secondary modifications. We found that RsGRS1 plays a major role in the highest abundance of GRH in the aliphatic GSLs. Contrastingly, RsCYP81F3 and its paralogs, RsCYP81Fs might contribute to the profiles of the indolic GSLs in young radishes. In this study, we found that there was a substantial correlation between the transcription of the genes involved in the secondary modification phase of the GSL biosynthetic pathway and the profiles of the aliphatic and indolic GSL compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive study of the overall flavor and taste profile of different radishes is lacking. This study systematically compared the volatile profile of six radish varieties using HS-GC-IMS and their correlation with the E-nose analysis. Organic acids and amino acids were quantified, and their association with the E-tongues analysis was explored. A total of 73 volatile compounds were identified, with diallyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide being the primary sulfides responsible for the unpleasant flavor in radish. Compared to other varieties, cherry radishes boast a significantly higher concentration of allyl isothiocyanate, which likely contributes to their characteristic radish flavor. Moreover, oxalic acid was identified as the most abundant organic acid in radish, accounting for over 97% of its content, followed by malic acid and succinic acid. In conclusion, the distinct flavor and taste characteristics of different radish varieties partially explain their suitability for diverse culinary preferences.

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an important salad vegetable grown and consumed throughout the world for fleshy roots which has numerous categories– varying in root colour, size, shape and flavour. The uses of coloured radishes in the salads and their anthocyanins as colourants are gaining popularity because of the colour characteristics, health benefits as well as antioxidant activities. However, information on the genetic variability, heritability and inter-relationship of total phenolics, anthocyanins and antioxidant activities in pigmented radish is very limited, but pre-requisite to initiate breeding programme; and therefore investigated in the present study. Radish genotypes were significantly diverse for all the antioxidants; differed by 4.98-fold for total phenolics, 36.16-fold for anthocyanins content, 4.96-fold for FRAP activity and 4.03-fold for CUPRAC activity; and the genotypes accounted for >97% of total variations. The meager differences between phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation reveals the greater role of genotypes and lesser influence of the environment on the biosynthesis and accumulation of antioxidants. Significantly positive correlations along with higher magnitude for anthocyanins content, total phenolics, FRAP activity and CUPRAC activity (r= 0.823 to 0.964) could be used as indirect selection criteria for improving levels of antioxidant compounds. The estimates of heritability and genetic advance indicate the role of additive and non-additive genes for biosynthesis of antioxidants and root development, respectively; therefore, recurrent selection would be the best breeding approach to improve both the traits simultaneously in coloured radish.

An investigation was conducted at the Horticulture field Invertis University, Bareilly with a study "Impact of NPK, FYM and Vermicompost on growth and yield of radish (Raphanus sativus L.)" during rabi season (2022-23). The experiment was arranged in Randomized Block Design with three replications. Among the all different eight treatments, the treatment T6 (75 % RDF+25% Vermicompost) was recorded significantly maximum plant height (15.56 cm), number of leaves (11.60), leaf length (11.29 cm), leaf width (5.90 cm), leaf fresh weight per plant (135.50 g), root fresh weight per plant (94.30 g) and Yield (23100 kg/ha), Yield (23.10 t/ha) of radish tender roots after harvesting were also recorded maximum with the treatment T6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】 The fruit radish is a cash crop commonly cultivated in greenhouses in central and northern China. This study aims to determine the most effective drip irrigation schedule to enhance its yield while simultaneously increasing water use efficiency. 【Method】 The cultivar “Ice Cream” was used as the model plant. The irrigation was based on soil matric potential measured at the depth of 20 cm in that whenever it dropped to -10 (T1), -20 (T2), -30 (T3), -40 (T4) or -50 kPa (T5), we irrigated the crops by 10 mm of water. In each treatment, we measured the growth, yield and quality, as well as irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) of the crop. 【Result】 The total irrigation amount for T1-T5 decreased from 120 to 70 mm. Reducing the soil matric potential threshold for irrigation resulted in reductions in area and fresh weight of leaves, root diameter and length, and weight of the radish, albeit the reduction in root length was not significant. Compared with T1, T2—T5 increased the yield by 2.2% to 44.0%, T2 increased IWUE by 17.3%, and T3—T5 reduced IWUE by 4.1% to 6.6%. With the decrease in the soil matric potential threshold, the soluble solid content and electrical conductivity of the radish both increased first followed by a decline, the soluble solid content peaked in T2 and Vc content increased monotonically. 【Conclusion】 Setting soil matric potential at depth of 20 cm at -20 kPa as the threshold and the irrigating 10 mm of water each time is optimal for improving the yield and IWUE of greenhouse fruit radish.

为带动我国油用萝卜产业的快速发展，促进以食用油为主，多产业（中药、芽苗、绿肥）协同发展局面的形成，系统概述了有关油用萝卜育种、栽培及管理，萝卜籽组成成分及功能，萝卜籽油加工技术方面的研究进展，论述了我国油用萝卜发展面临的问题，提出了相关建议，并展望未来油用萝卜产业的发展趋势及方向。油用萝卜品种类型丰富，适应性广，是一种具有推广应用潜力的新型油料作物品种。In order to promote the development of oilseed radish industry in China, and the formation of edible oil as the main, multi-industry (traditional Chinese medicine, sprouts, green fertilizer) coordinated development situation, the research progress in breeding, cultivation and management of oilseed radish, composition and function of radish seed, and processing technology of radish seed oil were systematically summarized. The problems faced by the development of oilseed radish in China were discussed, relevant suggestions were proposed, and the development trend and direction of oilseed radish industry were looked forward. Oilseed radish has a wide variety of varieties and adaptability, making it a new type of oilseed crop with great potential for promotion and application.

Research on soil biochar fertilization has mainly been conducted on cereal crops, and information on its potential for radish production remains inconsistent. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted to examine the short-term effects of rice husk biochar on radish growth and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). An investigation was conducted with two application rates of biochar alone, (10 t ha−1 (B10) and 25 t ha−1 (B25), and biochar + chicken manure application with and without NPK fertilizer. The results indicated that the application of biochar 25 t ha−1 + chicken manure (B25:CHM) and the combination of biochar 25 t ha−1 + chicken manure + NPK fertilizer (B25:CHM:NPK) significantly increased root yield by improving NUE, fertilizer recovery efficiency (REN), agronomic efficiency (AE), nitrogen harvest index (NHI), and retaining soil NH4+-N. Although biochar application alone did not significantly influence radish growth on a short-term basis, B10 and B25 increased root yields by 10% and 20%, respectively, compared with the control. Notably, the role of biochar application when combined with organic and inorganic fertilizers was to retain fertilizer N and promote N uptake efficiency by radishes, as higher rates of biochar resulted in higher NUE. Our results suggest that B25:CHM is a suitable combination for organic farming.

Accumulation of anthocyanins in the taproot of radish is an agronomic trait beneficial for human health. Several genetic loci are related to a red skin or flesh color of radish, however, the functional divergence of candidate genes between non-red and red radishes has not been investigated. Here, we report that a novel genetic locus on the R2 chromosome, where RsMYB1.1 is located, is associated with the red color of the skin of radish taproot. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 66 non-red-skinned (nR) and 34 red-skinned (R) radish accessions identified three nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the third exon of RsMYB1.1. Although the genotypes of SNP loci differed between the nR and R radishes, no functional difference in the RsMYB1.1 proteins of nR and R radishes in their physical interaction with RsTT8 was detected by yeast-two hybrid assay or in anthocyanin accumulation in tobacco and radish leaves coexpressing RsMYB1.1 and RsTT8. By contrast, insertion-or deletion-based GWAS revealed that one large ATrich low-complexity sequence of 1.3-2 kb was inserted in the promoter region of RsMYB1.1 in the nR radishes (RsMYB1.1nR), whereas the R radishes had no such insertion; this represents a presence/absence variation (PAV). This insertion sequence (RsIS) was radish specific and distributed among the nine chromosomes of Raphanus genomes. Despite the extremely low transcription level of RsMYB1.1nR in the nR radishes, the inactive RsMYB1.1nR promoter could be functionally restored by deletion of the RsIS. The results of a transient expression assay using radish root sections suggested that the RsIS negatively regulates the expression of RsMYB1.1nR, resulting in the downregulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, including RsCHS, RsDFR, and RsANS, in the nR radishes. This work provides the first evidence of the involvement of PAV in an agronomic trait of radish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ogura male sterile cytoplasm is widely used for radish breeding. In this study, high-resolution melting (HRM) markers associated with Rft and Rfo, major restorer-of-fertility genes in Ogura cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in radish, were developed. Genetic mapping was carried out using F2 populations derived from crosses between male-sterile Ogura CMS lines and male-fertile lines. Identification of the Rft and Rfo loci was achieved through SNP-based genotyping and linkage grouping. HRM markers were subsequently developed based on flanking sequences of SNPs linked to these loci. For the Rft gene, a set of 117 SNPs was selected within a candidate region on chromosome 5, and 14 HRM markers were successfully developed. Genotyping of F2 showed high correlation between three markers and the phenotype. Regarding the Rfo gene, a set of 27 HRM markers was designed based on flanking sequences of SNPs located on chromosomes 9 and 0. Genotyping in the Rfo segregating population identified a single marker, RSRF27, that accurately distinguished the male sterility phenotype. Validation of the developed markers was performed in populations containing both Rft and Rfo genes, confirming their utility for genotyping and demonstrating that these two genes independently contribute to male sterility recovery. Overall, this study provides HRM markers that can be used for genotyping Rft and Rfo and contributes to a deeper understanding of male sterility restoration mechanisms in Ogura CMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During 21st century, abiotic stress has adversely affected the agriculture crop production around the globe. Keeping in view the food requirement under water shortage condition, a study was planned to investigate the effect of thiamine application on radish crop under drought stress conditions on plant. For study purpose, two varieties of locally available radish ('Early-Milo' and 'Laal-Pari') were grown with normal water application as well as thiamine (100 mg L-1) application while maintaining a stress condition (60% field capacity). Increasing water deficit stress linearly reduced plant growth, yield and biomass in both varieties by reducing water use efficiency, while significantly enhanced these attributes with thiamine application. Thiamine application under drought stress exerted significant impacts on physiological attributes in both varieties, including enhanced osmolytic attribute in drought conditions and improvements in superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), H2O2, and malondialdehyde (MDA) activities in plant leaves. Antioxidant and osmoprotectant upregulation positively linked to radish crop's drought tolerance. Moreover, PCA and heatmap analysis revealed a significant interdependence among various traits and interconnected in determining the crop's capacity to sustain growth under conditions of drought stress. In crux, thiamine application conclusively enhances radish growth, yield, biomass, physio-chemical and osmolytic attributes, ionic composition and enzymatic antioxidant potential. Therefore, it is recommended to consider the application of thiamine in commercial agriculture practices to mitigate the negative effects of drought stress on radish crop production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Site-specific measurements of the crop yield during harvesting are essential for successfully implementing precision management techniques. This study aimed to estimate the mass of radish tubers using the impact principle under simulated vibration and sloped-field harvesting conditions with a laboratory test bench. These conditions included the conveyor speed (CS), impact plate layout (IP), falling height onto the impact plate (FH), the plate angle relative to the horizontal (PH), the field slope, and the vibration of the harvesting machine. Two layouts of impact-type sensors were fabricated and tested, one with a single load cell (SL) and the other with two load cells (DL). An adjustable slope platform and a vibration table equipped with vibration blades were utilized to simulate the slope and vibration effects, respectively. Calibrations were conducted to verify the accuracy of the sensor outputs, processed with the finite impulse response and moving average filters. Radish mass was estimated using an asymmetrically trimmed mean method. The relative percentage error (RE), standard error (SE), coefficient of determination (R²), and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to assess the impact plate performance. The results indicated that the SE for both impact plates was less than 4 g in the absence of vibration and slope conditions. The R2 for the single and double impact plates ranged from 0.58 to 0.89 and 0.69 to 0.81, respectively. The FH had no significant impact, while the PH significantly affected the mass measurements for both impact plates. On the other hand, the CS significantly affected the plate performance, except for the double-load-cell impact plate. Both vibration and slope affected the mass measurements, with RE values of 9.89% and 13.92%, respectively. The RE for filtered radish signals was reduced from 9.13% to 5.42%. The tests demonstrated the feasibility of utilizing the impact principle to assess the mass of radishes, opening up possibilities for the development of yield-monitoring systems for crops harvested in a similar manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium wilt is a significant disease in radish, but the genetic mechanisms controlling yellows resistance (YR) are not well understood. This study aimed to identify YR-QTLs and to fine-map one of them using F2:3 populations developed from resistant and susceptible radish parents. In this study, two high-density genetic maps each containing shared co-dominant markers and either female or male dominant markers that spanned 988.6 and 1127.5cM with average marker densities of 1.40 and 1.53 cM, respectively, were generated using Genotyping by Random Amplicon Sequencing-Direct (GRAS-Di) technology. We identified two YR-QTLs on chromosome R2 and R7, and designated the latter as ForRs1 as the major QTL. Fine mapping narrowed down the ForRs1 locus to a 195 kb region. Among the 16 predicted genes in the delimited region, 4 genes including two receptor-like protein and -kinase genes (RLP/RLK) were identified as prime candidates for ForRs1 based on the nucleotide sequence comparisons between the parents and their predicted functions. This study is the first to use a GRAS-Di for genetic map construction of cruciferous crops and fine map the YR-QTL on the R7 chromosome of radish. These findings will provide groundbreaking insights into radish YR breeding and understanding the genetics of YR mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulforaphene is an isothiocyanate which is produced by the hydrolysis from glucoraphenin, one of glucosinolates mostly found in radish plant. This study evaluates the genetic diversity of sulforaphene contents from the seedlings of 29 radish genotypes in an attempt to find a variety with a high extraction yield and which can be used as a breeding source of intergeneric hybrid vegetable Baemuchae. The sulforaphene content was highest in the seedlings of 'Cheongwoonplus' (1,426.8 mg kg− 1 FW) and 'Taebaek' (1,363.3 mg kg− 1 FW) cultivars and lowest in the 'Matchuimbom' (328.7 mg kg− 1 FW) cultivar. The sulforaphene contents of four radish cultivars and three Baemuchae varieties sharply decreased during seedling growth; however, they were much higher in the seedlings of radish cultivars than in Baemuchae varieties. The sulforaphene contents in unpollinated pistil tissues were not affected by species, whereas they responded differently to the cultivar or variety. After pollination, the sulforaphene content gradually increased in radish cultivars during seed development, but relatively much less in Baemuchae varieties. These results indicated that the sulforaphene content varied widely in the seedlings of radish cultivars. Sulforaphene gradually accumulated after pollination during seed development in radish cultivars, but not much in Baemuchae varieties. However, not much difference was observed in the sulforaphene contents of unpollinated pistil tissues of radish and baemoochae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this study, it was aimed to compare six different radish varieties (Daikon white long, Daikon pink long, watermelon, black, turnip and Antep radish) by converting them into powder product form and using them as food additives. For this purpose, color, pH, moisture, some chemical properties, thermal, functional and powder properties of the different radish powders obtained by drying were determined. Among the radish powders, Daikon white long radish samples were brighter and more yellow than other radish powder. Turnip radish sample was determined as the radish variety with the highest ash, total phenolic substance, DPPH and CUPRAC antioxidant activity and water absorption value. The highest wettability and solubility values were determined in Daikon pink long radish samples (107.0 s and 59.51 s), and the highest bulk and tapped density values were determined in black radish samples (0.51 and 2.02 g/cm³ ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgreens have become an important specialty crop valued by their varying texture, vibrant colors, and nutrient-dense features. As the number of species and cultivars rapidly increases for microgreen production, fertigation requirements in relation to shoot production and nutrient compositions remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the shoot yield, visual quality, and mineral nutrient concentrations of six microgreens in the Brassicaceae family including the 'Waltham' broccoli, 'Red Acre' cabbage, Daikon radish, 'Red Russian' kale, pea, and Rambo radish in two experiments in December 2020 and January 2021. Each microgreen was fertigated with 120 mL of fertilizer solution daily for five consecutive days with a rate of 0, 70, 140, 210, or 280 mg·L−1 N from a general-purpose fertilizer. Broccoli, Daikon radish, and kale similarly produced the highest fresh shoot weights of 916.5 to 984 g·m−2 in December 2020, while pea produced the highest fresh shoot weight of 2471 g·m−2 in January 2021 among cultivars. The fertigation rates of 140, 210, and 280 mg·L−1 N resulted in similar fresh and dry shoot weights of selected microgreens, suggesting 140 mg·L−1 N should be sufficient for microgreen fertilization. Mineral nutrients in microgreens varied among cultivars: pea microgreens had the highest nitrogen (N) concentrations of 70.6 to 75.2 mg·g−1 in December 2020 and 72.1 to 75.4 mg·g−1 in January 2021; and cabbage microgreens were rich in calcium (Ca) in both experiments. The kale, pea, and Rambo radish microgreens contained the highest concentrations of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) in December 2020. The fertigation rate affected macronutrient concentrations but did not affect micronutrient concentrations including Fe, Mn, or zinc (Zn). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]