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Background: The balance between reducing patient wait time and mitigating waste of parenteral products has not been well described in literature. Objective: Evaluate the patient wait times and cost-effectiveness of employing a premix versus an on-demand workflow model for compounding parenteral admixtures in a hematology/oncology infusion setting. Methods: This single center, retrospective cost analysis compiled manually documented monthly waste reports and estimated drug pricing for the institution to calculate the cost of waste during both premix and on-demand compounding workflows. Time to administration was audited for one week with both models. Results: Over a period of 28.5 months following the premix model, 564 products were documented as wasted ($1,196,014.01 in estimated drug purchasing cost). Over a period of 3 months following the on-demand model, 12 products were wasted ($34,823.98 in estimated drug purchasing cost). Switching models reduced the monthly average number of wasted products from 20 to 4 per month; the average cost of waste was reduced from $41,965.40 to $11,607.99 per month (P <.0001). Overall patient wait time from clearance until administration, excluding any recommended wait times after premedication administration (if applicable), was similar in both models: an average of 38.26 minutes in the premix model and 40.97 minutes in the on-demand model. Conclusion: Premixing parenteral admixtures was not cost effective at our institution. After resuming an on-demand compounding model, the monthly cost of waste (based on drug pricing alone) was reduced by over 70%. The wait time from clearance to treatment administration was similar in both models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food fortification with micronutrients was initially justified in developed countries by a lack of availability of micronutrients in staple crops, mainly due to soil exhaustion. However, in Sub-Saharan arable lands, soil fatigue is not predominant, and communities consume mostly home-grown, organic, non-processed crops. Sub-Saharan food systems are nevertheless deeply entwined with food insecurity, driver of illnesses. Family production can promote subsistence, food stability, and self-sufficiency, the main SSA setback being the vicious cycle of poverty and the lack of dietary variety, contributing to malnutrition. Poverty reduction and women's education are significant strategies for reducing child and adolescent undernourishment. Fortification of foods consumed daily by individuals makes sense and can minimize, if not entirely, eliminate deficiencies. Compulsory mass fortification of foods in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) with single micronutrients is, however, controversial since they work in synergy among each other and with the food matrix, for optimal absorption and metabolism. Since the causes of malnutrition are many, caused by diverse, unequal, and unjust food distribution, interrelated with political, social, cultural, or economic factors, education status of the population, season and climatic changes, and effectiveness of nutrition programs, just food fortification cannot solve the composite of all these elements. Further, compulsory fortification is excessive, unproductive, and likely harmful to human health, while many challenges remain in assessing the quality of available premixes. Furthermore, aiming at dietary diversification is the best approach of increasing trace element intake from commonly accessible and easily available food sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, four different varieties of wafer premixes incorporated with malted finger millet flour, pearl millet flour, sorghum flour and mixed millet flour (finger millet, pearl millet and sorghum) were developed by replacing refined wheat flour as millets are rich in dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals including other nutrients and have several beneficial effects to our health. Malting helps to increase digestibility by breaking down complex substances into simple one and helps in increasing the bioavailability of some nutrients. The variety of developed premixes has four distinct flavours namely, chocolate flavour for ragi wafer premix, cinnamon flavour for bajra wafer premix, vanilla flavour for jowar wafer premix and strawberry flavour for the mixed millet wafer premix. Raw materials were procured from local grocery shops and e-commerce platform. Trials were taken by developing ice cream cones using malted millet flour and other raw materials. The amount of ingredients to be used to develop the premixes was decided through the organoleptic evaluation performed using a 5-point hedonic scale. Among these four premixes, wafers made with ragi (finger millet) wafer premix got the most overall acceptability score followed by jowar (sorghum) wafer premix, mixed millet wafer premix and bajra (pearl millet) wafer premix. Standby pouches made of LDPE were used as packaging material to perform the primary functions of packaging such as protection, preservation, and presentation of the product inside the packet. Developed premixes were subjected to physical, chemical, and microbial analysis to evaluate the quality and storage behaviour. The main motive of this study was to develop healthier version of wafers without compromising their taste as well as texture and to know the effect of using different kind of millets in the processing of wafers. Cereals can be replaced by millets to add more nutrition in daily diet. So, if millets are used in commercial snack products, then it can contribute to the upliftment of total health of a community. Wafers in the form of cones, bowls etc. can contribute to edible cutlery which is sustainable and can reduce the load of waste from the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accurate assessment of vitamin A in animal feed and tissues is vital for safeguarding animal well-being and ensuring high-quality nutritional feed. However, challenges in achieving precise results persist, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of the influencing factors. This review delves into the historical progression of analytical techniques, from colorimetric assays and spectrophotometry to advanced chromatographic methods and non-destructive spectroscopic approaches. Factors influencing analytical precision are scrutinized, encompassing sample preparation, storage conditions, interfering substances, and human errors. The crucial role of quality control and standardized protocols in ensuring the reproducibility and reliability of results is emphasized. Moreover, this review highlights the need for tailored analytical approaches to account for the complexities of sample matrices and the significance of cutting-edge technologies, including on-site analysis and data science integration, in enhancing analytical precision. By acknowledging the challenges and prospects in vitamin A analysis, this paper provides insights for optimizing analytical methodologies and promoting animal welfare and product safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accurate assessment of vitamin A in animal feed and tissues is vital for safeguarding animal well-being and ensuring high-quality nutritional feed. However, challenges in achieving precise results persist, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of the influencing factors. This review delves into the historical progression of analytical techniques, from colorimetric assays and spectrophotometry to advanced chromatographic methods and non-destructive spectroscopic approaches. Factors influencing analytical precision are scrutinized, encompassing sample preparation, storage conditions, interfering substances, and human errors. The crucial role of quality control and standardized protocols in ensuring the reproducibility and reliability of results is emphasized. Moreover, this review highlights the need for tailored analytical approaches to account for the complexities of sample matrices and the significance of cutting-edge technologies, including on-site analysis and data science integration, in enhancing analytical precision. By acknowledging the challenges and prospects in vitamin A analysis, this paper provides insights for optimizing analytical methodologies and promoting animal welfare and product safety.

The data obtained during the scientific and economic experiment show that the replacement of copper sulfate with copper proteinate in broiler chickens, even in smaller doses, did not significantly affect hematological and biochemical blood parameters. Some increase in the total level of albumins and globulins, the activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, and the content of calcium, phosphorus and copper in blood serum was noted. Introduction of cuprum proteinate to compound feed to broiler chickens of the third experimental group in doses of 13.9; 12.6 and 9.0 g/t (on average for 42 days – 12.5 g/t) contributed to a probable increase in total protein by 14.2 % (Р < 0.05) on the 30th day of the experiment and by 12.3 % (Р < 0.05) on the 42nd day of the experiment compared to the control group. At the same time, the level of albumins increased by 11.9 % (Р < 0.05) and 15.8 % (Р < 0.05), and globulins by 12.0 % (Р < 0.05) and 10.7 %, respectively. This fact shows that reducing the dose of cuprum proteinate has a positive effect on protein synthesis, activation of albumin and globulin synthesis occurs, which reduces the load on the immune system of broiler chickens and has a positive effect on protein metabolism. On the 42nd day of the experiment, the calcium content in the blood of all groups increased, but in the experimental groups it was higher than the control indicator in the second group by 4.8 % and by 5.6 % in the third experimental group. Regarding the level of Phosphorus in the blood serum of experimental groups of broiler chickens, its amount increased to 1.85–1.96 mmol/l on the 42nd day. The content of cuprum in the blood of broiler chickens, which were fed cuprum proteinate as part of compound feed, was probably higher than the indicator of the control group. Chickens of the second experimental group, which were fed cuprum proteinate in quantities of 18.2; 16.8 and 12.0 g/t of compound feed exceeded their counterparts by 14.0– 16.3 % (Р < 0.05). Broiler chickens of the third experimental group, which were added to compound feed with cuprum proteinate in doses of 13.9, 12.6 and 30 g/t, prevailed on day 30 of the experiment by 18.8 % (Р < 0.01), and on day 42 day by 18.9 % (Р < 0.01). A higher level of Calcium and Phosphorus in the blood serum of experimental broiler chickens indicates an increase in the resistance of the bird to infections and better mineralization of bone tissue. Feeding of cuprum proteinate to broiler chickens makes it possible to reduce the dose of the trace element in compound feed, which reduces the burden on the bird's body and increases the biological availability of mineral compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food fortification with micronutrients was initially justified in developed countries by a lack of availability of micronutrients in staple crops, mainly due to soil exhaustion. However, in Sub-Saharan arable lands, soil fatigue is not predominant, and communities consume mostly home-grown, organic, non-processed crops. Sub-Saharan food systems are nevertheless deeply entwined with food insecurity, driver of illnesses. Family production can promote subsistence, food stability, and self-sufficiency, the main SSA setback being the vicious cycle of poverty and the lack of dietary variety, contributing to malnutrition. Poverty reduction and women’s education are significant strategies for reducing child and adolescent undernourishment. Fortification of foods consumed daily by individuals makes sense and can minimize, if not entirely, eliminate deficiencies. Compulsory mass fortification of foods in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) with single micronutrients is, however, controversial since they work in synergy among each other and with the food matrix, for optimal absorption and metabolism. Since the causes of malnutrition are many, caused by diverse, unequal, and unjust food distribution, interrelated with political, social, cultural, or economic factors, education status of the population, season and climatic changes, and effectiveness of nutrition programs, just food fortification cannot solve the composite of all these elements. Further, compulsory fortification is excessive, unproductive, and likely harmful to human health, while many challenges remain in assessing the quality of available premixes. Furthermore, aiming at dietary diversification is the best approach of increasing trace element intake from commonly accessible and easily available food sources.

The food industry has introduced healthy foods as a result of the current health consciousness. People today demand nutrient-rich foods with enough health benefits in order to meet their health demands. In this study, the development and standardization of a wholesome pancake premix with pseudocereals was carried out. Healthy Pancake premix was packed in laminates and polypropylene under ambient conditions and analyzed for physico-chemical characteristic i.e. (bulk density, tapped density, crude protein and ash content) for period of 21 days. Among the four treatments the highest bulk density (0.56 g/cm³) in C1 (55::BWF), tapped density (0.71 g/cm³) in C1(55::BWF), crude protein content (11.56%) in C2(55::BWF) and ash content in T2 (30:15:10BWF:AF:FF) was found during storage period. Thus, in general there was decrease in bulk density, tapped density, crude protein and ash content throughout the storage period of 21 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In achieving a high level of biological usefulness of feeding poultry, the enrichment of compound feed with a complex of biologically active additives – premixes is of decisive importance. The organization of the production of high-quality premixes is an important direction in the development of the domestic feed industry. Vermiculite is one of the mineral raw materials mined on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, suitable for use in agriculture, in the production of premixes. Kazakhstan has large resources of vermiculites. The aim of the study is to determine the feasibility of using the natural mineral vermiculite from the Kulantau deposit as a filler in the production of premixes and a component in the production of animal feed. The physicochemical parameters of the natural mineral vermiculite have been determined. The analyzes of the study were carried out in the research laboratory for assessing the quality and safety of food products of the Almaty Technological University. Studies have been carried out on the use of vermiculite from the Kulantau deposit as a filler-diluent in the production of premixes. It was found that the natural mineral vermiculite has good flowability, low humidity, does not cake, so the use of vermiculite in the production of premixes helps to increase the safety of biologically active substances. The optimal time for preliminary mixing of microcomponents with vermiculite filler has been determined. With the addition of vermiculite after the third minute of mixing, the coefficient of variation is 6,63%. The introduction of the vermiculite mineral into the premix has a positive effect on the mixing process and the uniformity of the finished product. The mineral vermiculite reduces the humidity of the premix, has good flowability, and prevents the separation of the premix components during transportation. The total mixing time of the premixes is reduced to 4 minutes. The study of the vermiculite mineral in the composition of the premix, the improvement of the technological scheme for the production of the premix, will allow the production of high-quality domestic premix.

Successful animal husbandry is impossible without the organization of a balanced feeding system, and in particular is providing rations with optimal level of mineral elements and vitamins, which serve as a guarantee of the intensity of metabolic processes in the body as well as assimilation of feed nutrients and their conversion into products. Multi-ingredient feed supplements are the best source of replenishing the rations of dairy cows with nutrients. The morphological and biochemical composition of blood is a symptomatic reflection of the metabolism intensivity. Feeding cattle an improved vitamin and mineral supplement (VMS), as part of the improved compound feed K 60-32-89, makes it possible to ensure a sufficient level of vitamin and mineral nutrition in the Pre-Carpathia zone. The balanced ration of dairy cows with biologically active substances (BAS) enhances the redox reactions of the body (probably a higher level of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, total protein, nitrogen fractions) while simultaneously accumulating energy in the cell (increasing total acid-soluble phosphorus and nucleic acids (NA)) and the growth of the level of milk productivity by 9.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigation of the rumen juice transfounation either alone, or in combination with Bacillus subtilis natto, or premix upon the general health condition, productivity as well as upon some ruminal and biochemical parameters in after weaning Holstein heifers. The obtained results revealed significant increase in the body weight in the experimental group receiving ruminal juice plus premix, followed by the group received ruminal juice plus Bacillus subtilis natto, and ruminal juice alone compared with the control group. The immune responses, in terms of high leukocyte counts, lymphocytes, and granulocytes, were also signifi- cantly upregulated in the group that received ruminal juice plus Bacillus subtilis natto, followed by the group that received ruminal juice plus premix, and ruminal juice, respectively. Interestingly, groups treated with ruminal juice plus Bacillus subtilis natto, and ruminal juice plus premix had a significant improvement in the hemoglobin level, and the antioxidant capacity. Likely, such treatment groups had significant improvements in both total protozoal count, and eligibility for insemination. In conclusion, the obtained results of the present study strongly recommend the use of ruminal juice in a combination with Bacillus subtilis natto, or premix to improve the fertility indices, and immune responses in Holstein heifers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article presents the results of analyzes of the chemical, amino acid, mineral, vitamin composition of flax cake of the Kazakh variety «Kostanayskiy 11». A recipe for a complete feed for broilers with the introduction of flaxseed cake and a premix based on vermiculite filler has been developed. The optimal rates for the in troduction of flaxseed oil into the recipe for a complete feed for broilers aged 29-56 days have been determined. The proposed recipes for mixed feed for broilers using flaxseed cake of the Kazakh variety «Kostanaysky 11» and a premix based on vermiculite filler in feeding poultry will make it possible to balance the rations not only in protein and mineral composition, but also partially replace expensive soybean meal, thereby reducing the cost of compound feed.

[Display omitted] Efficient telmisartan delivery for hypertension management requires the incorporation of meglumine and/or sodium hydroxide as an alkalizer in the formulation. Long-term use of powerful alkalis with formulation as part of chronic therapy can cause metabolic alkalosis, ulcers, diarrhea, and body pain. Here, we aimed to design a telmisartan formulation without alkalizers. Telmisartan properties were tailor-made by microfluidizer-based physical modification. After microfluidization, telmisartan nanosuspension was lyophilized to obtain telmisartan premix powder. The optimized telmisartan nanosuspension had an average particle size of 579.85 ± 32.14 nm. The lyophilized premix was characterized by FT-IR, DSC, and PXRD analysis to ensure its physicochemical characteristics. The solubility analysis of premix showed 2.2 times, 2.3 times, and 6 times solubility improvement in 0.1 N HCl, phosphate buffer pH 7.5, and pH 6.8 compared to pure telmisartan. A 3D in-vitro Caco-2 model was developed to compare apparent permeability of API and powder premix. It showed that the powder premix was more permeable than pure API. The tablet formulation prepared from the telmisartan premix showed a dissolution profile comparable to that of the marketed formulation. The technique present herein can be used as a platform technology for solubility and permeability improvement of similar classes of molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was the knowledge of avistim’s influence administered in laying hens diet on the production performances, egg quality and the carotene content of eggs. The researches have been made on a number of 162 laying hens, hybrid Isa Brown, assigned in 3 batches of 54 hens/batch. In the feed of batch 2 (E) was added avistim premix 1 % and in the feed of batch 3 (E) was added avistim premix 2 %. The experimental period was 5 weeks, representing the second laying stage (age 56-61 weeks) following: laying intensity, the average egg weight, the fodder consumption per egg. To establish egg’s quality, at the end of trial had been determined: egg structure, egg-shell quality, intensity of yolk’s color and the carothenes content (La Roche method). The use of avistim determined the improvement of laying intensity with 3.86% at batch 3E, the improvement of egg weight with 6.08% at batch 2E and 1.23% at batch 3E, the reduction of fodder consumption per egg with 3.72% at batch 3E. Also we recorded the improvement of the weight and thickness of the egg-shell at the experimental batches, the improvement of yolk’s color and the improvement of carotene content at batches 2E and 3E. We recommend the use of avistim premix in laying hens diets for the improvement of the production performances and the yolk pigmentation, which can influence the commercial value of eggs.

Introduction: Many people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) experience suboptimal glycemic control and require therapy advancement. This cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted to compare iGlarLixi (insulin glargine 100 U/mL plus lixisenatide) versus BIAsp 30 (biphasic insulin aspart 30) in people with T2DM suboptimally controlled with basal insulin. Methods: The IQVIA Core Diabetes Model was used to estimate lifetime costs and outcomes for people with T2DM from a US healthcare payer perspective. Initial clinical data were based on the phase 3 randomized, open-label, active-controlled SoliMix clinical study, which compared the efficacy and safety of once-daily iGlarLixi with twice-daily BIAsp 30. Lifetime costs (US$) and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) were predicted, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for iGlarLixi versus BIAsp 30 was estimated; the willingness-to-pay threshold was considered to be $50,000. A subgroup analysis considered people with T2DM aged ≥ 65 years. Results: Estimated QALYs gained were slightly higher with iGlarLixi compared with BIAsp 30 (9.3 vs. 9.2), with lower costs for iGlarLixi ($117,854 vs. $120,109); the ICER for iGlarLixi was therefore considered dominant over BIAsp 30 in the base case. Key drivers for cost savings were the higher dose and twice-daily administration for BIAsp 30 versus once-daily administration for iGlarLixi. The robustness of the base-case results was confirmed by sensitivity and scenario analyses. Results were similar in a subgroup of people with T2DM aged ≥ 65 years. Conclusion: In people with T2DM with suboptimal glycemic control on basal insulin, iGlarLixi confers improved QALYs and reduced costs compared with BIAsp 30. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few years, in order to extend the service life of pavements, the authors developed a special asphalt mixture that adequately prevents the ingress of water from the foundation layer of the asphalt into the top layers. The highly flexible mixture with a premix-type modified asphalt has been applied on a road, and the mixture showed excellent cracking performance in serviceability. Since the highly flexible mixture uses a premix-type modified asphalt that is transported by an asphalt tanker truck, it is difficult to manufacture in small quantities for responding to small-scale and emergency constructions. In order to deal with this difficulty, the present study developed a plant-mix-type modified asphalt mixture using a special additive at the plant. The laboratory tests and field evaluation results indicated that both the premix-type asphalt mixture and the plant-mix-type modified asphalt mixture exhibited excellent flexibility and stress relaxation properties.

Background: We compared the pharmacokinetic exposure, efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of biosimilar insulin aspart premix SAR341402 Mix 70/30 (SARAsp-Mix) with its originator NovoMix® 30 insulin aspart mix (NN-Mix) in adults with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This was a randomized, open-label, parallel-group, substudy of the phase 3 GEMELLI M trial performed in three Indian centres. Totally 13 Indian participants previously treated with premix insulin received a single subcutaneous 0.3 U/kg dose of each treatment and underwent pharmacokinetic sampling for 16 h after dosing. Participants were then treated for 26 weeks as per the main GEMELLI M trial with efficacy, safety and immunogenicity compared between groups. Results: The extent of exposure (area under the plasma concentration-time curve and maximum insulin aspart concentration) to SAR341402 insulin aspart in SARAsp-Mix and to insulin aspart in NN-Mix was similar following single doses of the allocated treatment. After 26 weeks, the mean ± SD [median] change in HbA1c from baseline was similar in both treatment groups (SARAsp-Mix -0.38% ± 1.54 [-1.00%]; NN-Mix -0.18% ± 1.97 [-0.80%]). Other efficacy endpoints, insulin dosages, anti-insulin aspart antibody response, hypoglycemia and adverse events were similar between groups. Conclusions: Our results support the findings from previous studies, that SARAsp-Mix has a similar pharmacokinetic profile to NN-Mix and provides effective glycemic control with similar safety and immunogenicity profile in Indian adults with type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: We compared the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of biosimilar insulin aspart premix SAR341402 Mix 70/30 (70% intermediate SAR341402 protamine and 30% rapid SAR341402 solution) (SARAsp-Mix) with its originator NovoMix 30 insulin aspart mix (NN-Mix) in adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes switching from different premix insulin analogs. Methods: This phase 3, randomized, open-label, multinational, 26-week trial (GEMELLI M) enrolled 402 participants with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. At randomization, participants switched from their prestudy premix insulin NovoMix 30 (n = 341) or Humalog Mix 25/Liprolog Mix 25 (n = 61) to equivalent (1:1) doses of either SARAsp-Mix or NN-Mix at least twice daily (1:1 randomization). In this subgroup analysis, efficacy measures [change in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), daily insulin dose], and safety outcomes [hypoglycemia incidence, adverse events (including hypersensitivity and injection site reactions), anti-insulin aspart antibodies] of SARAsp-Mix were compared with those of NN-Mix separately according to the participants' prestudy premix insulin. Results: At week 26, change from baseline in HbA1c (primary efficacy endpoint) was similar between SARAsp-Mix and NN-Mix in those participants pretreated with NovoMix 30 [least squares (LS) mean difference 0.05%, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.195% to 0.289%] or Humalog Mix 25/Liprolog Mix 25 (LS mean difference 0.28%, 95% CI −0.279% to 0.830%) (P value for treatment-by-subgroup interaction = 0.46). In both subgroups, safety outcomes, including immunogenicity, and changes in daily insulin doses were similar between treatments over 26 weeks. Conclusions: Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity profiles of SARAsp-Mix are similar to NN-Mix over 26 weeks in adults with diabetes irrespective of prior type of premix insulin. Trial Registration: EudraCT number 2017-000092-84. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: iGlarLixi is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise in addition to metformin (with or without sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors) to improve glycemic control in adults with insufficiently controlled type 2 diabetes (T2D). A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted to compare iGlarLixi with premix biphasic insulin aspart 30 (BIAsp 30) in people with T2D suboptimally controlled with basal insulin (BI). Methods: The IQVIA CORE Diabetes Model was used to estimate lifetime costs and outcomes for people with T2D from a UK health care perspective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of £20,000. Initial clinical data were based on the phase 3 randomized, open-label, active-controlled SoliMix clinical trial which compared the efficacy and safety of once-daily iGlarLixi with that of twice-daily BIAsp 30. Costs associated with management and complications and utilities values were derived from published sources. Lifetime costs (in £GBP) and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) were predicted; extensive scenario and sensitivity analyses were conducted. Results: Estimated QALYs gained were slightly higher with iGlarLixi (8.9 vs. 8.8) compared with premix BIAsp 30, at a higher cost (£23,204 vs. £21,961). The base case incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per QALY was £13,598. Treatment acquisition was the main driver of cost differences (iGlarLixi, £11,750; premix BIAsp 30, £10,395). Costs associated with management and complications were generally similar between comparators. Conclusion: iGlarLixi provides improved QALY outcomes at an acceptable cost compared with premix BIAsp 30, with an ICER below the threshold generally considered acceptable by UK authorities. In people with T2D, iGlarLixi is a simple, cost-effective option for advancing therapy of BI, with fewer daily injections than premix BIAsp 30. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The present work was undertaken to evaluate the effects of storage time, choline chloride, and high concentrations of Cu and Zn on the kinetic behavior of vitamin degradation during storage in two vitamin premixes and four vitamin-trace mineral (VTM) premixes. Methods Two vitamin premixes (with or without 160,000 mg/kg of choline) were stored at 25°C and 60% humidity. Besides, four VTM premixes were used to evaluate the effects of choline (0 vs 40,000 mg/kg) and trace minerals (low CuSO4+ZnO vs high CuSO4+ZnO) on vitamin stability in VTM premixes stored in room, and the VTM premixes were stored in room temperature at 22°C. Subsamples from each vitamin and VTM premix were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months. The retention of vitamin A (VA), vitamin D3 (VD3), vitamin E (VE), vitamin K3 (VK3), vitamin B1 (VB1), vitamin B2 (VB2), vitamin B3 (VB3), vitamin B5 (VB5), and vitamin B6 (VB6) in vitamin premixes and VTM premixes during storage was determined. The stability of vitamins in vitamin premixes and VTM premixes was determined and reported as the residual vitamin activity (% of initial) at each sampling point. Results The effect of choline on VK3 retention was significant in vitamin premixes (p

Abstract The supplementation of Copper (Cu) is essential for the optimum performance of physiological functions, including growth performance and immune function. Cu is usually formulated into animal premixes in the form of inorganic salts, such as sulphates, or organic minerals. Organic minerals are mineral salts that are either complexed or chelated to organic ligands such as proteins, amino acids, and polysaccharides. Cu is often formulated into premixes alongside other essential components such as vitamins, enzymes and synthetic antioxidants, all of which are susceptible to negative interactions with Cu which can detrimentally effect both their stability and activity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of five different commercially available Cu sources in relation to their effect on the stability of α-tocopherol acetate and on the activity of Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) and three commercially available phytases in vitro. The results determined that Cu source played a significant role in relation to limiting the interactions between Cu and each of the other components in vitro. There were significant differences (p ≤ 0.05), not only, between the inorganic and organic Cu sources but also between some of the individual organic Cu sources in relation to their effect on α-tocopherol acetate, BHT and phytase.

As the evidence supporting the beneficial effects of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) grows, so does the commercial interest in their inclusion in infant formula products. This also requires analytical methods capable of their quantification from finished infant formula products as well as from premixed ingredients in some cases. The objective of the present study was the development and single-laboratory validation of a method that can be used for this purpose for seven HMOs: 2′-fucosyllactose (2′FL), 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), 3′-sialyllactose (3′SL), 6′-sialyllactose (6′SL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT). The present method uses labeling by reductive amination, with 4-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester (benzocaine) as the labeling reagent and picoline borane as the reducing agent, then applies HPLC separation with UV detection. The seven HMOs could be analyzed from infant formula and premix samples with recoveries between 91 and 108 %, relative standard deviations of 4.3 % or lower across all replicates, and limits of quantitation between 0.001 % and 0.004 % of powder sample by weight. The method was found to be rapid and reliable, with a runtime of only 14 min per injection, in contrast to other methods found in literature which typically use nearly or more than an hour. In addition, it uses instrumentation that's readily available in most analytical laboratories. [Display omitted] • A rapid (14 min) method has been developed and validated for the separation of seven HMOs. • Maltodextrin, fructooligosaccharides, and polydextrose have been found not to interfere with the analysis. • 3′SL, 6′SL, and 3′-galactosyllactose were found in bovine milk and products derived from it, even with no HMOs added. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Premix technology has applications in various aspects of novel and generic formulation development. • We discuss major manufacturing technologies and characterize the techniques used for the preparation of pharmaceutical premixes. • We highlight the scope for the regulatory filing of premixes and the current regulatory challenges facing the use of premix technology in pharmaceutical product development. Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients can be carefully combined in premix-based materials before being added to dosage forms, providing a flexible platform for the improvement of drug bioavailability, stability, and patient compliance. This is a promising and transformative approach in novel and generic product development, offering both the potential to overcome challenges in the delivery of complex APIs and viable solutions for bypassing patent hurdles in generic product filing. We discuss the different types of premixes; manufacturing technologies such as spray drying, hot melt extrusion, wet granulation, co-crystal, co-milling, co-precipitation; regulatory filing opportunities; and major bottlenecks in the use of premix materials in different aspects of pharmaceutical product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study compared the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of biosimilar insulin aspart premix SAR341402 Mix 70/30 (SARAsp-Mix) with European-approved insulin aspart mix 70/30 − NovoMix® 30 (NN-Mix) in people with type 1 (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: This 26-week, open-label, phase 3 trial enrolled 402 people with T1D (n = 105) or T2D (n = 297) previously treated with premix insulin, who were randomized (1:1) to SARAsp-Mix (n = 204) or NN-Mix (n = 198). Results: After 26 weeks, the least squares (LS) mean [median] change in HbA1c from baseline was similar in both treatment groups (SARAsp-Mix − 0.55% [− 0.60%]; NN-Mix − 0.64% [− 0.60%]). The LS mean difference for SARAsp-Mix versus NN-Mix was 0.08%, with the upper bound of the two-sided 95% confidence interval (− 0.139 to 0.303) slightly above the prespecified noninferiority margin of 0.3%. Noninferiority of SARAsp-Mix over NN-Mix was not demonstrated in the primary intent-to-treat analysis, primarily because of one extreme outlying value impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic in the SARAsp-Mix group. Noninferiority was achieved in all secondary analyses, including prespecified per-protocol supportive and COVID-19 sensitivity analyses, as well as post hoc sensitivity analyses. Other efficacy endpoints, insulin dosages, anti-insulin aspart antibody response, hypoglycemia, and adverse events were similar between groups. Conclusions: The totality of evidence indicates that SARAsp-Mix provides effective glycemic control with a similar safety and immunogenicity profile to NN-Mix in people with diabetes treated for 26 weeks. Trial Registration: EudraCT number 2017-000092-84. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Early‐postemergence herbicide applications in the USA often include residual herbicides such as S‐metolachlor to suppress late late‐emerging Amaranthus spp. Although this practice benefits weed control, herbicide tankmixes can influence spray droplet size and drift potential during applications. The addition of S‐metolachlor products to dicamba spray solutions generally decreases spray droplet size and increases spray drift potential. Advances in formulation technology fostered the development of products with reduced spray drift potential, especially for herbicide premixes containing multiple active ingredients. The objective of this study was to compare the drift potential of a novel dicamba plus S‐metolachlor premix formulation (capsule suspension) against a tankmix containing dicamba (soluble liquid) and S‐metolachlor (emulsifiable concentrate) using different venturi nozzles. RESULTS: The MUG nozzle had greater DV0.5 (1128.6 μm) compared to the ULDM (930.3 μm), TDXL‐D (872.9 μm), and TTI nozzles (854.8 μm). The premix formulation had greater DV0.5 (971.0 μm) compared to the tankmix (922.3 μm). Nozzle influenced spray drift deposition (P < 0.0001) and soybean biomass reduction (P = 0.0465). Herbicide formulation influenced spray drift deposition (P < 0.0001), and biomass reduction of soybean (P < 0.0001) and cotton (P = 0.0479). The novel capsule suspension formulation (premix) of dicamba plus S‐metolachlor had reduced area under the drift curve (AUDC) (577.6) compared to the tankmix (913.7). Applications using the MUG nozzle reduced AUDC (459.9) compared to the other venturi nozzles (ranging from 677.4 to 1141.7). CONCLUSION: Study results evidence that advances in pesticide formulation can improve pesticide drift mitigation. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of complete mineral and vitamin nutrition in rabbit breeding is relevant today, despite new discoveries, and research in this direction continues both in Ukraine and around the world. The paper presents experimental data from the results of research to study the effect of different doses of vitamin and mineral supplement “Tekro” in the diets of young rabbits on their productivity, slaughter quality and biological value of rabbit meat. The obtained data of body growth, massometric indicators of carcasses and internal organs of rabbits of experimental groups after slaughter indicate a positive effect of vitamin-mineral supplement “Tekro” on the intensity of development of the body and individual internal organs, which contributes to increased metabolic processes and weight gain in animals research groups. Feeding vitamin and mineral supplements to rabbits of experimental groups of the New Zealand breed for 45 days contributed to a better transformation of feed nutrients into products. In rabbits of the 3rd experimental group, which together with basic ration were fed 3.5 % of the premix “Tekro” at 90 days of age, the highest rates of body weight were recorded, which differed by 8.89 % compared to the control group. In a set of indicators that characterize the nutritional value of rabbit meat, we studied sensory indicators that characterize the quality of rabbit meat: taste, color, pH, juiciness, moisture content, elasticity, aroma, “marbling”, etc. It was found that in the appearance of carcasses and muscles in the control group, the samples scored 8.4 points. In the 3-rd and 4-th experimental groups, the number of points on this indicator was higher by 1.2 %. The difference was a trend. Examining the aroma of meat, it was found that in the control of this indicator, the samples scored 7.8 points. In meat samples from experimental groups 3 and 4, the aroma was more identical to natural, so the samples received 2.6 % higher scores. Samples from 3 experimental groups scored the most points in terms of taste. Compared with the control, the figure was higher by 3.6 %. Examining the juiciness of rabbit meat, it was found that samples obtained from carcasses 2 and 3 of the experimental group tended to increase this indicator. Summing up the data, it was found that the highest overall score was found in meat samples from 3 experimental groups. The difference with the control was within the trend and amounted to 2.4 %. Feeding rabbits vitamin and mineral supplements to rabbits helps to obtain good quality meat products with high culinary properties. No data were available to support the effect of vitamin and mineral supplements on compound feed on the synthesis of toxic substances in muscle tissue or the deterioration of rabbit meat. The biological value of muscle samples from rabbits of the 2-nd experimental group did not differ from the control data. The increase was only 0.11 %. It was found that the biological value of muscle tissue from animals of the 4th experimental group was greater than in the control. The difference was 2.6 % Meat obtained from rabbits of the 3rd experimental group, which were fed compound feed with a content of mineral-vitamin supplement “Tekro” 3.5 %, in biological value outweighed the control indicators. The difference was not significant and amounted to 4.1 %. The use of different doses of vitamin and mineral supplements in the feed of young rabbits did not lead to significant changes in the quality of raw hides and furs

The paper supplies a theoretical base for the preparation of bioactive substances used to produce highly homogeneous mixtures. It presents theoretical and experimental data on the physical, technological, and chemical properties of vitamin preparations, carbonic and sulphuric acid salts of trace elements. The study has considered the interrelation, compatibility, and manifestations of the effects of synergism and antagonism, the one-sided and mutual influence of major and minor elements, vitamin preparations and minerals. It has been analysed how the composition of the premix, the filler, its properties affect the activity of bioactive substances. Besides, data are presented on how the moisture content, pH, temperature, and physical properties determine the degree of bioavailability of substances. It has been studied how big the particles are and how homogeneously bioactive substances are distributed when mixed with a premix filler. The size and shape of particles have been established to be essential factors when obtaining homogeneous mixtures. The characteristics of bioactive substances have been summarised, and their physical, technological, and chemical properties, the features of their preparation, and the technological stages of manufacturing premixes have been analysed. Based on this, classifications of bioactive substances have been developed for vitamin preparations and salts of trace elements. The step-by-step structure of the compound feed technological system that produces premixes has been described and compared with the earlier technologies. Based on the theoretical and experimental studies, reasons have been given for the classification of bioactive substances into three groups and for their proper preparation during premix production, depending on their bulk density, particle size, and percentage in the composition of premixes: 0.1–2.0 kg/t, 2.0–30.0 kg/t, 30.0–100.0, and more. It has been determined how particles of the premix components range in size (0.04–0.6 mm), and it has been established that the size of the filler particles should not exceed 0.8 mm. The problems of preparing bioactive substances in the premix production have been analysed, and it has been recommended how to solve them in order to obtain homogeneous mixtures, premixes, protein-vitamin supplements, and protein-mineral-vitamin supplements.

The study was carried out at the Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa to investigate the effect of feeding locally premixes comparable with imported premixes the broiler diets. Starter diets (23.3% C.P and 3021.0 kcal ME/kg) feed were gave to the birds from week 1 to week 3 of age, and finisher diets which contained 20.0% C.Pand 3204.0 kcal ME/kg were gave from 4 thweek to 5th week of age. Five hundred seventy-six one day old Ross 308 chicks were randomly divided into eight groups with three replicate (24 bird /replicate)per group, Each group was subjected to the one of the following treatments: (T1)control contained 2.5% locally premix; (T2) 2.5%Provimi premix imported; (T3) 2.5%Turkish premixes imported; (T4) 2.5% Dutch premixes;(T5)1.25%locally+1.25%provimipremixes;(6)1.25%locally+1.25%Turkis;(7) 1.25%locally+1.25%Dutchpremixes;(8)0.625% from each one. Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) was used. Results showed that white blood cell, Hemoglobin, lymphocyte (L), Hetrophil (H) were improved significant (P≤0.05).The serum biochemical indices showed significant reductions values ofalkaline phosphatase(ALP),Aspartate aminotransferase (AST),phosphorus (P) compared with importedpremix.Harmful bacterial account were decreased significantly in local premix control. Additionally, beneficial bacteria were increased (p≤0.05) inlocal premix compared with imported. Based on the results obtained, the feeding of local premix(itscarrierMalva parviflora leavesmeal)2.5% of diet,the local premix gave promising results through the efficiency and ability that competed with the importer very strongly is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper supplies a theoretical base for the preparation of bioactive substances used to produce highly homogeneous mixtures. It presents theoretical and experimental data on the physical, technological, and chemical properties of vitamin preparations, carbonic and sulphuric acid salts of trace elements. The study has considered the interrelation, compatibility, and manifestations of the effects of synergism and antagonism, the one-sided and mutual influence of major and minor elements, vitamin preparations and minerals. It has been analysed how the composition of the premix, the filler, its properties affect the activity of bioactive substances. Besides, data are presented on how the moisture content, pH, temperature, and physical properties determine the degree of bioavailability of substances. It has been studied how big the particles are and how homogeneously bioactive substances are distributed when mixed with a premix filler. The size and shape of particles have been established to be essential factors when obtaining homogeneous mixtures. The characteristics of bioactive substances have been summarised, and their physical, technological, and chemical properties, the features of their preparation, and the technological stages of manufacturing premixes have been analysed. Based on this, classifications of bioactive substances have been developed for vitamin preparations and salts of trace elements. The step-by-step structure of the compound feed technological system that produces premixes has been described and compared with the earlier technologies. Based on the theoretical and experimental studies, reasons have been given for the classification of bioactive substances into three groups and for their proper preparation during premix production, depending on their bulk density, particle size, and percentage in the composition of premixes: 0.1–2.0 kg/t, 2.0–30.0 kg/t, 30.0–100.0, and more. It has been determined how particles of the premix components range in size (0.04–0.6 mm), and it has been established that the size of the filler particles should not exceed 0.8 mm. The problems of preparing bioactive substances in the premix production have been analysed, and it has been recommended how to solve them in order to obtain homogeneous mixtures, premixes, protein-vitamin supplements, and protein-mineral-vitamin supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of herbal based micronutrients premix in fish feed on growth and survival of post larvae of Cyprinus carpio haematopterus (Amur carp). The experiment consisted of four treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4) in triplicate. Six hundred post larvae of Cyprinus carpio haematopterus of uniform size (1.75 ± 0.01 cm length, 0.175 ± 0.005 weight) were stocked in 12 aquariums (1.2×0.3×0.3). Three isonitrogenous diets containing 28±0.5 crude protein were prepared using deoiled rice polish (50%) and deoiled groundnut cake (50%). The micronutrient premix was incorporated into post larval feed at different rates. The post larvae of treatment T1 were fed with diet D1 (no supplementation). The post larvae in treatment T2 and T3 were fed with diet D2 (1% premix supplemented) and D3 (2% premix supplemented), respectively. Post larvae of treatment T4 were fed with diet D1 and D3 on alternative days (i.e. 2% premix supplemented on alternative days). The larvae were fed @ 16% body weight divided into 3 equal portions. The water quality parameters were observed daily. The survival percentage of post larvae in T1, T2, T3 and T4 were recorded as 80, 94, 98 and 91.32%, respectively. Rearing of post larvae with diet D3 (2% premix) achieved significantly higher (p<0.05) SGR (1.45), FCR (2.64) and FCE (0.38) compared to other treatment. The above research revealed that herbal based micronutrients premix has very good growth promoting potential in raising post larvae of carp and its supplementation has no adverse impact on the water quality parameters as well as on fish feeding behavior. Based on the study, it is recommended that herbal based micronutrients premix may be incorporated @ 2% daily in fish feed for enhancing growth and survival of post larvae of carp fishes up to fry stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to screen the special premix for Taihang chickens during the laying period, the effect of the premix on the production performance, egg quality, serum antioxidant capacity and economic benefits of Taihang chickens during the laying period were studied. 432 healthy 280-day-old Taihang chickens were selected and randomly divided into six groups, with six replicates in each group and 12 chickens in each replicate. Chickens in group A (control group) were fed with premix for commercial laying hens, and chickens in group D (100% premix) were fed with premix prepared according to chicken breeding standards and the physiological characteristics of Taihang chickens. Taihang chickens in group B, group C, group E and group F were fed with vitamin and trace element levels reduced by 50% and 25% and increased by 25% and 50% on the basis of group D. The results showed that compared with the control group, the egg production rate of group B and group C significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the feed-to-egg ratio significantly increased (P<0.05). The eggshell strength of group F was significantly higher than that of group B and group C (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in group B and group C was significantly reduced (P<0.05). The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of group B was significantly reduced (P<0.05). The economic benefits of group D, group E and group F were 6.00%, 3.65% and 0.01% higher than those of control group, respectively. The economic benefits of group B and group C were lower than the control group by 16.39% and 16.61%. The experiment indicates that the premix D~F can guarantee the normal production performance, egg quality and serum antioxidant capacity of Taihang chickens during the peak laying period. Group D has the highest economic benefit and can be used as a special premix for Taihang chickens during the peak laying period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INNOVATION OF INSTANT MOCAF PANCAKE PREMIX FLOUR AND PANCAKE OF “GAMA PANTELO” IN GEBANG HAMLET, KEMIRI VILLAGE, TANJUNGSARI GUNUNGKIDUL REGENCY. The purpose of this activity is to empower the Gebang hamlet farmer women's group, Kemiri village, Tanjungsari District Gunungkidul Regency in optimizing mocaf products so that they have time keep the old and not undergo physical and chemical changes, practical and easy to process in the form of Instant Mocaf Flour Pancake Mocaf “Gama pantelo” as a snack or dessert that can be eaten at any time. The method of activity is done by demonstration and hands-on practice. “Gama Pantelo” Instant Premix Pancake Flour is made by pouring mocaf flour, refined sugar, baking powder, milk powder, and vanilli in a basin by passing it on a sieve to get a homogeneous powder size, then stirring it evenly and then mixing the instant mocaf pancake flour in aluminum foil zipperlock packaging. Pancakes are made with instant premix mocaf pancakes mixed with 1 egg and 180 ml of water then stirred evenly using a mixer. Furthermore, after mixing evenly, the dough is cooked on a small teflon that has been previously smeared with a little oil / butter, then baked until a little cavities arise on the surface of the dough and then the dough is turned over and baked until the pancakes turn golden brown. After that it is appointed and can be served. This activity succeeded in arousing the motivation of farmer women's groups in making variations of cassava preparations.

The present study evaluated the blood gas and electrolyte balance in broiler chicks fed with diets containing different levels of vitamin premix (VM) and forms of trace minerals. VM was included at 30 or 100% of commercial levels. Trace minerals were provided as either inorganic (IOM) or organic trace minerals (OTM). This experiment, which used one-day-old male broiler chicks, featured a factorial treatment structure with four treatments using 12 replicate pens (22 chicks/pen), each arranged in a randomised complete block design. An i-STAT® handheld, point-of-care, clinical analyser, loaded with blood gas, lactate and electrolyte cartridges, was used to analyse blood samples. Significant interactions for vitamin levels and mineral form were observed for bicarbonate, base excess, total carbon dioxide, ionised calcium and haematocrit levels. Using OTM, but not IOM, in the premix resulted in blood gas and electrolyte values that were comparable to those in 100% VM-fed group. The consumption of 30% VM reduced pO2 (P

The ecological problem of pollution of the environment and its components of water, soil, plants with toxic metals cadmium and lead has been exacerbated in various countries around the world, including and in Ukraine. In such conditions, the production of environmentally friendly cow’s milk with pollutant content within domestic and international safety and quality standards becomes important. The purpose of research is to test and evaluate the protective properties of specially selected medicinal plants in the phytopreparation “BP-9” and the effectiveness of the synergistic effect of the complex application of the developed antidote substances (premix “MP-A” + phytopreparation “BP-9”) on the concentration of cadmium and lead in milk, blood, kidneys and liver. Scientific and economic experiments were conducted on dairy cows with a live weight of 500 kg-545 kg. The first control group cows were fed the main diet without the addition of antidote premix “MP-A” and without injection of phyto-biological product “BP-9” developed from an aqueous extract of 9 medicinal plants. Animals of the second experimental group were introduced into the main diet as an antidote, a specially developed mineral-vitamin premix “MP-A”, and in the third-fed premix and subcutaneous injection of plant phytopreparation “BP-9”. In animals of the first control groups, the absorption of toxic metals cadmium and lead in the gastrointestinal tract gradually increased (accumulation), as indicated by their content in the blood, milk, liver and kidney. In cows of the second experimental group due to feeding the premix managed to achieve a stable decrease in the concentration of Cd and Pb, but much better antidote properties of the premix were manifested in synergy with the herbal preparation in the third experimental group. The high biological activity of the preparation is due to medicinal plants successfully selected for phytomorphological and biochemical properties. At this stage of research, it is difficult to assess the best and worst contribution to the experimental result of each of the plants, but in the complex their protective function worked by ensuring a satisfactory state of health of productive animals. In the third experimental group of cows, the content of toxic metals in milk after 120 days of the experiment decreased, the milk met the content of Cd and Pb to the requirements of environmental safety of the national standard and Regulations (EU) No853/2004 and No1881/2006) of the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial broiler premixes provide trace minerals (TMs) such as Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn) and Copper (Cu) above the birds' requirements to maximise broiler performance. High inclusion levels of TM and their low absorption in the broiler's gastrointestinal tract have led to increased TM levels in their litter, raising concerns about TM's accumulation in the environment from poultry litter. A 35-day broiler trial was conducted at a broiler facility with 2 880-day-old Cobb 500 broiler males. The objective was to evaluate whether decreasing inorganic Zn, Mn and Cu levels in broiler diets would have a negative effect on broiler growth parameters such as BW, average daily gain, cumulative feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Consequently, these minerals were supplemented at 100%, 50%, 25%, and 0% of the Cobb standards. No significant difference in FI and FCR was observed between the treatments for the first 21 days, and there were no significant differences in BW between the positive control, negative control (NC), and 50% of Cobb recommended levels at day 35. However, BW for the NC was significantly higher than the 25% level. These results show that reducing TM levels in broiler diets below commercially recommended levels had no negative effect on broiler performance, with the subsequent economic benefits for producers.

The friction, wear and mechanical properties of a new non-asbestos brake pad formulation called Premix were investigated. A novel friction-testing machine was utilized to determine tribological behavior. The tribological, physical and mechanical properties of the brake pads were measured and their friction surface morphology was explored via optical and scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that the Premix affected the friction coefficient. Moreover, it decreased the specific wear rate. The small value of friction coefficient is 0.566 at 90 °C whereas the small value of specific wear rate is 3.8 × 10−8 cm3/N.m at 180 °C. Friction and wear results approximated those of commercial brake pads. It was concluded that the Premix played a crucial role in the tribological, physical and mechanical properties of the brake pads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high efficiency of poultry and pigs is based on high-yielding breeds, balanced high-yielding mixed fodders and appropriate animal holding conditions. Recently, the tendency of increasing the efficiency of the nutritional potential of mixed fodder has become of increasing importance in order to reduce the cost of this factor in the production of livestock products. The role of the intermediate link between animals and the nutritional potential of feed is borne by enzymes. A few years ago the question about the use of exogenous enzyme preparations in the composition of feed was controversial. But a better understanding of the action of industrial enzymes, as well as more successfully developed enzyme preparations have changed the situation. Enzymes are now widely used in many countries around the world to improve the quality of feed produced on the basis of barley, wheat, wheat and barley, as well as other cereals. Perspective is the use of enzyme preparations in ration of young pigs in fattening. In our experiments, lysozyme was used to improve the productivity of young pigs. The experiments were carried out at "Iziumsky compound feed plant", Izium district, Kharkiv region and at the farm "Avangard-D" Ltd., Ovidiopolsky district, Odesa region. It was established that feeding of young pigs of mixed fodder enriched with the enzyme preparation "Lysozyme" prevents the growth of average daily increments, live weight of animals and reduction of feed costs per unit of products. The lowest feed costs per unit gain of live weight were set in the experimental group, which comprised 4.2 feeds. unit. That is less in comparison with animals of control group I by 7.0%. The economic efficiency of raising the young from 4 to 8 months of age has shown that the addition of prezime "lysozyme" to the diet of pigs affects the formation of basic expenses and the receipt of net profit per 1 head.

From November 2021 to February 2022, swine nutritionists representing 29 production systems and 8 nutrition supplier companies in the United States were surveyed about added trace mineral concentration in swine diets. Respondents were asked to provide trace mineral premix concentrations, amount added to the diets outside the premix, inclusion rates, and body weight ranges associated with feeding phases. Survey participants represented 4.38 million sows, or 69% of the U.S. industry. Data were compiled into 3 nursery phases (Phase 1, weaning to 7 kg; Phase 2, 7 to 11 kg; and Phase 3, 11 to 23 kg), 3 finishing phases (23 to 55 kg; 55 to 100 kg; 100 to market), gestation, and lactation. Mainly driven by pharmacological levels of zinc and copper, trace mineral levels were, on average, 9.3 times above NRC (2012) recommendations across all nursery diets (Table). Selenium and iron were the lesser extremes being close to their requirement estimates (1.0 to 1.2). In finishing diets, trace mineral levels averaged 6.4 times the 2012 NRC recommendations. Copper and manganese contributed to that number the most, with reported values more than 10 times their requirement estimates. Zinc, selenium, and iron were on the other extreme at 1.4 to 1.8 times NRC (2012) requirement estimates. Regarding sow diets, trace mineral levels were 1.9 times the 2012 NRC recommendations on average. In gestation and lactation diets, iodine was in the upper extreme, and zinc in the lower. The only difference between gestation and lactation diets was copper ratios to NRC (2012). In gestation, it was supplemented at 1.8 times, and in lactation at 0.9 times the NRC (2012) requirements estimates. In recent years, the use of alternative zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium sources has increased. Selenium had the greatest number of nutritionists using alternative sources (Se yeast or hydroxyl-selenomethionine), with 50%, 8%, and 61% for nursery grow-finishing, and sow diets, respectively. Alternative sources of zinc (chelates or complexed with amino acids) were used the least, with 25%, 8%, and 33% for nursery grow-finishing, and sow diets, respectively. Alternative copper and manganese sources had intermediate usage reported. Different herd health status, trace mineral sources, and diet formulation philosophies with a margin-of-safety mindset are reflected in the use above requirement estimates found in trace mineral concentrations observed in all production phases. Understanding current supplementation practices may help develop experiments designed to test different inclusions and provide industry trends and benchmarks of trace minerals usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an attempt to increase the nutritional attributes of gluten free muffins and its premix, amaranth flour was incorporated at various levels with black rice flour (0% as control, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%). Moisture, crude fiber, fat, crude protein and functional properties showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) with increasing quantity of amaranth flour with maximum content in 50% substituted formulation. The results for total phenolics, flavonoid content and antioxidant activities DPPH (2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl) and ABTS (2, 20-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid diammonium salt) for both muffins and its premix were found appreciable for 50% substituted formulation. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis revealed the change in microstructure due to addition of amaranth flour. Muffins were also evaluated on the basis of its texture, color and sensory properties and muffins with 50% amaranth and 50% black rice flour were given the highest score by the panelist and exhibited a good overall acceptability. Therefore, this combination can be used for making acceptable gluten free muffins loaded with diversified nutritional attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduction of the complexity of production of articles from composite materials is largely ensured by the use of reinforcing semi-finished products in which fibers pre-form a framework. Among all the variety of reinforcing systems, woven sleeves (preforms) occupy a special place. The high degree of deformability in a nonimpregnated condition makes it possible to lay this reinforcement on any surface without folds and cuts that provide preservation of strand continuity. This advantage of woven sleeves is accompanied by a change in local reinforcement angles and, consequently, the variable nature of physical and mechanical characteristics of the curved part surface. A method for calculating physical and mechanical characteristics of the composite based on preforms at any point of the part depending on the pattern of laying strands on a curved surface has been developed. The possibility of application of the rod model of the composite to describe physical and mechanical characteristics of the composite material with a woven reinforcement was analyzed. The model essence consists in that the composite is modeled by a diamond-shaped rod system. The rhombus sides serve as fibers and the diagonals as the binder. To verify the theoretical results and substantiate practical recommendations, a series of experimental studies were performed based on the formation of material specimens from two types of woven sleeves with different reinforcement angles. The experimental study program included tensile, bending, and compression tests. A fairly good convergence of theoretical and experimental data was obtained. For example, a square of the correlation coefficient was not less than 0.95 for the modulus of elasticity, not less than 0.8 for the Poisson’s ratio, and not less than 0.9 for tensile and compressive strengths. This is the rationale for using the rod model to describe the considered class of composites. The use of the developed procedure will make it possible to increase the perfection of the considered class of designs and obtain rational parameters of the process of their manufacture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of complete mineral and vitamin nutri􀆟on in rabbit breeding is relevant today, despite new discoveries, and research in this direc􀆟on con􀆟nues both in Ukraine and around the world. The paper presents experimental data from the results of research to study the effect of different doses of vitamin and mineral supplement "Tekro" in the diets of young rabbits on their produc􀆟vity, slaughter quality and biological value of rabbit meat. The obtained data of body growth, massometric indicators of carcasses and internal organs of rabbits of experimental groups a􀅌er slaughter indicate a posi􀆟ve effect of vitamin-mineral supplement "Tekro" on the intensity of development of the body and individual internal organs, which contributes to increased metabolic processes and weight gain in animals research groups. Feeding vitamin and mineral supplements to rabbits of experimental groups of the New Zealand breed for 45 days contributed to a be􀆩er transforma􀆟on of feed nutrients into products. In rabbits of the 3rd experimental group, which together with basic ra􀆟on were fed 3.5 % of the premix "Tekro" at 90 days of age, the highest rates of body weight were recorded, which differed by 8.89 % compared to the control group. In a set of indicators that characterize the nutri􀆟onal value of rabbit meat, we studied sensory indicators that characterize the quality of rabbit meat: taste, color, pH, juiciness, moisture content, elas􀆟city, aroma, "marbling", etc. It was found that in the appearance of carcasses and muscles in the control group, the samples scored 8.4 points. In the 3-rd and 4-th experimental groups, the number of points on this indicator was higher by 1.2 %. The difference was a trend. Examining the aroma of meat, it was found that in the control of this indicator, the samples scored 7.8 points. In meat samples from experimental groups 3 and 4, the aroma was more iden􀆟cal to natural, so the samples received 2.6 % higher scores. Samples from 3 experimental groups scored the most points in terms of taste. Compared with the control, the figure was higher by 3.6 %. Examining the juiciness of rabbit meat, it was found that samples obtained from carcasses 2 and 3 of the experimental group tended to increase this indicator. Summing up the data, it was found that the highest overall score was found in meat samples from 3 experimental groups. The difference with the control was within the trend and amounted to 2.4 %. Feeding rabbits vitamin and mineral supplements to rabbits helps to obtain good quality meat products with high culinary proper􀆟es. No data were available to support the effect of vitamin and mineral supplements on compound feed on the synthesis of toxic substances in muscle 􀆟ssue or the deteriora􀆟on of rabbit meat. The biological value of muscle samples from rabbits of the 2-nd experimental group did not differ from the control data. The increase was only 0.11 %. It was found that the biological value of muscle 􀆟ssue from animals of the 4th experimental group was greater than in the control. The difference was 2.6 % Meat obtained from rabbits of the 3rd experimental group, which were fed compound feed with a content of mineral-vitamin supplement "Tekro" 3.5 %, in biological value outweighed the control indicators. The difference was not significant and amounted to 4.1 %. The use of different doses of vitamin and mineral supplements in the feed of young rabbits did not lead to significant changes in the quality of raw hides and furs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high amount of CO2 produced in a conventional biogas reactor needs to be considered. A further analysis is needed in order to investigate the effect of CO2 addition especially in thermal and chemical kinetics aspect. This numerical study has been held to analyze the effect of CO2 in CH4/CO2/O­2 and CH4/CO2/Air premixed combustion. In this study one dimensional analisys in a counterflow burner has been performed. The volume fraction of CO2 used in this study was 0%-40% from CH4’s volume fraction, according to the amount of CO2 in general phenomenon. Based on the flammability limits data, the volume fraction of CH4 used was 5-61% in O2 environment and 5-15% in air environment. The results showed a decreasing temperature along with the increasing percentage of CO2 in each mixtures, but the effect was quite smaller especially in stoichiometric and lean mixture. CO2 could affects thermally (by absorbing heat due to its high Cp) and also made the production of unburnt fuel species such as CO relatively higher.

The article presents data on research into the influence of a mineral-vitamin premix on the clinical condition, erythropoiesis and the metabolism (macro- and micro-elemental, vitaminic, proteinaceous, enzymic) of Hucul breed mares in the last trimester of pregnancy. The Marmix premix contains: vitamins – А, D3, Е, В1, В2, В12, pantothenic and ascorbic acids, niacin, biotin; nonorganic compounds of microelements – sulphate of cobalt, copper, zinc, iron, manganese; potassium iodide, sodium selenite; amino acids – lysine, threonine, methionine.The usage of the mineral-vitaminic premix Marmix on pregnant mares during 60 days causes recovery of clinical status, erythropoiesis, raises the level of the cobalt (by 45.9%) and copper (by 2.15 times), normalizes the calcium-phosphorus ratio, raises the phosphorus level in the blood (by 17.7%), raises vitamin А (by 2.5 times) and tocopherol (by 2.02 times), total protein (by 27.7%), decreases the level of urea (by 42.2%), activity of AspAT [aspartate transaminase or aspartate aminotransferase] (by 42.9%) and AlAT [alanine transaminase] (by 44.9%) and alkaline phosphatase (by 43.7%). The research conducted contributes to improvements in the study of the pathogenesis of microelementosis of mares and develops an efficient way of treating and preventing the development of microelementosis among these animals.

Six types of vitamin K3 (VK3); two sources (menadione sodium bisulfite, MSB; menadione nicotinamide bisulfite, MNB), and three different forms (crystal, micro-capsule, and micro-sphere) were used to determine the retention of VK3 in vitamin premixes (Experiment 1) or vitamin trace mineral (VTM) premixes (Experiment 2) after 1, 2, 3, and 6 months of storage. The retention of VK3 in vitamin premixes was evaluated at 25 °C/60% relative humidity or 40 °C/75% relative humidity in an incubator in Experiment 1 and in VTM premixes (choline chloride: 0 vs. 16,000 mg/kg) stored at room temperature in Experiment 2. The VK3 retention in vitamin premix or VTM premix decreased significantly with the extension of storage time (p < 0.05). In Experiment 1, the VK3 retention was higher in the 25 °C/60% incubator (56%) than in the 40 °C/75% incubator (28%). The MNB retention (52%) was higher than MSB retention (32%). The retention of VK3 in micro-capsules (43%) or micro-spheres (48%) was higher than the crystal form (35%) after six months of storage. In Experiment 2, there was no difference between the retention of MSB (49%) or MNB (47%). The retention of VK3 of micro-capsule (51%) or micro-sphere (54%) was higher than that of crystal form (40%). The VK3 retention was higher in the choline-free group (51%) than in the choline group (47%) after six months of storage. Finally, the predicted equations of VK3 retention with storage time in vitamin premixes or VTM premixes were established. The R2 of the prediction equations was ≥0.9005, indicating that time is an important factor in predicting VK3 retention. In conclusion, the higher temperature-relative humidity, choline had negative effects on VK3 retention during premix storage. MNB retention was higher than MSB during storage of vitamin premix. The encapsulated forms of VK3, micro-capsules and micro-spheres, could improve VK3 storage stability in vitamin premix and VTM premix.

The Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India (RSSDI) has regularly updated its Clinical Practice Guidelines on various aspects of diabetes. The pharmacotherapeutic management of diabetes involves a plethora of agents targeting different aetiopathogenic mechanisms administered orally or via injections as well as insulin. While most people with type 1 diabetes need complete insulin replacement therapy with multiple-daily subcutaneous injections of insulin or a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion pump, patients with type 2 diabetes may also need insulin as and when needed, especially owing to the declining beta cell function due to the progressive nature of their diabetes. To date, various insulin regimens including basal-bolus, split-mixed, premix, and prandial therapy are available which can be individualized based on the patient profile though their prescription is often perceived as complex for management of diabetes, forming a major barrier in the acceptability of insulin. In order to provide physicians with a simple guidance on different aspects of insulin use including choosing the right insulin and regime to match the individual patient, the RSSDI for the first time has formulated this guideline on insulin therapy using simple algorithms for insulin initiation as well as titrations based on a systematic literature search of new clinical evidences on all aspects of insulin use. Insulin therapy is hereby proposed as easy to initiate and maintain, efficacious, and a safer option which when administered appropriately can almost mimic physiological insulin secretion in diabetic patients and help them achieve target glucose control and minimize complications while improving their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many years, researchers in the foundry industry and universities have been developing testing protocols to evaluate the physical, performance and emission characteristics of prepared green sand during pouring, cooling and shakeout. This paper will review the testing protocol and methods utilized in the collection and evaluation of these characteristics that is the result of the entire metal casting process. An important criterion also is the quality of the green sand mold and casting produced (defect free) when the emission characteristics are reduced. This paper will also include the laser imaging evaluation of the castings that is the result of the green sand foundry emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Premixes of kheer have huge demand in domestic as well as international market. Most available premixes are calorie-rich which limit their consumption by diabetics and health conscious consumers. The present work focused on developing low-energy kheer using extruded noodle grits pre-sweetened with three non-caloric sweeteners viz. aspartame, acesulfame-k and sucralose. The stability of the sweeteners was evaluated as a function of extrusion process variables. The effect of die temperature at screw speeds of 80 and 200 rpm at fixed moisture content of 200 g/kg was studied. Extruded grits required significantly less cooking time in both milk (12 min) and water (9 min) as compared to control (40–42 min). Cooking losses were higher in milk than water which was desirable for the consistency and sensory quality of kheer. Cooking losses increased with screw speed but decreased with an increase in die temperature. Higher retention of sweeteners was achieved at screw speed of 80 rpm and die temperature below 150 °C. The stability of sweeteners was sucralose > acesulfame-k > aspartame. Sensory analysis revealed that residual sweeteners were sufficient to produce desired sweetness. Thus extrusion could be effectively used to produce ready-to-cook pre-sweetened rice noodle grits as an ingredient for kheer premix. Highlights • Kheer premix was based on pre-sweetened extruded grits from broken basmati rice. • Higher stability of sweeteners was seen at low temperature and low screw speed. • Stability of sweeteners was in the order sucralose > acesulfame-k > aspartame. • Extruded grits showed a significant reduction in cooking time (12–13 min) in milk. • Sweetened instant cooking rice kheer showed high sensorial acceptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our deep‐red phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) demonstrated a long lifetime at 85°C. This durability was derived not only from a stable exciplex host but also from a dopant with high thermal resistivity. The exciplex host made by a premix technique also worked as well as that made by co‐deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]