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AbstractThis study examines the effectiveness of teacher feedback versus chatbot feedback on English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic performances. Eighty-seven intermediate-level university learners were randomly assigned to teacher feedback (TF), chatbot feedback (CF), and control (CO) groups. During a 5-week treatment, the instructor delivered metapragmatic instruction on requests in each treatment session, followed by the participants completing three discourse completion tests (DCTs). Upon completing each DCT task, based on their group assignment, each group received feedback from either the teacher or a chatbot on their pragmalinguistic inaccuracies and sociopragmatic deviations. Analysis of pretest and post-test scores using t-tests and ANCOVA indicated improvements of both experimental groups. Although there was no significant difference in sociopragmatic gains between the groups, the CF group yielded better pragmalinguistic gains. The qualitative data from semi-structured interviews revealed students’ perceptions of affordances and limitations of chatbots in learning L2 pragmatics. Pedagogical implications for second language (L2) pragmatic instruction were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigated the pragma-linguistic competence of Saudi EFL learners in expressing requests and how high achievers (HAs) and low achievers (LAs) differ in this regard. The main goals of the study were to investigate the genres of requests that these groups use and to identify the matter and manner conventions that separate their pragmatic competence. The study applied a quantitative cross-sectional design with a total sample size of 253 Saudi EFL learners. Data were collected using a Discourse Completion Task (DCT) and analysed through statistical measures like Pearson's Chi-Square. The research showed that HAs and LAs had markedly different use of request strategies. HAs mostly used inclusive and hearer-oriented requests (30.0% and 31.17%, respectively), while LAs preferred speaker-oriented requests (50.60%). A considerable discrepancy among the uses of inclusive requests was found, with HAs utilising this strategy much more than LAs, probably showing a higher pragmalinguistic competence among the higher achievers. The study, therefore, shows that the pragmatics of learning English should receive greater attention and more extensive types of request strategies and cultural considerations should be taught. To target the imbalance between HAs and LAs, teachers can incorporate immersive learning and cultural teaching methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to discuss the ideas and principles of Trier’s theory of lexical field and to demonstrate how the concept of field can be fruitfully employed outside of the domain of lexicology. The first part of the article deals with Trier’s main idea that no lexical-semantic element can be considered outside of its systemic relations: a given element (word) can be ascribed a certain significance only depending on the place it occupies in some system called a lexical field (Wortfeld). The second part of the article demonstrates how the field principle can be applied to the analysis of grammatical categories using the ‘functional-semantic field’ approach and the analysis of communicative behaviour using the ‘communicative-pragmatic field’ approach. The former helps to reveal and systematize sets of language elements of a specific language with respect to the coding of a certain categorial function. The latter makes it possible to summarize different possibilities for the realization of speech behaviour patterns and to rank them according to the degree of their usage frequency. These two cases prove that the field concept can be used to solve issues that are deemed unsolvable if one applies the framework of the traditional level-oriented linguistic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In any pragmatic-dialogic context, the 'face' plays a central role, and in some cases, it is concretely visible when considering the various communicative strategies implemented to protect its integrity, which coincides with the personal dignity of the individual. Long before pragmalinguistics developed the scientific concept of 'face' and the interactional construct of 'facework', a similar sense was clearly developed in the metaphorization of common linguistic expressions: indeed, both Italian and Sicilian have many expressions built around the noun 'faccia/facci'. In oral communication strategies, the threat to everyone's 'positive face' is lexicalized through metaphorical uses, and not only, of the word 'faccia', generating idioms, clichés, and proverbs that involve the assertion of one's personal image. «Saving face», more than a linguistic fact, is a social necessity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL: Series 'Philological sciences' is the property of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations & World Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this research is to highlight the great importance that intercultural communication has, especially in the circumstances of multi-ethnic life not only in Kosovo, but also more widely in the Balkans, etc. As a result of this research, it appears that intercultural communication in Albanian, but also Balkan studies, has not been researched enough and deserves to be followed and advanced in the future. Intercultural communication is a wide spectrum of heterogeneous knowledge and integrated into textual wholes in different languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Trabalhos em Lingüística Aplicada is the property of Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Portal de Periodicos Eletronicos Cientificos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL: Series 'Philological sciences' is the property of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations & World Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of the study is to establish significance of graphic symbols - semiotic, cognitive and functional characteristics of emoticons and emoji as paralinguistic means of written communication in Spanish political Internet communication. The materials of the study are the publications of Spanish government bodies, political parties and politicians in the official Twitter accounts. The relevance of the study stems from the need to analyze the functional and impact potential of emoticons and emoji as an integral part of modern Spanish political discourse in the Internet and determine their characteristics from the standpoint of theoretical linguistics, discourse theory, semiotics and pragmalinguistics. The paper concludes that the semiotic characteristics of emoji and emoticons as iconic signs and symbols allow them to perform a number of important functions in the discursive Internet communication, for instance, nominative - identifying referents, due to the fact that they are associated with them by physical similarity; syntactic - structuring the punctuation and intonation contour of the message; cognitive - conveying additional conventional meanings implied by the interpretation of the represented objects; communicative - creating an intonation contour and emotional background of the message; influencing - setting the vector of pragmatic interpretation of the message and its empathic component. At the same time, the verbal and non-verbal components of polycode Internet messages are not opposed to each other, but mutually determine the integral perception, representation and interpretation of reality.

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The current interpretive study aimed to characterize the (non-)ritual, phatic clusters of speech acts that conventionally recur around the opening/closing phases of Persian speaking students’ social encounters or occur during the core (or ‘business’) phase of natural interactions as small talk in Persian. The study was conducted in Iran’s Persian linguaculture where considerable social-cultural-economic changes have taken place over the last decade or so impacting the form and content of phatic interaction in all sectors of the society. The participants of the study were 97 Persian-speaking university students attending a state-run university located in the southwest of Iran. The students were asked to audio-record their natural interactions in four different social encounters varied based on the standard sociolinguistic parameters of Social Distance and Power (þ/SD, þ/P). We adopted House & Kádár’s (2022) pragmalinguistic and speech act-anchored model of phatic interaction to code the (non-)ritual realization patterns of small talks around the opening, closing, and core phases of interaction. The results indicate that small talks which are co-constructed by the Persian interactants at the opening and closing phases of their social encounters are highly ritualized in terms of the speech act types and pragmalinguistic structures employed. Further, interpersonal interchanges which involve differential sociolinguistic P and SD values require more tactfulness and care in adhering to the greeting and parting conventions as more face-threat is potentially implicated. In terms of the medial phase, except for a small number of ostensible realizations of different speech acts such as invites, offers, and apologies, core off-topic phaticity was perceived to be non-ritual and discursive in Persian the interpretation of which heavily relies upon shared sociopragmatic knowledge of the linguaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before delving into the connections between linguistics and semiotics, it is essential to es­tablish a clear demarcation between these fields, which necessitates a precise definition of each subject. However, the approach taken by Anton Zimmerling in this regard is subject to de­bate. In the discussion of semiotics, the focus tends to lean towards interpretations that recog­nize the dual understanding of signs, while unilateral conceptions of signs are often over­looked. Linguistics is typically confined to the study of language itself, and the treatment of linguistics concerning speech (text) is often seen as a concealed branch of philology. Moreo­ver, it remains unclear whether the distinction between language and speech pertains to lin­guistics or philology. This ambiguity extends to the status of linguistic pragmatics. To address this issue constructively, it is useful to differentiate between five concepts en­compassing language and speech: hermeneutics, philology, linguistics, semiotics, and prag­malinguistics. Each of these concepts delineates a specific ontology and corresponding metho­do­lo­gical approach. By considering them as orthogonal axes within a fan matrix, one can identify 25 possible approaches for studying speech, including those that are currently em­ployed and potential ones. Within this framework, philological linguistics, as discussed by Zimmerling, finds its place, and the transitions of scholars like Witzany from biohermeneu­tics to biopragmalinguistics and Ongstad's shift from philology become more comprehensible.

A special place among the research conducted in the field of linguistics, but also other scientific disciplines, is occupied by the broadly understood issues of humour. The aim of the project is primarily to show ways and mechanisms of generating humorous effects in German and British panel shows. Spoken spontaneous humorous utterances have not undergone sufficient studies. The existence of comedy has its origin in the noticing of inconsistent elements constituting structure or content of a comical act. Emphasis has been put on presenting how humorous content is constructed. The explanations were delivered thanks to pragmalinguistic theories and GTVH. There is possibility to include methods used in cognitive linguistics as well. In the research field remain axiological elements as well as the cultural background. The compilation consisting from video clips from both- German and British panel shows, allowed the creation of a comparative base to reach linguistic and cultural conclusions revealing differences and similarities between the compared programmes of the same type that were produced in different countries.

The aim of this paper is to analyse a set of macrosintactic elements in the speech of the football players of two Spanish teams: Real Betis Balompié and Sevilla Fútbol Club, in order to determine how they speak about victories and defeats. To make it possible, the Pragmatics linguistics model of Fuentes Rodríguez is used as a analytical tool. The results show that argumentative operators are the most common elements of speech, specially intensifiers, as it occurs in the case of other argumentative markers. Moreover, modal operators, the second group in frequency, reveal that the football players prefer to mitigate their assertions. Finally, in the case of enunciative operators, despite their low frequency, those that characterize their speech as honest are used. We suggest that football players' speech are mostly persuasive, although they do not present their assertions as a doubtless, something that has to do with the polemic context of football as a mass entertainment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Prace Jezykoznawcze is the property of University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article includes an analysis of the collection of 36 letters that Bolesław Prus wrote to his friend, and his friend’s wife, Octavia primo voto Rodkiewiczowa Żeromska, in the years 1890–1904. The aim of the article was to indicate and linguistically discuss the elements of epistolary courtesy etiquette (greetings, farewells, thanks, apologies, wishes) used by Prus in this correspondence. In addition to standard expressions and phrases, conventional and outdated formulas traditionally used in correspondence between an older man and a younger woman – a widow, a married person, in letters we will find expressions that are out-of-the- -box, personalized, unique, witty and ingeniously encrusted with compliments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the use of the imperative mode in Twitter statements directed at Mexican presidents. It examines how speech acts are performed using imperatives and considers the possible presence of irony in these acts. According to the study's results, imperatives are mainly used in requests and advice, and to a lesser extent in other directive acts, indirect threats, disagreements, and discourse markers. They are also used as ironic acts that express critical comments towards the recipients. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Italica Wratislaviensia is the property of Wydawnictwo Adam Marszalek and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to study linguistic techniques of the communicative strategy of self-defense as one of the confrontational communicative strategies of American political discourse. The relevance of the study is revealed in the transformation of modern American political rhetoric, the consequence of which is the intensification of conventionally destructive elements in American political rhetoric and the predominance of subjective-negative modality units in political speech. The communicative strategy of self-defense allows the communicant to divert negative information from themselves and move from a defensive position to an attack. The author analyzes various tactical ways of implementing a communicative strategy of self-defense, which include justification, challenging, retaliatory criticism (counter-accusation), indignation, and opposition. They include several linguistic means (lexical units with a negative evaluation, deictic constructions, spoken words, lexical repetitions, personal pronouns, gradation, etc.). This article examines the roles of participants in the speech act of confrontation. The following models of speech behavior can be distinguished: offensive (attack, provocation), defense (self-defense, reaction to provocation), and evaluation (based on observation of the conflict). Thanks to the implementation of the communicative strategy of self-defense, the transition of the communicant from defense to offensive is possible.

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Copyright of Tekst i Dyskurs is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present research featured the interdependent influence of the media space on modern society. Media affect one’s perception of environment and interpretation of reality. The article introduces the hypertext hypothesis about the essence of the new hyperhashtag phenomenon. The hyperhashtag is a word, phrase, abbreviation, etc., which is larger in meaning than the subsequent units. The verification experiment involved hyperhashtags elections, president, and deputy. The study also presents a new model of media text functioning. In the new context, the classical triad of author – text – recipient becomes a dualistic system in which the recipient predetermines the content of the selected text, and the hyperhashtag regulates this process. Therefore, the modern media space has a dual nature. On the one hand, it transmits information that affects the recipient’s worldview and partly determines it. On the other hand, the recipients affect what they are offered.

The term contrastive grammar is still ambiguous. In this paper we trace the unjustified synonymy of terms (confrontative grammar, comparative grammar, contrastive grammar) which lead to controversy among linguists and we attempt to introduce appropriate clarifications to explain the phenomenon. We can state that this linguistic direction is quite new, and its metalanguage is still in the process of development and formation. When studying contrastive grammar in the modern scientific functional-communicative paradigm, the focus of attention is directed to the issues of pragmalinguistics, that is the research, in addition to the actual meanings, of the semantics of linguistic units for designating objects of the environment, also the speech-thinking activity of speakers who use these units and listeners who interpret them; the possible situations of their application; the study of “language in context”; language research, taking into account the goal that is planned to be achieved in the communication process; the wide multidimensionality of the interpretation of the statement; the study of interactive means, taking into account grammatical meanings. The main category of pragmalinguistics is the category of evaluation, and therefore, the issue of contrastive grammar and contrastive description of languages is important to consider in the focus of the paradigm of the category of evaluation; in particular, this concerns the manifestation of each grammatical category.

In this discussion note we explore why and how we need a pragmalinguistic and speech act-anchored approach to systematically study a key pragmatic phenomenon: phatic interaction. By so doing, we aim to draw attention to a special issue which we plan to publish in Acta Linguistica Academica. First, we present a general model through which phatic interaction can be replicably studied across different data types and linguacultures, by breaking it down to speech act types occurring in different slots of an interaction. Second, we provide a case study involving Chinese learners of English as a foreign language, in order to illustrate how the proposed framework can be put to actual use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the linguistic patterns of politeness in the Balinese language. The pragmalinguistic approach was used because the linguistic patterns and politeness of the Balinese language are related to descriptive and pragmatic aspects. Data were collected through closed questionnaires distributed to informants consisting of lecturers, teachers, and Balinese language practitioners. The respondents were asked to give a politeness score for each proposed sentence pattern using a Likert scale, where 1 = very impolite, 2 = impolite, 3 = polite, 4 = more polite, and 5 = very polite. The analysis results showed that (1) passive sentences (score 3.64 - 4.29) were perceived as more polite than active sentences (score 2.76 - 3.14), (2) modality phrase forwarding (score 4.00 - 4.79) were perceived as more polite than sentences without modalities (score 2.64 - 2.71), (3) the use of institutional personification (score 4.07 - 4.76) was perceived as more polite than using the position as the subject of the sentence (score 2.88 - 3.00), and (4) the use of indirect speech (score 4.14 - 4.79) was perceived as more polite than using direct (score 2.76 - 3.00). Furthermore, the use of these linguistic instruments to determine politeness in the Balinese language is motivated by the speaker's desire to focus on information, soften and weaken the impositivity, as well as efforts to save a positive face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an analysis of the discursive features of the hashtags functioning in the current Spanish political discourse which are retrieved from Spanish government, ministries and bodies web publications dedicated to combating coronavirus infection. The purpose of the research is to understand and treat hashtags as a discursive unit in terms of theoretical linguistics, discourse theory, cognitive science and pragmalinguistics. The paper reveals significant linguo-cognitive parameters of the hashtags functioning in Spanish political communication and determines the impact of their verbal and pragmatic influence as a tool for structuring the political agenda in the interests of the sender and manipulative means influencing the consciousness and behavior of the addressee. The interdisciplinary approach is applied together with a set of systemic linguistic research methods - cognitive, pragmalinguistic, comparative, semantic, contextual and discourse analysis. The article clarifies the status of hashtags as an independent category of discourse, in other words, a unit of meaningful information that seamlessly conveys the designed content in the Internet communication, which includes political discourse. In accordance with the functional criterion, the following taxonomic classification of hashtags is substantiated: hashtags-prototypes of a situation or event, hashtags-concepts, hashtags-metaphors, hashtags-imperatives and hashtags-performatives. Key cognitive-pragmatic and linguistic characteristics of hashtags include: metatext structure, semiotic polycode, hypertextuality, interactive essence, intentionality, manipulative potential, simplified syntax, frequent use of performative and imperative verbs to intensify a call to action, emotionality, empathy, use of a language game mechanism to facilitate memorization of a key message, repetitions, rhythm.

The term contrastive grammar is still ambiguous. In this paper we trace the unjustified synonymy of terms (confrontative grammar, comparative grammar, contrastive grammar) which lead to controversy among linguists and we attempt to introduce appropriate clarifications to explain the phenomenon. We can state that this linguistic direction is quite new, and its metalanguage is still in the process of development and formation. When studying contrastive grammar in the modern scientific functional-communicative paradigm, the focus of attention is directed to the issues of pragmalinguistics, that is the research, in addition to the actual meanings, of the semantics of linguistic units for designating objects of the environment, also the speech-thinking activity of speakers who use these units and listeners who interpret them; the possible situations of their application; the study of "language in context"; language research, taking into account the goal that is planned to be achieved in the communication process; the wide multidimensionality of the interpretation of the statement; the study of interactive means, taking into account grammatical meanings. The main category of pragmalinguistics is the category of evaluation, and therefore, the issue of contrastive grammar and contrastive description of languages is important to consider in the focus of the paradigm of the category of evaluation; in particular, this concerns the manifestation of each grammatical category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the media public discourse linguistic structures are chosen and used in order to express one’s own attitude towards events in society and to highlight certain emotions such as indignation, anger and dissatisfaction. The present paper analyses journalistic texts published in the column Meinung und Bericht of the newspaper „ADZ für Rumänien“ which contain a negative attitude towards the political situation in Romania. For this reason, the paper takes into consideration the pejorative depiction of the sociological category precariat and of the Romanian governing party PSD (social democratic party). The linguistic forms and structures used in the articles have an emotional content and express emotions of discontent and anger. The linguistic data are analyzed at lexical, morpho-syntactical and pragmatic level. The authoress takes the theoretical stance of pragma linguistics, speech theory and emotionality in assessing language facts.

В статье рассматривается речевое поведение отправителя сообщения с точки зрения скрытой прагмалингвистики, научного направления, занимающегося вопросами скрытого (неосознаваемого) речевого воздействия. Сопоставляются речевое поведение и речевая деятельность коммуникантов. Автор делает акцент на стратегической составляющей речевого поведения человека. Стратегии актуализируются в речи в виде одного из планов-вариантов, рассматриваются как типы речевого поведения. Приводится классификация стратегий скрытого воздействия, раскрывается механизм их функционирования. Анализ стратегий в речевом поведении отправителя сообщения позволяет диагностировать некоторые личностные свойства как отдельного автора, так социальной группы в целом, а также выявлять доминирующие линии речевого воздействия на получателя сообщения.

The article outlines the way the English system of punctuation marks is presented in contemporary ELT research and practice. The following types of sources are considered and analyzed in the article: grammar books for teaching English as the first, second or foreign language; reference books and web-sites aimed at preparing students for IELTS and TOEFL; books belonging to the genre known as popular science; purely scientific works on punctuation in general and the semicolon in particular. The main goals of the research are to reveal the central tendencies in teaching English punctuation on the example of the so-called weighty stops of vertical segmentation, namely the semicolon, and to see whether they manage to present a certain norm of using the stop. Thus, the present paper focuses on the semicolon one of the most controversial stops in the system, which has been proved to function both at the syntactic and stylistic levels. It is shown that a formal / grammatical approach is the most common way to treat punctuation in ELT literature; however, it does not take into account stylistic and prosodic peculiarities of the stops and thus fails to show the whole spectrum of its usage, as well as its phonetic and stylistic potential. Consequently, such an approach should not be applied to English one of the languages exhibiting a semantic-stylistic type of punctuation. It is proposed that the approach to be used in teaching English punctuation most effectively is pragmalinguistics, since it exploits a wide range of methods and means of analyzing a text, and also considers and highlights all the aspects of using the stops (their syntactic function, stylistic capacities and prosodic characteristics). Moreover, the article poses the question that the current methodology of the approach has to be further developed.

The article is devoted to the dominant strategies of the discourse of state power. The relevance of the study is due to the interest of modern scientists in the anthropocentric scientific paradigm. The focus is on the individuals and their individual qualities associated with the phenomenon of domination. The work was carried out in line with the Implicit Pragminguistics. To carry out an objective pragmalinguistic analysis, as the research material the texts that have the largest possible number of similar features were selected, for example, text content (all analyzed texts are devoted to issues related to the problems of state power), year of the presentation (2018-2020), age (50-57), gender (five men and five women) and nationality (Russian-speaking) authors; and also the similarity of addressees (speeches of the addressees at the meetings of the national Parliament of Russia). The analysis is carried out according to two dominant strategies: “Participation / non-participation of communicants in a speech event” and “Certain / uncertain speech behavior of an author in a speech event”. To confirm the diagnosed personality traits, the references are made to the memoirs of the contemporaries of the representative of the state power whose texts of speeches were submitted for analysis, and we can say that the results are objective and find confirmation in the words of their acquaintances, friends and families, as well as in their biographies. The analysis shows that the majority of the representatives of the state power have a dominant type of behavior, a pronounced individuality and are talented leaders and organizers. You can also highlight such traits of their professional personalities as determination, independence, authoritarianism and focus on the listener. Almost all the representatives of the state power have a lot of confidence in their words, as this is the main trait of a good leader.

Copyright of Horyzonty Wychowania is the property of Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper prepared on the basis of 842 hand-written letters of Zofia Kraszewska to her husband Józef Ignacy, is the author’s next publication of 19th century epistolography.Cosidering the specific features of family letters the author starts from the theory of literaturę, pragmatics and sociolinguistics, which describes variant of language in different social groups.Then he presents some types of derivatives used by Kraszewska to show to the addres- see the situation context of writing, to express her permanent sensitives and temporary affections, as well as to fortify the pragmatic impact of particular letters. They are the equivalent of conversation and should compensate the lack of face-to face contact bet- ween the wife and her lamous husband.

The object of the research was the methods, tactics, and strategies of interprofessional communication in Russian and English languages. The relevance of the study is dictated by the need to consider the verbal aggression of professional subcultures as a separate pragmalinguistic phenomenon. The result of the study was the establishment of differences in the use of invective nominations in interprofessional communication. The study aims to conduct linguistic analysis with elements of comparison. The material of the study was the texts of professional subcultures. The analysis of texts with injective vocabulary was carried out by the method of continuous sampling. The precedent texts of the folklore of a professional substandard demonstrate the implementation of both implicit and explicit forms of verbal aggression, such as irony, ridicule, and causticity. One of the fundamental characteristics of verbal aggression in such forms of professional subcultures as nickname, anecdote, joke - implicitness - makes speech exposure an effective means of achieving the goal.

The article reveals that the speech act of apology is carried out with the help of typical models of remorse transmission, indicating the emotional tone of guilt recognition. The object of the current study is the motivational aspect of sincere apology and the variability of its verbalization in the English and Tatar communicative culture. The analysis of the use of the speech act of apology reveals the fact that the functioning of apologies in different linguistic and cultural communities is influenced by cultural characteristics, as well as the rules and norms of communicative interaction.The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the study of a specific type of speech act is done for the first time with the simultaneous involvement of several extra-linguistic parameters.The materials of the article can be useful for teachers in the University practice of teaching English, Tatar, and linguists learning speech genres.

Aesthetic speech acts, i . e . affect-creating speech acts that are produced by the sender to make the receiver have an aesthetic experience, may be fulfilled in four different ways . They are produced by means of semantic content which is conventionally associated with beauty or ugliness . They may also be fulfilled through operations on the form and structure of a speech act . The next way is to produce them using a context that contains objects of aesthetic value The last type of aesthetic speech acts arises when they are uttered in a specific, aesthetic manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study seeks to identify the main tendencies in the use of politically correct language from the linguo-cultural and pragma-linguistic perspectives. The paper offers an overview of the ways in which political correctness is expressed in the British and American political discourse. The study is corpus-based; the contexts illustrating theoretical hypotheses are borrowed from three large-scale corpora of the corresponding variants of English (British National Corpus, Corpus of Contemporary American English, and Hong Kong Baptist University Corpus of Political Speeches). The study relies on the linguo-cultural and pragma-linguistic paradigm supplemented by discourse analysis. Research results indicate that British and American political discourse has both general and culture-specific features. Speakers from both the USA and the UK tend to refer to milestone events their audience is well-acquainted with. They use a wide array of general notions, as well as specific terms and set expressions depending on the impression they wish to make on their listeners. American politicians appear to be inclined towards using less formal lexis such as ‘opposing the nation’s enemies’ and ‘political rivals’, whereas their British counterparts tend to choose more formal terms and expressions. Modern political discourse is characterised by continuity: it is inextricably connected with the previous stages in its development, while at the same time acquiring new peculiarities and taking new forms.

The aim of this paper is to analyze how the concept of hatred is represented in American political discourse. The problem of intensified hate speech requires thorough linguistic investigation as political discourse is becoming more openly conflictual. The empirical material of this study comprises public speeches by American politicians, politically themed analytical articles in the press, posts and statements of politicians in social networks. The main method is that of functional-linguistic analysis of discourse. The author analyzes confrontational communicative tactics, e.g. discrediting, scorn, insult, accusation, mockery, etc. The objects (or victims) of such rhetoric are political opponents of the subject of speech, who may have different points of view, religious beliefs, cultural backgrounds and social status. Hate speech, which is an extreme form of how the concept of hatred can be verbalized, may be directed against confessional and ethnical groups. The paper puts special focus on communicative goals and intentions of the discourse participants who resort to hate speech. Usually it is the desire of the subject of speech to publicly demonstrate disrespect, mock, belittle the authority of opponents and favorably represent oneself in the eyes of the audience. The rhetoric of hatred comprises such typical means as negative and offensive epithets and metaphors; hyperbolic, comparative, rhetorical and lexical constructions with the pragmatical meaning of irony. In situations, when the subjects of speech emphasize the difference between them and their opponents (national, religious, social etc.), the functional fields of the concept of hatred and the “in-group/out-group” concept may overlap. In these cases, the communicative goal of the speaker is to alienate political opponents and emphasize their dissidence in a negative way.

Learners of a second language struggle to select and produce appropriate different kinds of speech acts due to their complexity. The students of the Islamic boarding schools are assigned to acquire two non-native languages compulsory and concurrently, namely Arabic and English. This study adapts the descriptive analytical approach to investigate the pragmalinguistic of the speech acts of apologizing in the Arabic language as produced by non-native speakers with special focus to the IFIDs. The participants are 202 students recruited to fill in a DCT that consists of eight situations regarding the students’ violation of the rules of the school. The results show that the students tend to use certain semantic formulas of apologies due to their lack of linguistic proficiency. To conclude, these forms are template slots of the IFID in which the non-native apologizer can slot his/her apology within these templates, and hence, enrich their pragmatic competence ability.

Emotionen sind aus dem menschlichen Leben, und demzufolge auch aus der Sprachhandlung nicht wegzudenken. Andererseits aber werden sie durch die Kultur – nicht zuletzt durch die gute Kinderstube – unter Druck gesetzt, sodass man höflichkeitshalber nicht immer direkt zum Ausdruck bringt, was einem am Herzen liegt. Goethe brachte es in Faust II wie folgt auf den Punkt: „Im Deutschen lügt man, wenn man höflich ist“ (vgl. auch Szczęk 2012). Manchmal ist man jedoch halt genötigt, der Emotion freien Lauf zu lassen. Dies wird im Beitrag an Günter Grass’ Hundejahre bzw. Peter Handkes Publikumsbeschimpfung exemplifiziert. Zum anderen fokussiert der Beitrag auf einen wichtigen Aspekt des Unterbewusst-Emotiven, nämlich die verbale Aggression als Ersatzmittel der Tätlichkeit. Der Verfasser schließt sich Meinunger (2017: 11 f.) an, wo es heißt: „Schimpfen ist […] viel besser als sein Ruf. […] Es ist seinem Wesen nach eine Ersatzhandlung für körperliche Gewalt. […] muss als ein Sieg der Kultur über die Natur gewertet werden.“ Gleichzeitig wird ihm widersprochen, wenn er ebenfalls Hassrede unter Schimpfen subsumiert. Emotions are an indispensable part of human life, and consequently of speech. On the other hand, they are put under pressure by the culture – not least by the good nursery – so that, politely, one does not always express directly what is important to one‘s heart. Goethe summed it up in Faust II as follows: “In German you lie when you are polite” (see also Szczęk 2012). Sometimes, however, one is forced to let the emotion run wild. This is exemplified in the article on Günter Grass’ Hundejahre and Peter Handke’s Publikumsbeschimpfung. On the other hand, the article focuses on an important aspect of the subconscious emotive, namely verbal aggression as a substitute for assault. The author joins Meinunger (2017: 11 f.), where he says: “Ranting is much better than his reputation. […] It is essentially a substitute for physical violence. […] must be seen as a victory of culture over nature.” At the same time he is contradicted when he also summarizes hate speech under ranting.

Speech impact with the anthropocentric approach significantly expands its boundaries. Studying the ideologically oriented Constitutions of the Soviet and post-Soviet periods from the position of pragmalinguistics, a speech impact was revealed through an ideologized speech cliche. This concept is understood as a ready-to-use speech formula that is deliberately introduced into the collective subconscious of the speakers of a given language and capable of exercising an emotionally-evaluative impact on the text recipient. A perlocutionary pragmalinguistic experiment was conducted to determine the emotional-evaluative attitude of representatives of two different generations (retired military and graduates of secondary schools) towards ideologized speech cliches in the Constitutions of the Soviet and post-Soviet periods. In this experiment, the preambles were investigated - the introductory parts of five Constitutions (K. of the RSFSR of 1918, K. of the USSR of 1924, K. of the USSR of 1936, K. of the USSR of 1977, and K. of the Russian Federation of 1993), in which many ideologized speech clichés were concentrated.

Politeness plays an important role in ini­tiated e-mail requests sent from students to faculty. One such feature of requests susceptible to politeness is the degree of imposition, which is one of the important variables in speech act production. Although the literature on requests is abundant, there are few studies on low- and high-imposition requests, in general, and on Iranian L2 learners’ low- and high-imposition requests, in particular. Through analyzing L2 learners’ requests, this study was an attempt to explore the distribution of pragmalinguistic means when writing English e-mail requests with low- and high degrees of imposition. For the purpose of this study, a corpus of 208 e-mail requests was collected for a rigorous qualitative analysis. The e-requests were classified into 4 categories: information, validation, feedback, and action. They were, then, coded and analyzed. It appeared that, though similar in many ways, the distribution of request type, openings, head act strategies, and internal and external modifiers were relatively conditioned by the degree of imposition. The findings can have valuable resources for future studies of potential interlanguage pragmatics studies, which are concerned with L2 learners’ performance and pragmatic competence in L2 learning.

Until the mid-20th century, the term “pragmatics” was employed by different fields of research (such as semiotics, philosophy, sociology, psychology), which made the content of the term very wide and ambiguous. Due to the emergence and development of linguistically oriented pragmatics, it became necessary to define the place of pragmatics in relation to linguistics and to determine the range of tasks it serves to accomplish. There are three ways to interpret the relationship between pragmatics and linguistics: 1) pragmatics is a separate discipline closely related to linguistics; 2) pragmatics is a branch of linguistics; 3) pragmatics belongs to a certain branch of linguistics. The article discusses these three possibilities with reference to the existing literature. Pragmatics is postulated as a discipline of its own, if it is developed as a cross-disciplinary theoretical approach (Habermas 1998, Mey 2001). When considered among other branches of linguistics, it is referred to as pragmalinguistics or linguistic pragmatics. Nowadays, this is the most widespread point of view found in many linguistic dictionaries and handbooks (Akhmanova 1966, Norman 2009, Bußmann 1990, Ernst 2002, etc.). Those who view pragmatics as part of a certain branch of linguistics, usually attribute it to text linguistics or semantics (Lyons 2003, Heinemann and Viehweger 1991). In conclusion, the author proposes another interpretation: in addition to core linguistics, applied linguistics, interdisciplinary linguistics and other possible subdivisions, it is expedient to distinguish communicational linguistics. Pragmatics makes part of it, alongside with phonetics.

This work is devoted to the pragmalinguistic component of students’ speech. The purpose of the study is to determine this component in the speech of communicants in a speech event. Analysis of various approaches to the age-related periodization of this group of subjects allowed us to dwell on the period of early adulthood and to conduct a study of their verbal behavior. The hypothetical deductive method, the method of quantitative calculation, the method of linguistic observation and description, the method of pragmalinguistic experiment were used during the process. Students’ social and humanitarian directions selected from social networks were used as a factual material. The data obtained in the digital and percentage are presented in the table. Individual number of small syntactic groups, actualization of speech plans, absolute speech indicator were identified. The average speech indicator is shown, which reflects the stereotypical speech behavior of the student’s language group. In the conclusions, the individual socio-specific features of the speech behavior of this group of students are clearly expressed.

Political discourse as a specific sign system in which the meaning depends on the speaker’s intention tends to portray participants in terms of “us” versus “them”, which makes “us-versus-them” polarization one of the main distinguishing features of political discourse. The onset of the 21st century is a turning point in the history of geopolitics, which requires politicians to be more creative in search of vote-winning means. The pragmasemantic approach allows to study presidential debates between 1. Bush and Al Gore from the standpoint of semantics which studies meaning and which has been recently affected by pragmatics that deals with non-linguistic aspects of meaning such as the context of a situation and the speaker’s intention. The presidential debates of 2000 are a vivid illustration of how two opposing politicians strive to share the same objective though different language means. The contentanalysis program LIWC (Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count) was used in order to verify the results of research. The analysis of Pronouns, Positive/Negative Emotions, and Tense Focus through LIWC makes a contribution to political discourse studies. This article illustrate how various language means such as use of pronouns “we” and “they”, specific vocabulary and slogans, when grouped together, can appear to be an efficient research tactic.