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Background Demodex folliculorum mite infestation is associated with many diseases such as rosacea, pityriasis found with acne vulgaris, and blepharitis. Aim In this research, the aim of this study was to investigate an association between patients who have metabolic syndrome and presence of Demodex folliculorum. Patients/methods This research was planned prospectively as a case-control study. Fifty cases who have metabolic syndrome and 50 control subjects in good health were included. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the NCEP Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Standard superficial skin biopsy was performed for the presence of Demodex folliculorum mite infestation. Results It was detected that number of Demodex affected from the glucose level and each increase in glucose level cause an increase on Demodex as 0.190 (P = .00, t = 4.746, B = 0.190, r = 0.57, Durbin-Watson = 1.801, confidence interval = 0.110 to 0.271 (for glucose)). Conclusion In this study, the presence of Demodex folliculorum was found to be higher in the cases who have metabolic syndrome compared to the healthy group. These results show that in cases with metabolic syndrome, high blood sugar levels make them more susceptible to infestation of Demodex folliculorum.

Background and Purpose: Malassezia yeasts are lipophilic normal flora of the skin in humans and other warm-blooded vertebrates. This genus includes 18 species and is responsible for dermatological disorders, such as pityriasis versicolor, atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, folliculitis, and dandruff. The aim of the present study was to identify the etiologic agents of Malassezia infections among the patients referring to the Referral Dermatology Clinic of Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan, Iran, during 2018-2019. Materials and Methods: For the purpose of the study, clinical specimens, including skin scrapings and dandruff, were collected and subjected to direct microscopy, culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sequencing. Direct PCR was performed on the clinical samples to amplify the D1/D2 region of 26S rDNA, using specific primers; subsequently, the amplicons were sent for sequencing. Results: This study was conducted on 120 patients with suspected pityriasis versicolor and seborrheic dermatitis, who referred to the Referral Dermatology Clinic of Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan, Iran, during 2018-2019. Out of this population, 50 (41.7%), 26 (52%), and 24 (48%) cases had Malassezia infection, pityriasis versicolor, and seborrheic dermatitis, respectively. Malassezia globosa was found to be the most prevalent species (n=29, 58%), followed by M. restricta (n=20, 40%), and M. arunalokei (n=1, 2%). Conclusion: The epidemiologic study was indicative of the frequency of some Malassezia species, such as M. globosa and M. restricta, in Isfahan, Iran. It can be concluded that direct PCR on clinical samples could be used as a simple, precise, effective, fast, and affordable method for research and even routine medical mycology laboratory studies.

Tinea versicolor is a common superficial fungal infection of the skin, prevalent in the hot and humid environment of India. It is caused by the Malassezia species which is a dimorphic, lipophilic fungus most frequently affecting the seborrheic areas of the body like face, neck, upper back and chest. Normally 10- 15% of the general practitioner’s encounter skin disorders in their day to day practice with overall prevalence rate of 30% or more probably occurring in tropical zones. Kustha a type of skin disorder mentioned in Ayurveda is a Tridoshaja Vyadhi, where Twaka, Rakta, Mamsa and Ambu are the main Dushyas. According to Charaka, Sidhma is a Kapha Vata Pradhan Vyadhi and According to Sushruta, Sidhma is Kapha Pradhan vyadhi. Management of sidhma includes Shodhana, Shamana and Bahirparimarjana Chikitsa among them Shamana in the form of kwatha & Bahirparimarjana Chikitsa as Lepa has shown appreciable result in many previous researches. So, need of time is to go for cost effective, safe and efficient treatment of Sidhma. Although, there are many drugs available in modern medical science for the treatment of Pityriasis versicolor which is found to be effective but is unsatisfactory for long term prophylaxis, so there is need of the hour to look into the safe, efficient & satisfactory remedy which not only treat the above ailments, but also ensure reduction in the episodes of relapse of the disease. Keeping all the above points in mind Edagajadi yoga & Gandhapashanadi lepa has been selected to know its efficacy in treating Sidhma kushtha (Pityriasis versicolor). Edagajadi yoga & Gandhapashanadi lepa consists of 10 drugs with different properties which includes Edagaja, Vidanga, Haridra, Daruharidra, Amlatasa, Kushta, Pippali, Gandhak, yavkshar, sarshapa taila. Keywords: Sidhma, Pityriasis versicolor, Edagajadi yoga, Gandhapashanadi lepa

5 pags., 3 figs., Background: Although systemic therapies are recommended for severe or recalcitrant cases of pityriasis versicolor (PV), they are not free of important side effects and drug interactions. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) utilizes the action of singlet oxygen and free radicals produced by a light-activated photosensitizer to kill viruses, bacteria, or fungi. In this study, the effect of a PDT mediated by methylene blue (MB) in PV was evaluated. Methods: Five women with PV disseminated on the back and diagnosed by fresh microscopic analysis were treated with a solution of MB (2%) applied to the PV lesions for 3 minutes. Next, a red LED lamp (λ = 630±5 nm, 37 J/cm), placed 100 mm from the skin for 10 minutes, was applied on the dyed PV lesions. Six sessions of MB/PDT were implemented with a 2-week interval in between. Wood's lamp examination was used to monitor fungal infection at each time point. Results: Complete cure was observed in the five women at the 4 weeks post-treatment follow-up. Fluoresce images from PV lesions by Wood's lamp allowed to evaluate whether the lesions were healed or not at each time point. No patient showed relapse at the 6-month follow-up. The patients did not have any adverse effect, and good cosmetic outcome was observed. Conclusions: Six sessions of MB/PDT spaced at 14-day intervals are sufficient for the treatment for PV in healthy patients., Spanish Research Projects MINECO. Grant Number: MAT 2017‐83856‐C3 Fundación Eugenio Rodríguez Pascual

Background Pityriasis versicolor is a chronic superficial fungal infection seen worldwide, with high prevalence observed in hot and humid climates. Objectives The aim of this work was to isolate and identify Malassezia species from pityriasis versicolor using specific fast gtowth media; Chrom agar to obtain a better understanding of the role of each species in the etiology of disease. Patients and Methods This study was conducted on 70 patients with clinical diagnosis of pityriasis versicolor with positive KOH test. All of the participants were subjected to a well informed consents, full history taking including age, sex, site of the lesions and any previous treatment, full general and dermatological examination to determine site, color of the lesions and Wood's light examination. Results Our results reported 94.3% of studied patients yielded growth on culture while 5.7% did not show any growth. The predominant age group was ≥ 25 years old. Furthermore it was found that PV affected male subjects (62.90%) more than the females (37.1%). Conclusion Malassezia yeasts, although are considered a part of normal skin microbiome, is a known cause of pityriasis versicolor. PV was more common in males in the age group ≥ 25yrs. The most affected body site was the chest, the most common variant is hyperpigmented type, and the commonest isolate was M.furfur.

Pityriasis versicolor (PV) is a superficial mycosis that it can occur at any age, even in newborns. In this review, we will describe epidemiological data, mycological characteristics of yeast, pathogenesis and clinical characteristics of the disease, different diagnostic resources, and the current recommendations for treatment. The typical morphology and topography of PV allow us to make a quick diagnosis, but atypical presentations have been described. Diagnostic tools, such as dermoscopy, can also reveal patterns that allow the evaluation of characteristics of scales and pigment in lesions. The discovery of new species and new mechanisms of interaction with the host has broadened the panorama of aetiological possibilities. Although PV is a common disorder, extensive research is necessary to better understand the pathophysiology of the disease, immunological characteristics of the pathogen-host relationship and resources needed to precisely diagnose the disease, treat the disease, and avoid its chronic and recurrent course.

Sweat dermatitis is a peculiar kind of irritant inflammatory dermatoses occurring due to prolonged exposure of retained sweat over the skin. It is commonly seen in hot and dry climates like tropics during summer months due to thermal stress. Typically, parchment paper or cellophane paper like scaling is seen over occluded areas of back, shoulder, and other areas. Here we have reported a varied presentation of sweat dermatitis in the form of its coexistence with miliaria rubra (impending to thermal burn). Further we have also observed co existing pityriasis versicolor and sweat dermatitis where the former has prevented the development of latter. Till date there is very little discussion on this condition, so we have tried to provide a concise review about sweat dermatitis along with its classical to atypical presentation with special emphasis on dermoscopy.

The immediate immune response developed by the keratinocytes against Malassezia yeasts has been addressed yielding conflicting results. This study aims the assessment of cytokines and antimicrobial peptides gene expression elicited by M. sympodialis and M. furfur once in contact with a reconstructed human epidermis. A yeast suspension was prepared in RPMI 1640 medium (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) supplemented with Tween 60 and oleic acid to obtain approximately 1 × 106 cells in a volume of 100 μL. Clinical isolates of M. sympodialis (from pityriasis versicolor) and M. furfur (from seborrhoeic dermatitis) were inoculated, separately, onto a reconstructed human epidermis. A distinct expression pattern was found between the two tested species, with a tendency for overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines very soon after infection, whereas no significant expression or gene downregulation was often noticed following 24 and 48 h of incubation. A possible Malassezia species-dependent immune response pattern is highlighted.

Background: Pityriasis versicolor (PV) is essentially a clinical diagnosis characterized by hypopigmented or hyperpigmented patches on the skin. Dermoscopy is gaining popularity as a noninvasive procedure for the diagnosis of different pigmentary and inflammatory disorders. However, scarce evidence exists on the dermoscopic pattern of PV. Objective: To describe the dermoscopic features of hypopigmented and hyperpigmented lesions of PV. Methods: Dermoscopic images of PV lesions located on different body sites were retrospectively evaluated for the presence of predefined criteria. Results: A total of 178 lesions from 125 patients were included in the study among which 164 lesions were hypopigmented and 14 lesions were hyperpigmented. Nonuniform pigmentation was the most common dermoscopic feature seen in both hypopigmented lesions (n=152, 92.68%) and hyperpigmented lesions (n=14, 100%). Scales were seen in 142 hypopigmented lesions (86.56%) and 13 hyperpigmented lesions (92.86%). Patchy scaling was more common in hypopigmented lesions (n=95, 57.92%) while scaling in the furrows was more common in the dermoscopy of hyperpigmented lesions (n=5, 35.71%). Inconspicuous ridges and furrows and perilesional hyperpigmentation were other significant features seen in dermoscopy of the lesions. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study describing the dermoscopic features of PV in such a large number of patients. Description of these new features adds valuable information and may help to establish dermoscopy as an important auxiliary tool for the diagnosis of PV.

Introduction: Pityriasis Versicolor (PV) a commonly encountered superficial mycosis is a mild, chronic infection of the stratum corneum. Malassezia species are lipid dependent yeast that are commonly found on human skin and associated with PV and dandruff. Aim: To study the distribution of Malassezia species in cases of PV and Dandruff. Materials and Methods: A tertiary care rural hospital based cross-sectional study was undertaken. Skin scrapings were collected and cultured on Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar (SDA) overlaid with olive oil and modified Dixon agar (mDA). The isolates were identified by biochemical tests. Data was analysed using the Chi-square test. The p-value of

The relationship between occupational exposure and different skin diseases including scalp psoriasis and Pityriasis amiantacea has been studied. The information about imbalance of essential trace elements in psoriatic patients is still scarce. In the present follow-up study, the scalp hair and blood samples of patients (labors of cement factory) have different skin disorders (plaque's psoriasis and Pityriasis amiantacea) and were analyzed for zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) before and after treatment with mineral supplements. For comparative purposes, both biological samples of referents who do not have any skin disease (office workers and labors of cement industry) were also analyzed for Zn and Se using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The result indicates a significant decrease in the concentrations of Se and Zn in both biological samples of patients with scalp psoriasis and P. amiantacea as compared with referents/controls, whereas the referent labor has not any skin disease with 15-25% lower values of both essential trace elements as compared to office worker, possibly due to poor diet.

Malassezia species are a major part of the normal mycobiota and colonize mainly sebum-rich skin regions of the body. This group of fungi cause a variety of infections such as pityriasis versicolor, folliculitis, and fungaemia. In particular, Malassezia sympodialis and its allergens have been associated with non-infective inflammatory diseases such as seborrheic dermatitis and atopic eczema. The aim of this study was to investigate the host response to M. sympodialis on oily skin (supplemented with oleic acid) and non-oily skin using an ex vivo human skin model. Host-pathogen interactions were analyzed by SEM, histology, gene expression, immunoassays and dual species proteomics. The skin response to M. sympodialis was characterized by increased expression of the genes encoding β-defensin 3 and RNase7, and by high levels of S100 proteins in tissue. Supplementation of oleic acid onto skin was associated with direct contact of yeasts with keratinocytes and epidermal damage. In oily conditions, there was increased expression of IL18 but no expression of antimicrobial peptide genes in the skin’s response to M. sympodialis. In supernatants from inoculated skin plus oleic acid, TNFα, IL-6, and IL1-β levels were decreased and IL-18 levels were significantly increased.

Malassezia includes yeasts belong to the subphylum Ustilaginomycotina within the Basidiomycota. Malassezia yeasts are commonly found as commensals on human and animal skin. Nevertheless, Malassezia species are also associated with several skin disorders, such as dandruff/seborrheic dermatitis, atopic eczema, pityriasis versicolor, and folliculitis. More recently, associations of Malassezia with Crohn's disease, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbation have been reported. The increasing availability of genomic and molecular tools have played a crucial role in understanding the genetic basis of Malassezia commensalism and pathogenicity. In the present review we report genomics advances in Malassezia highlighting unique features that potentially impacted Malassezia biology and host adaptation. Furthermore, we describe the recently developed protocols for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation in Malassezia, and their applications for random insertional mutagenesis or targeted gene replacement strategies.

Introduction Superficial mycosis is one of the most common diseases worldwide, however its epidemiology is changing over time. Aim To present epidemiological data of the skin fungal infections diagnosed in the years 2011-2016 in Lower Silesia. Material and methods A total of 11 004 patients with a clinically suspected superficial mycosis were investigated. Skin scrapings, nail clippings and plucked hair were examined with a direct microscopy, Wood's lamp and culture. Particular species were identified via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) examination. The lesions suspected for pityriasis versicolor were screened for Malassezia with Wood's lamp and direct microscopy. Results Dermatomycosis was diagnosed in 1653 (15.00%) patients with 1795 fungi identified. 1858 specimens were indicative of fungal infection including dermatophytes, yeasts and moulds. Out of 924 cases of dermatophytic infections (51.48%), Trichophyton rubrum accounted for the majority (71.75%) and was followed by Trichophyton tonsurans (16.77%). Among the yeasts (716; 39.89%), Candida spp. was the most common agent identified (521; 67.66%). The sites affected most often were toenails (956; 51.45%) and fingernails (319; 17.17%). In paediatric population the most common diagnosis was tinea corporis (60, 41.10%). Conclusions Our study revealed that toenail onychomycosis remains the most common superficial mycosis and T. rubrum is the most common pathogen. However, in a longer period of observation, a decrease in the number of tinea capitis cases and an increase in infections caused by T. tonsurans were noticed. Observed changes indicate the need for continuing studies to detect the upcoming epidemiological trends.

Pityriasis versicolor (PV) is a superficial mycosis caused by yeast of the genus Malassezia. The most common isolated Malassezia species in PV lesions differ among M. furfur, M. globosa and M. sympodialis. We purpose to determine the distribution of Malassezia species in PV patients at the seafarers’ medical service in Dakar, Senegal and to examine whether any association between identified Malassezia species and patients’ profile. From May 2017 to August 2017, first a questionnaire was filled to get informative data before collection of skin scrapings taken from most scaly site using sterile scalpel blade and application of scotch® for direct examination (DE). At the laboratory, DE, culture and identification by MALDI-TOF MS were done. One hundred patients with PV – all men – were included with a mean age of 34 years. Among seafarers, 81% were sailors. Clinical prevalence of PV was highest in aged adults patients with ages of 31 to 60 years (56%). Seafarers with high level of education were less representative with only 2%. The mean duration of the PV was 26.83 months. 20% of subjects suffered lesions in more than one location. The chest was the most affected anatomical site. Furthermore, possible predisposing factors associated with PV were also detected. DE was positive in 95% but culture growth only in 46%. MALDI-TOF MS analysis of the positive cultures could be performed in 84.8% (39/46). Only M. furfur was identified in 100% (39/39). In definitive, M. furfur is the only causative agent of PV in Dakar.

To address the latest treatments used for pityriasis versicolor and identify those that have proven to be effective in recent publications. Even though Malassezia spp. have shown resistance to antifungals, classical treatments continue to be effective, and other novelty therapies including light therapies have shown promising results in the treatment of this condition. Pityriasis versicolor is a common superficial fungal infection of the skin. There are numerous and diverse topical and systemic therapeutic options that are successful for the treatment and prophylaxis of this mycosis. New substances that act against the fungus through other mechanisms of action different from those used until now are expected in the near future.

Background Malassezia furfur is lipodependent yeast like fungus that causes superficial mycoses such as pityriasis versicolor and dandruff. Nevertheless, there are no standard reference methods to perform susceptibility test of Malassezia species yet. Aims Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the optimized culture medium for growth of this lipophilic yeast using modified leeming-Notman agar and colorimetric resazurin microtiter assay to assess antimycotic activity of fluconazole against M. furfur. Results The result showed that these assays were more adjustable for M. furfur with reliable and reproducible MIC end-point, by confirming antimycotic activity of fluconazole with MIC of 2 μg/ml. Conclusion We conclude that this method is considered as the rapid and effective susceptibility testing of M. furfur with fluconazole antifungal activity.

A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at a dermatology referral centre in Bogotá, to estimate the frequencies and aetiologies of mycoses in the population under 18 years of age attending the medical mycology laboratory over a 13-year period (2000-2012). A total of 1337 samples from 1221 patients were evaluated, involving direct examination and culture for 1279 samples, direct examination alone for 50 and culture alone for 8. During the study period, dermatophytosis was diagnosed via culture in 537 cases (40.1%). The most common aetiological agents were Trichophyton rubrum (235 cases), Microsporum canis (177), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (74) and Microsporum gypseum (22). Pityriasis versicolor was found in 31 cases (5.1%), Candida spp. were found in 17 cases, and non-dermatophyte moulds were confirmed by a second sample in 6 cases (3 cases involving Fusarium spp., 2 Neoscytalidium dimidiatum and 1 Acremonium spp.). In addition, white piedra was diagnosed in 4 cases (0.7%), and tinea nigra in 2 cases (0.3%). Regarding subcutaneous mycoses, 14 cases of sporotrichosis were identified. The results from this study confirm the predominance of dermatophytosis in the paediatric population. T. rubrum and M. canis were the main aetiological agents. We found a few cases of onychomycosis by non-dermatophyte moulds. Sporotrichosis was the only subcutaneous mycosis diagnosed during the study period.

Background Pityriasis rotunda is a rare skin disease characterized by the presence of multiple, round or oval, sharply demarcated hyperpigmented scaly patches. It has been described in Japan, South Africa, and in some other countries. The cause of pityriasis rotunda is usually idiopathic but may be associated with certain internal malignancy or systemic diseases. Objective The aim of this study is to describe this rare entity in Jordan in a retrospective study during the last 10 years. Jordan, as a Middle Eastern country, had no previous reports about this rare disease. In addition, the intention was to report any systemic association with the disease. Some of the cases were examined by dermoscopy. No previous reports documented dermatoscopic features of the disease. Results We could report 23 cases during the last 10 years. Eighteen cases were females and five males, in an age range of 9-38 years. There were three familial cases. The dermatoscopic findings were well demarcated, hyperpigmented with brownish patches with polygonal scales. These scales were more defined, not homogeneous in color, and separated from each other by paler stria. Conclusions The cases of the study seem to indicate the rarity of the disease in Jordan. Our case fits neatly into the benign form of the disease with lack of association with any underlying diseases.

Background: The main objective was to evaluate the prevalence of skin diseases amongst fishermen, to specify the different clinical forms, associations and most frequent localisations, and to identify potential aetiological factors. The secondary objectives were to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of seafarers regarding occupational dermatoses to conduct information, awareness and education campaigns on risk factors and behaviours and to propose adapted prevention. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional survey involved 1102 artisanal fishermen who attended the annual legal medical consultation at the occupational health service. All participants were men and had a regular activity for at least 2 years. It included an individual questionnaire, a clinical examination and a technical visit to the workplace Results: The skin disorders were palmar hyperkeratosis in 67.1% of fishermen, plantar hyperkeratosis in 59.4%, scares in 52.2%, facial wrinkling in 32%, and marine stings in 11.2%. The skin infections were fungal (44.4%), bacterial (8.3%), viral (5.5%) and scabies (1%). Only 192 (17.4%) fishermen did not have any dermatologic disease, 43% had one type of dermatologic diseases, 27.2% two types, 9.5% three types and 2.5% four types. Concerning personal protective equipment, only 87.4% wore protective clothing, 12.8% high visibility clothing, 52.6% safety shoes, 30.1% protective gloves, and 63.5% protective caps or hats. Only, 12% knew that mycosis were infectious origin and were contagious. Eighty-two per cent ignored the mode of contamination, 78% the means of prevention and 91% the existence of a medical treatment. Ninety-five per cent thought that pityriasis versicolor was due to sunrays especially in summer and not to fungus. Conclusions: The elaboration of the prevention approach needs a cooperative spirit; it will be more accepted and applied by all fishermen, if their representatives are involved in its preparation. The realisation of information and sensitization campaigns about the skin health must be based on the results of prevalence surveys.

Background Prevalence of skin diseases in Luanda (Angola) is unknown, and publications are barely found in the literature. We aim to describe, for the first time, the frequency of skin disease spectrum in phototype V-VI Angolan population in Luanda City. Methods We included Fitzpatrick phototype V-VI Angolan patients who consulted the Dermatology Unit in Luanda Medical Center during a 1-year period. Medical information was recovered from the electronic database, and diagnoses were based on ICD-10. Only the main complaint was registered, and the results were classified according to age and sex. Criteria exclusion consisted of incomplete clinical records, Fitzpatrick phototype I-IV Angolan, or foreign patients from the study. Results From a total of 3938 patients, 3554 met the inclusion criteria, of which 2742 were adults 13 years or older. In this group, acne (23.6%), dermatophytosis (11.0%), and pityriasis versicolor (8.6%) were the main complaints. On the other hand, in the pediatric population (n = 812), atopic dermatitis (29.4%), tinea capitis (13.7%), and molluscum contagiosum (12.5%) were the most frequent disorders. In adult females, acne (31.3%) was the main condition, while in adult males, dermatophytosis (13.5%). In children, the frequency of atopic dermatitis was comparable: 29.1% and 28.6% in girls and boys, respectively. Conclusions We published for the first time the frequency of the skin disease spectrum in Fitzpatrick phototype V-VI Angolan population in Luanda City, highlighting the prevalence of acne, dermatophytosis, and atopic dermatitis.

International audience; BACKGROUND: Malassezia species, usually part of normal human skin microbiota, may also cause cutaneous infections, mainly pityriasis versicolor (PV) which may rapidly spread in crowded communities, particularly in students' dormitories and sport leisure centers.OBJECTIVE: Few studies have been conducted on PV in students in the Middle East. The present study was designed to determine prevalence of Malassezia species and related diseases in students from city of Sabzevar, Northeast Iran.METHODS: Specimens were collected from 189students and analyzed by direct microscopy and cultures. Following PCR amplification of the large subunit of ribosomal DNA, species were identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFL-PCR).RESULTS: PV was suspected for 28students which was confirmed by direct examination and cultures. Cultures also revealed positive for 13students with healthy skin. Four Malassezia species were identified, with M.restricta as the most prevalent. A higher rate of PV was observed compared to other regions in Iran. However, despite the lipophilic feature of Malassezia species, no significant association was observed between PV or Malassezia species and fatty skin or gender.CONCLUSION: This study determined the frequencies of Malassezia species in part of Northeast Iran, but further studies are needed to identify risk factors for PV.

This report adds to the limited existing literature concerning dermatoses in Samoa. Conditions encountered during a 4-day private clinic are reported. Amongst the 75 patients reviewed, eczema was the most frequent condition diagnosed. This was followed by infective dermatoses particularly pityriasis versicolor and tinea infections. Reassuringly, in 97% of cases, suitable medications were available locally.

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are very potential formulations for topical delivery of antifungal drugs. Hence, the purpose of this research was to formulate the well-known antifungal agent Fluconazole (FLZ)-loaded SLNs topical gel to improve its efficiency for treatment of Pityriasis Versicolor (PV). FLZ-SLNs were prepared by modified high shear homogenization and ultrasonication method using different concentration of solid lipid (Compritol 888 ATO, Precirol ATO5) and surfactant (Cremophor RH40, Poloxamer 407). The physicochemical properties and the in vitro release study for all FLZ-SLNs were investigated. Furthermore, the optimized FLZ-SLN formula was incorporated into gel using Carpobol 934. A randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) of potential batches was carried out on 30 well diagnosed PV patients comparing to market product Candistan® 1% cream. Follow up was done for 4 weeks by clinical and KOH examinations. The results showed that FlZ-SLNs were almost spherical shape having colloidal sizes with no aggregation. The drug entrapment efficiency ranged from 55.49% to 83.04%. The zeta potential values lie between −21 and −33 mV presenting good stability. FLZ showed prolonged in vitro release from SLNs dispersion and its Carbapol gel following Higuchi order equation. Clinical studies registered significant improvement (p

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a genodermatosis characterized by overgrowth of flat warts, pityriasis versicolor-like lesions and an increased propensity for developing cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas due to abnormal susceptibility to infection with beta-human papilloma viruses. Adnexal tumors are not typically associated with EV. Here we report a spectrum of hybrid adnexal tumors with divergent eccrine and folliculosebaceous differentiation, and cytologic features ranging from benign to frankly atypical, in a patient with inherited EV.

Summary Objective Dermatomycoses are superficial fungal infections which affect the skin, hair and nails of humans and animals. Male and female patients of all ages are affected by this condition. The main etiological agents of dermatomycoses are the dermatophytes fungi of the genera Trichophyton , Microsporum and Epidermophyton , while the main yeasts belong to the genera Candida , Malassezia and Trichosporon . The variation in the distribution of dermatomycoses worldwide justify the conduction of epidemiological studies in order to contribute for the better understanding of patterns of mycological cutaneous infections. This study was conducted from April 2013 to December 2014. Material and methods A total of 205 patients were evaluated, while 235 clinical specimens were obtained. From our positive cases of mycological examination, 73 (64.6%) patients were female, while 40 (35.4%) were male. Scales from the skin and nails were collected and observed at optical microscopy after potassium hydroxide clarification. Cultures were performed on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar added chloramphenicol. Identification was performed by classic methodology. Results We found that the glabrous skin was the largest source of dermatomycoses (30.11%), followed by toenails (27.4%) and fingernails (17.7%). Regarding onychomycosis, the most affected population was over 50 years old. Trichophyton rubrum was the dermatophyte fungal species more commonly found. Most of the patients with pityriasis versicolor were adults and female. Another important fact observed is that Candida parapsilosis was the most prevalent species. Finally, a high incidence of T. tonsurans in cases of superficial mycoses was observed. Conclusion Our results clearly demonstrate peculiarities in terms of etiological agents of dermatophytoses distribution in a specific region of Brazil.

Background: Hypopigmentory and depigmented lesions are common among children and adolescent group. The parents are very much concerned about the condition and they seek dermatologist advice without fail. Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of Hypopigmented and Depigmented Lesion in patients of Children and Adolescent age group in Hadoti region in Rajasthan. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted for the period one year from April 2015 to March 2016. This planned study is to be undertaken in children age 0-19 yr with hypopigmented and depigmented lesions irrespective of sex. Results: The most common disorder was Pityriasis alba, seen in 27.33%, followed by Pityriasis versicolor in 21%, Vitiligo 19.33%, Post inflammatory hypopigmentation in 14%, Primary disorders of hypopigmentation in 13%, Hansen's disease in 1.33%, and miscellaneous conditions in 4% of the cases. Conclusion: The most common hypopigmentary disorders are seen in our study is Pityriasis alba and other causes of hypopigmentary and depigmentory disorders are in decreasing order are Pityriasis versicolor, Vitiligo, Postinflammatory hypopigmentation, Primary causes of hypopigmentation and less common are Leprosy.