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Semiconductorii sau (micro)chip-urile constituie cea mai complexă, sofisticată, încărcată de cunoaștere și uimitoare ca performanțe, reușită tehnologică obținută vreodată de omenire. Civilizația tehnologică prezentă și viitoare nu sunt posibile fără aceste componente esențiale ale oricărui dispozitiv modern, iar pe glob ierarhiile de orice fel care se stabilesc între marile puteri sunt și vor deveni tot mai dependente de capacitatea acestora de a crea și produce microchipuri. Lucrarea de față furnizează în primele sale capitole informațiile strict necesare pentru a înțelege limbajul domeniului, ce sunt și cum se produc aceste componente, iar apoi analizează industria globală a semiconductorilor și ecosistemul tipic al companiilor din această industrie, cu modul său de organizare aparte. Lucrarea trece în continure la analiza industriei chineze a microchip-urilor, a decalajului său față de liderii pieței, a războiului tehnologic cu SUA, a locului strategic ocupat de Taiwan in industria de profil a lumii, precum și a provocărilor, ambițiilor și riscurilor întâmpinate de China în strădania ei de a prelua poziția de lider pe piața globală a semiconductorilor.

Considered to be a field that is continuously growing, epitranscriptomics analyzes the modifications that occur in RNA transcripts and their downstream effects. As epigenetic modifications found in DNA and histones exhibit specific roles on various biological processes, also epitranscriptomic marks control gene expression patterns that are crucial for proper cell proliferation, differentiation and tissue development. Thus, various epitranscriptomic signatures have been identified to play specific roles during stem cell differentiation towards the neuronal and glial lineages, axonal guidance, synaptic plasticity, thus leading to the development of the mature brain tissue. Here we describe in-depth molecular mechanism underlying the most important RNA modifications with emerging roles in the nervous system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and often has an indolent course, particularly for patients presenting with early-stage (patch/plaque) disease. Early-stage MF is primarily managed with skin-directed therapies. Topical mechlorethamine hydrochloride (nitrogen mustard [NM]) gel has increased tolerability compared to prior NM formulations, though contact dermatitis remains a common side effect. The addition of topical steroids can improve tolerability while maintaining the efficacy of NM gel. Real-world experience supports that NM gel also has a role in combination therapy and as adjunctive therapy in advanced-stage disease. Here we review factors that may influence patient selection for use of NM gel, including MF variants, special patient populations, cost effectiveness, and impact on quality of life for patients with MF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous research based on offline Tamil recognition deals only with few Tamil characters since it becomes extremely complicated in distinguishing small variations in large handwritten document. The writer's complexity affects the overall formation of the characters. Such types of complexities are due to discontinuation of structures, unnecessary over loops, variation in shapes as well as irregular curves. This complex issue results in enhanced error value rate. Therefore, to conquer such issues, this paper proposes a novel approach to enhance the offline Tamil handwritten character recognition by utilizing four principal steps: pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction and classification. For optimal segmentation of Tamil characters, this paper utilizes the Tsallis entropy approach-based atom search (TEAS) optimization algorithm. Then a Newton algorithm based deep convolution extreme learning (DELM) approach is utilized for the extraction and classification of input images. Finally, experiments are carried out for numerous Tamil handwritten recognition-based approaches. The proposed Tamil character recognition utilizes the datasets of isolated Tamil handwritten characters established by HP lab India to evaluate the efficiency of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Global Economics / Revista de Economie Mondială is the property of Institute for World Economy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Considered to be a field that is continuously growing, epitranscriptomics analyzes the modifications that occur in RNA transcripts and their downstream effects. As epigenetic modifications found in DNA and histones exhibit specific roles on various biological processes, also epitranscriptomic marks control gene expression patterns that are crucial for proper cell proliferation, differentiation and tissue development. Thus, various epitranscriptomic signatures have been identified to play specific roles during stem cell differentiation towards the neuronal and glial lineages, axonal guidance, synaptic plasticity, thus leading to the development of the mature brain tissue. Here we describe in-depth molecular mechanism underlying the most important RNA modifications with emerging roles in the nervous system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This article is concerned about an adaptive dynamic surface control (DSC) of output constrained stochastic nonlinear systems with unknown control directions and unmodeled dynamics. Nonlinear mapping‐based backstepping control design is presented for stochastic nonlinear systems with output constraint. The explosion of complexity exists in tradition backstepping method is avoided by using the DSC technique. The radial basis function neural networks are employed to deal with unknown nonlinear functions. Nussbaum gain technique is employed to handle the unknown control directions. And a dynamic signal is employed to dominate the unmodeled dynamics. The adaptive controller is designed can ensure that the tracking error converges on a small region of the origin. And all signals of the closed‐loop systems are semiglobal uniformly ultimately bounded. Finally, the results of the simulation cases are provided to show the effectivity of the designed controller scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional nanomaterials including graphene as well as its nanoribbons have started to occur, which has accelerated the growth of contemporary nanotechnology. Silicene, a silicon equivalent of graphene, has the main advantage that it can be employed in present silicon nanostructure-based production processes. Using density functional theory within the generalized gradient approximation, we offer the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of edge-functionalized silicene nanoribbons (nX-zSiNR-mX')(where, X/X' = F, Cl or H; n, m = 1 or 2) in magnetic-order NM, FM, and AFM, respectively. Two modes homogeneous and heterogeneous asymmetric are accomplished. The spin density is mainly localized on halogen and Si atoms. Thus, future spin-dynamics processes for spintronics applications could be accomplished on these systems. Our computed outcomes reveal that the pristine nanoribbon 8-SiNR is a metal material once the NM and FM magnetic orders are involved, whereas it is a semiconductor with a small band gap energy when the AFM magnetic order is employed. Moreover, we find that the zigzag nX-zSiNR-mX' compounds are metals in either case homogeneous or even heterogeneous. Nevertheless, a band gap energy up a limit to 520 meV (2H-zSiNR-1H) can be achieved under an external electric field with a strength of 4.0 V/Å. We carefully investigate the effect of the edge-functionalized silicene nanoribbon width on their spin density distribution and electronic band structures. Further, the effect of nanoribbon width on the edge formation energy and magnetic moment is systematically studied. Our outcomes reveal the potential of these nanoribbons as advantageous candidates for silicon photonic, optoelectronic devices, and spintronics applications. • We study the electronic and magnetic properties of nX-zSiNR-mX' in NM, FM, and AFM. • Two modes homogeneous and heterogeneous asymmetric are accomplished. • An electric field with a strength of 4.0 V/Å is applied. • A band gap energy up a limit to 520 meV can be achieved with 4.0 V/Å. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper (Cu) is the main interconnect conductor for integrated circuits (IC), and its processing quality is very important to device performance. Herein, a hybrid process of plasma oxidation and femtosecond laser (fs-laser) ablation was proposed for the nanoscale precision removal of Cu in integrated circuits. In this hybrid process, the surface layer of Cu was oxidized to the copper oxide by plasma oxidation, and then the fs-laser with a laser fluence lower than the Cu ablation threshold was used to remove the copper oxide without damaging the underlying Cu. Theoretically, the surface temperature evolutions of Cu and copper oxide under the femtosecond laser were studied by the two-temperature model, and it was revealed that the ablation threshold of copper oxide is much lower than that of Cu. The experimental results showed that the ablation threshold of copper oxide is lower than that of Cu, which is consistent with the theoretical analysis. Using the hybrid process, a surface roughness of 3 nm and a removal accuracy of 4 nm were obtained in the process of Cu film processing, which were better than those obtained by fs-laser ablation. This demonstrated that the hybrid process has good application potential in the field of copper micromachining.

L-dopa is still considered as the gold standard therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD); however, L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is a serious complication of long-term L-dopa treatment. The present study investigated the therapeutic potential of sitagliptin and liraglutide in comparisons with L-dopa against PD. In addition, their capacity to modulate L-dopa dose and/or side effects was investigated, too. Rats were injected with rotenone (3 mg/kg/day, s.c.) for 10 consecutive days to induce the experimental PD. The rotenone-treated rats were administered sitagliptin (30 mg/kg/day, p.o.) and liraglutide (50 μg/kg, s.c.) for 16 days either alone or together with L-dopa/carbidopa (50/25 mg/kg/day, i.p.). Scoring of LID was done on days 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 in all L-dopa-treated groups. Twenty-four hours after the last administered dose of tested drugs, the behavior of rats in each group was screened by using the open-field test. Sitagliptin and liraglutide revealed marked attenuation of LID scores; in addition, they markedly increased animals' motor performance. Moreover, they preserved substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and vesicular monoamine transporter 2-positive (VMAT2) cells with prominent increase of the striatal dopamine (DA) content. On the other hand, they significantly decreased nigral neuromelanin (NM)-positive cells, activated microglia, gliosis, and other pathological changes. In conclusion, sitagliptin and liraglutide could be a promising therapeutic challenger in PD, modifying L-dopa effect and/or allowing the use of L-dopa with fewer side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 3D modeling of 230 kV composite insulator and corona ring in COMSOL software. • 3D Modeling of the tower structure, conductor, hardware, and mutual phases and investigating their effects on the EFI distribution of the creepage distance of the composite insulator in COMSOL software. • Determining the ideal corona ring parameters, such as the diameter, thickness, and installation position. • The use of DFSs such as NM and BOBYQA algorithms in COMSOL optimization software. One of the key elements in lowering the electric field intensity (EFI) on the creepage distance of composite insulators is the usage of the corona ring and its ideal design. First, using the Finite Element Method (FEM) in the 3D COMSOL Multiphysics program, this paper investigated and calculated the changes in the EFI of the creepage distance of the 230-kV composite insulator with and without taking into account the effects of the corona ring, tower structure, conductor, hardware, and mutual phases. Next, the ideal goal function is chosen in order to minimize the insulator creepage distance's maximal EFI. Nelder-Mead (NM) and Bound Optimization by Quadratic Approximation (BOBYQA), two optimization techniques, are used for the best design of corona ring parameters on the 230 kV insulator. Finally, the diameter, thickness, and installation position of the ideal corona ring are determined using the suggested methodologies and different restrictions. The obtained results demonstrate that, in contrast to previous studies that have only focused on a few of the aforementioned constraints, taking into account the tower structure, conductor, hardware, and mutual phases will have a significant impact on the distribution of the EFI on the insulator creepage distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analogous to DNA methylation and histone modifications, RNA modifications represent a novel layer of regulation of gene expression. The dynamic nature and increasing number of RNA modifications offer new possibilities to rapidly alter gene expression upon specific environmental changes. Recent lines of evidence indicate that modified RNA molecules and associated complexes regulating and “reading” RNA modifications play key roles in the nervous system of several organisms, controlling both, its development and function. Mutations in several human genes that modify transfer RNA (tRNA) have been linked to neurological disorders, in particular to intellectual disability. Loss of RNA modifications alters the stability of tRNA, resulting in reduced translation efficiency and generation of tRNA fragments, which can interfere with neuronal functions. Modifications present on messenger RNAs (mRNAs) also play important roles during brain development. They contribute to neuronal growth and regeneration as well as to the local regulation of synaptic functions. Hence, potential combinatorial effects of RNA modifications on different classes of RNA may represent a novel code to dynamically fine tune gene expression during brain function. Here we discuss the recent findings demonstrating the impact of modified RNAs on neuronal processes and disorders.

Eukaryotic RNA pol II transcripts are capped at the 5′ end by the methylated guanosine (m7G) moiety. In higher eukaryotes, CMTR1 and CMTR2 catalyze cap-proximal ribose methylations on the first (cap1) and second (cap2) nucleotides, respectively. These modifications mark RNAs as "self," blocking the activation of the innate immune response pathway. Here, we show that loss of mouse Cmtr1 or Cmtr2 leads to embryonic lethality, with non-overlapping sets of transcripts being misregulated, but without activation of the interferon pathway. In contrast, Cmtr1 mutant adult mouse livers exhibit chronic activation of the interferon pathway, with multiple interferon-stimulated genes being expressed. Conditional deletion of Cmtr1 in the germline leads to infertility, while global translation is unaffected in the Cmtr1 mutant mouse liver and human cells. Thus, mammalian cap1 and cap2 modifications have essential roles in gene regulation beyond their role in helping cellular transcripts to evade the innate immune system. [Display omitted] • CMTR1 and CMTR2 are essential for mouse embryonic development • Absence of interferon pathway activation in arrested mutant mouse embryos • Chronic activation of the interferon pathway in Cmtr1 mutant livers • Conditional loss of Cmtr1 in the mouse germline leads to infertility Mammalian RNA cap-proximal ribose methylations are implicated in preventing the activation of the interferon pathway. Dohnalkova et al. reveal that loss of the mouse RNA methylases CMTR1 and CMTR2 causes embryonic developmental arrest without activation of the interferon pathway, pointing to gene regulatory roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective This study aims to compare composite maternal and neonatal morbidities (MM, NM) among pregnant women with diabetes mellitus whose body mass index (BMI) at delivery was

Hypromellose matrices exhibit extended burst effect immediately after contact with aqueous medium, especially when a water-soluble drug is incorporated. The objective of this study was to reduce burst effect and maintain complete dissolution of a very soluble levetiracetam over 12 h period from hypromellose K4M matrices to obtain zero-order kinetics. Desired changes were achieved by applying water dispersions of insoluble Eudragits®(NE, NM, RL, RS) as a granulation liquid to the drug/microcrystalline cellulose mixture during high-shear granulation (non-thermal treated set) and consequently by thermally treating granules or final tablets (TT), respectively. Applying Eudragit®water dispersions to the drug/microcrystalline cellulose mixture was recognized as an effective method of significantly reducing the burst release (25.4–33.7%) of levetiracetam in comparison with a reference sample without Eudragit®. Multivariate data analysis showed that the addition of Eudragit®reduced burst effect, increased fitting with zero-order kinetics, and supported matrix erosion as the supplementary mechanism to predominant diffusion. Moreover, resulting PCA sub-model revealed the addition of Eudragit®RL and thermal treatment of tablets to be the most suitable method of all. For a 12 h dissolution profile, characterized by low burst effect and drug release close to 100% at the 12th hour, sample RL_TT was the most suitable. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The biotransforamtion of swertiamarin has been carried out using Aspergillus niger. The results showed that 60% swertiamarin were metabolized into two metabolites during the 5 days of biotransformation. The metabolites were identified as erythrocentaurin and 5-ethylidene-8-hydroxy-3,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-1Hpyrano[3,4-c]-pyridine-1-one, a novel alkaloid, with NMR and MS. The hydrolysis of glucosidic bond catalyzed by ß-D-glucosidase was found to be the rate-limiting reaction in pathway of biotransformation of swertiamarin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of this consensus statement is to provide a recommendation from AANEM experts on the clinical utility of genetic testing. It is not meant to recommend or endorse any specific genetic testing methodology or algorithm.Methods: The AANEM Professional Practice Committee reached a consensus based on expert opinion on the utility of genetic testing in neuromuscular diseases and made recommendations on factors that physicians and patients should consider when deciding whether to proceed with such testing.Results: Despite the costs of genetic testing, these tests can be both valuable and beneficial in the diagnosis and treatment of neuromuscular diseases in many situations.Conclusions: The AANEM believes that performing genetic testing to arrive at a specific molecular diagnosis is a critical step in providing high-quality care to neuromuscular patients. The cost of testing should not be a deterrent, as there are important clinical, safety, psychosocial, and research benefits. Muscle Nerve 54: 1007-1009, 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se propone un modelo muy simple que da valores horarios de la máxima concentraci6n electrónica en la ionosfera, representativa de las condiciones del verano, invierno y los equinoccios, para niveles de actividad solar tanto altos como bajos. La concentración de electrones se determina como la suma de dos términos, uno relacionado con los procesos fotoquímicos y difusivos y el otro con los mecanismos de transporte. Se dan expresiones analíticas simples para estos dos términos y los valores de la frecuencia crítica en la región F calculados usando estos términos se comparan con los valores observados en la isla de King George, Antártica y en Concepción, Chile. doi: https://doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.1992.31.2.569

Abstract: Force balancing is a very important issue in mechanism design and has only recently been introduced to the designing step of robotic mechanisms. In creating the best robot design, the statical balancing plays a vital role because it reduces the required motor power. To get a simple and more-effective control system, elimination or significant reduction of the gravity load at a powered joint is an important one. With utilization of these objectives an optimization problem is formulated. The average force on the gripper in the working area is taken as an objective function. The design variables are lengths of the links, angles between them and stiffness of springs. This paper describes the use of conventional and evolutionary optimization techniques such as Newton''s method (NM), conjugate gradient method (CGM), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Elitist Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) and differential evolution (DE) to solve the above problem. An industrial robot with 6-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) (APR 20) is considered as a numerical example. The robot has a spring balancing system that has to be optimized. The existing optimization model is improved by adding two new variables. Also, a comprehensive user-friendly general-purpose software package has been developed using VC++ to obtain the optimal parameters using the proposed DE algorithm. The methods used in this article can be applied to find out solutions for a wide range of similar problems without further simplifications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The effect of shock pressures on the inactivation of a marine Vibrio sp. was studied experimentally and numerically. In the experiment, an aluminum impactor plate accelerated by a gas gun was used to induce shock waves in a sealed aluminum container with cell suspension liquid inside. The shock pressures in the container were measured by a piezofilm gauge. Several 10–100 MPa of pressure were measured at the shock wave front. An FEM simulation, using the Johnson–Cook model for solid aluminum and the Tait equation for the suspension liquid, was carried out in order to know the generation mechanism of shock pressures in the aluminum container. The reflection, diffraction and interaction of shock waves at the solid–liquid boundaries in the aluminum container were reasonably predicted by the numerical simulation. The changes in shock pressures obtained from the computational simulation were in good agreement with those from the experiment. The number of viable cells decreased with the increase of peak pressures of the shock waves. Peak pressures higher than 200 MPa completely inactivated the cells. At this pressure, the cell structures were deformed like the shape of red blood cells, and some proteins leaked from the cells. These results indicate that the positive and negative pressure fluctuations generated by shock waves contribute to the inactivation of the marine Vibrio sp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes a novel method for the preparation of stable picolinate complexes of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) metal ions. Characterization was performed by microanalyses, magnetic moments, IR, UV‐vis, and NMR spectral studies. A single‐crystal X‐ray study of diaquobis‐picolinatocobalt(II) dihydrate confirmed the octahedral geometry of the complexes. The unit cell dimensions are a =9.8280 Å, b =5.194 Å, c =14.581 Å, β=90.26°. The space group is P 21/ n and the measured density is 1.694 g cm -3 with Z =2 ( Z =atoms per unit cell). The crystal class is monoclinic. Coordination is through the pyridine nitrogen and carboxylate oxygen donor atoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nemaline myopathy has been associated with mutations in five different genes, which all encode protein components of the sarcomeric thin filaments. We report follow-up studies in two children with mutations not previously described in skeletal muscle α-actin (ACTA1). Case 1 was a male patient who after birth suffered from pronounced muscle weakness and hypotonia. Muscle biopsy showed small fibers with numerous rods. He failed to achieve any motor milestones. At the age of 17 he required 24 h ventilator support. He could not lift his arms against gravity, but he could use his hands to control his electric wheelchair. The muscle biopsy showed marked replacement of muscle tissue by fat and connective tissue. Only few fibers showed nemaline rods. He had a de novo, heterozygous mutation, G268D in ACTA1. Case 2 was a female patient with feeding difficulties and mild hypotonia in the neonatal period. Muscle biopsy showed hypoplastic muscle fibers and numerous rods. At 11 years of age she walked and moved unhindered and could run fairly well. She had a de novo, heterozygous mutation, K373E, in ACTA1. These two patients illustrate the marked variability in the clinical features of nemaline myopathy in spite of similar muscle pathology in early childhood. The severe muscle atrophy with replacement of fat and connective tissue in case 1 demonstrates the progressive nature of nemaline myopathy in some cases. The described two mutations add to the previously reported mutations in ACTA1 associated with nemaline myopathy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

. Laserneedles represent a new non-invasive optical stimulation method which is described for the first time in this paper. We investigated 27 healthy volunteers (mean age±SD: 25.15±4.12 years; range: 21–38 years; 14 female, 13 male) in a randomised cross-over trial to study differences between laserneedle acupuncture and manual needle acupuncture in specific cerebral parameters. Mean blood flow velocity ( vm) showed specific and significant increases in the ophthalmic artery during laserneedle stimulation ( p=0.01) and during manual needle stimulation ( p<0.001) at vision-related acupoints. At the same time insignificant alterations in vm were found in the middle cerebral artery for both acupuncture methods. The eight laserneedles used in this study were arranged at the end of the optical fibres. Each fibre was connected to a semiconductor laser diode emitting at 685 nm with a primary output power of about 55 mW. Optical stimulation using properly adjusted laserneedles has the advantage that the stimulation can hardly be felt by the patient and the operator may also be unaware of whether the laserneedle system is active, and therefore true double blind studies in acupuncture research can be performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the introduction of allozyme methods inthe mid 1960s it has been a standard practiceto report Wright's measure of populationsubdivision, FST, for surveys ofgenetic variation. Its widespread use hasprovided us with a sense of what values can beexpected in particular situations and how theycan be interpreted. With some theoreticaljustification, FST has also beenused to estimate rates of gene flow. Howeverthere are conditions under which FSTis inappropriate for gene flow estimation andcan lead to incorrect or even absurdconclusions. These pitfalls have promptedcritics to suggest that FST hasfailed to deliver what its proponents havepromised and should be abandoned. A furtherchallenge has been the development of newmethods that offer even greater promise. Thusit is reasonable to ask if perhaps it is timeto retire FST and turn to new andmore powerful methods for the inference of geneflow from genetic markers. Here I will arguethat although gene flow should be estimated bymore powerful approaches whenever practical, FST remains a useful measure of theaverage effects of gene flow and will continueto be used for comparative purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper (Cu) is the main interconnect conductor for integrated circuits (IC), and its processing quality is very important to device performance. Herein, a hybrid process of plasma oxidation and femtosecond laser (fs-laser) ablation was proposed for the nanoscale precision removal of Cu in integrated circuits. In this hybrid process, the surface layer of Cu was oxidized to the copper oxide by plasma oxidation, and then the fs-laser with a laser fluence lower than the Cu ablation threshold was used to remove the copper oxide without damaging the underlying Cu. Theoretically, the surface temperature evolutions of Cu and copper oxide under the femtosecond laser were studied by the two-temperature model, and it was revealed that the ablation threshold of copper oxide is much lower than that of Cu. The experimental results showed that the ablation threshold of copper oxide is lower than that of Cu, which is consistent with the theoretical analysis. Using the hybrid process, a surface roughness of 3 nm and a removal accuracy of 4 nm were obtained in the process of Cu film processing, which were better than those obtained by fs-laser ablation. This demonstrated that the hybrid process has good application potential in the field of copper micromachining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomotors, multimetallic systems are biologically inspired self-propelled tiny engines able to perform difficult tasks of transporting cargos from one end to another in presence of hydrogen peroxide fuel. Nanomotors can revolutionize the drug delivery system at the desired target by converting chemical energy into mechanical energy. Nanomotors exhibit unique properties like moving at higher speed, self-propulsion and drilling into the complex cellular environment. The review focuses on fuel dependent and fuel-free nanomotors with their propulsion mechanism. Further, the review highlights the method of fabrication, biohybrid nanomotors, toxicities along with their application in the field of active drug delivery, diabetes, precise surgery, ischemic stroke therapy, diagnosis and treatment of coronavirus, microwave hyperthermia, zika virus detection, anti-bacterial activity, water treatment and sensing and challenges lying at the forefront in the development of these tiny nanomachines. Hydrogen peroxide is toxic to mankind; biohybrid motors give an extra edge of eliminating hydrogen peroxide as fuel for self-propulsion, this can be used for smart drug delivery by reducing toxicities as compared to artificial nanomotors. Cost-effective fabrication of nanomotors will extend their applications in commercial sector overcoming limitations like scale-up and regulatory approval. In near future, nanomotors will diversify in fields of restoring conductivity of electronic medical devices, 3D printing and theranostics. • Nanomotors (NMs) are smart multimetallic system mimicking kinesin motor protein. • NMs are self propelled fuel dependent/independent engines for targeted delivery. • 3D printed nanomotors are used for accelerated environmental decontamination. • NMs are employed in detection of zika virus using cell phone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]