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Copyright of Kastamonu Education Journal / Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi is the property of Kastamonu Education Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research aims to explore the dynamics of the emergence in the written speech of various addressers – on the one hand, standard, stereotypical, commonly accepted forms of addressing the addressee, and individual, non-standard addresses that do not belong to the regularly repeated elements peculiar of the author’s epistolary art, on the other. Accordingly, the objectives include 1) a search for criteria to distinguish the stereotypical forms of address, 2) the establishment of epistolary address models formation, and 3) the comparison of new vocative models emergence dynamics in terms of the gradual rise of the total amount of letters in various addressers. To achieve the aforementioned aim, we have utilized the descriptive method, content analysis, and linguistic modelling approach. To distinguish between the vocative formations regularly used by this or that letter writer and nonstandard, unique writer’s individuality-embodying addresses, we have introduced a one-per cent statistical threshold. This made it possible to attribute to the stable components of the addresser’s behaviour those address models whose verbal implementations had reached over 1% of the total number of addresses in this author’s epistolary. The number of models that had crossed the one-per cent statistical threshold appeared to be much lower than the number of non-standard addresses, yet, in total, regular vocative formations implemented in the letters of any addresser quantitatively exceed the non-usual vocative constructions. Consequently, to provide an accurate picture of the correspondence party’s written speech stylistics, it is necessary to explore the relationship between the regular and irregular in their written speech. To compare the dynamics of the rise of the models that had crossed the statistical threshold, and all the address models recorded in the letters of various writers, we built a diagram that compares the number of letters (a horizontal axis) and the number of vocative formation models implemented in those letters (a vertical axis). The results of comparing the dynamics of vocative models formation in the array of letters by A.F. Koni and V.G. Korolenko arranged in chronological order suggest that, as a rule, the commencement of the correspondence is accompanied by standard and commonly used vocative figures, which we consider to be the stereotypical elements of addressers’ speech behaviour and meet linguistic and ethical standards of written communication. In the case of prolonged correspondence, the individual peculiarities of authors’ vocative art find their expression in a continuous flow of letters. The emergence of new vocative models that become productive in the middle or even at the terminal stage of correspondence by this or that addresser is possible, but it depends on extralinguistic factors (the change of communicants’ social status, the expansion of correspondents’ circle etc.). The dynamics of the rise of stereotypical vocation formations largely follow certain general rules of speech generation; the introduction of irregular address models in epistolary discourse depends on a wide range of communication conditions and characterizes the addresser’s individual style. Further research perspectives are connected with the need to clarify the extralinguistic factors affecting the distribution of the stereotypical and irregular address models in the dynamics of written speech generation, as well as with the consideration in this respect of other structural features of a letter.

As businesses increasingly rely on written communication for various purposes, the ability to articulate ideas, convey information, and engage stakeholders through written mediums has become a vital competency. This study delves into the challenges faced by students when they write business letter, report and email in English at Techno Link College, Burayu Campus. The research aims to comprehensively analyze the issues surrounding business writing, exploring how students perceive and approach the learning of this crucial skill. To conduct this investigation, a mixed-methods approach was employed and both quantitative and qualitative methodologies were utilized. A sample of 165 students was randomly selected, and their insights were gathered through a survey questionnaire. The findings of the research revealed that the majority of the students struggle to master the art of effective business writing. The results show that the majority of students exhibited poor performance across these essential business communication tasks such as composing emails, letters and reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines Benjamin Robert Haydon's neglected transcripts of John Keats's letters (1845–46). Haydon copied these letters to aid the writing of Richard Monckton Milnes's first biography of the poet, Life, Letters, and Literary Remains, of John Keats (1848). For reasons unknown, however, subsequent critics and scholars have consigned the transcript copies to oblivion without making available their full text (some of which is omitted in Milnes's Life). In addition to the transcripts themselves, Haydon's annotations offer a new insight into his close relationship with Keats. The material will be of interest to many Keats scholars, especially those who wish to explore the complexities of his reception in the mid-nineteenth century and beyond, as well as the friendship between the poet and the painter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Smart Phonemes" provides an account of the arguments and achievements of the several expanded roundtable essays collected here together with the posthumous essay by Geoffrey Hartman. It situates Smart's work and the attendant essays within a dialectical play of "then" and "now," a dialectic already operative in Smart's oeuvre, a body of work whose sense of immediacy is enabled partly by its distinctive language underscoring and playing with its materiality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on renewed scholarly interest in Shakespeare's creative use of language and the tools available to understand it, such as updated glossaries and encyclopedias. Topics include role of resources like C.T. Onion's Shakespeare Glossary, the Arden Encyclopedia; and analyses of specific word usages in Shakespeare's works, exemplified by the word "O" in various plays.

Copyright of Nauki o Wychowaniu. Studia Interdyscyplinarne is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nauki o Wychowaniu. Studia Interdyscyplinarne is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kipus: Revista Andina de Letras y Estudios Culturales is the property of Universidad Andina Simon Bolivar, Sede Ecuador and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tahkik Journal of Critical Editions of Islamic Manuscripts is the property of Hacveyiszade Foundation for Science & Culture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Universal History Studies is the property of Sabit Dokuyan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Art-E is the property of Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Fine Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of the proposed article is to reveal the content and study using paleographic methods and analysis of the historical and cultural context of the original letter of Tsar Peter I, unknown to date, which touches on the fate of one of the founders of the Vygovsky Old Believer community — Daniil Vikulin. The purpose of this article is to show the source value of the newly found unique document, as well as to emphasize the factual nature of Ivan Filippov’s "History of the Vygovsky Monastery", which has been the only source on this topic up to now. The newly found letter sheds new light on the circumstances of Daniil Vikulin’s arrest and release.

Dayong Zhong1,2 1Department of Rehabilitation, Third Veterans Hospital of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611330, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Massage, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Dayong Zhong, Email 450565496@qq.com

Agussalim,1 Eva Yuniritha,2 Heru Santoso Wahito Nugroho3 1Parepare School of Nursing, Makassar Health Polytechnic, Makassar City, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia; 2Padang School of Nutritionist, Padang Health Polytechnic, Padang City, West Sumatera Province, Indonesia; 3Center of Excellence, Surabaya Health Polytechnic, Surabaya City, East Java Province, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Agussalim, Email salim170878@gmail.com

Agussalim,1 Tiar Erawan,2 Heru Santoso Wahito Nugroho3 1Parepare School of Nursing, Makassar Health Polytechnic, Makassar City, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia; 2Makassar School of Physiotherapy, Makassar Health Polytechnic, Makassar City, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia; 3Center of Excellent, Surabaya Health Polytechnic, Surabaya City, East Java Province, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Agussalim, Email salim170878@gmail.com

Ayse Dondu,1 Seda Orenay-Boyacioglu2 1Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, 09010, Türkiye; 2Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, 09010, TürkiyeCorrespondence: Ayse Dondu, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, 09010, Türkiye, Email aysdnd@hotmail.com

Luyi Xu,1 Cheng Mei2 1Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Acupuncture and Brain Disease, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Cheng Mei, Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 72, Xiang’an Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China, Email mhlrax@yeah.net

Copyright of Pós: Revista do Programa de POS-Graduacao Em Artes - EBA/UFMG is the property of Pos - Programa de Pos-graduacao em Artes (PPG-Artes) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article addresses the problem of the sound object from the perspective of psychoanalysis. Critical theory, which emerged from psychoanalysis, enables the examination of various forms of the object-oriented sound: from the object cathexis, through symptomatic and organic formations, to the object–affect. Furthermore, the article explores the dialectic of letter and sound. The text concludes with an attempt to structure the sound field as an expression of univocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The desire of the mathematician is oriented by the real, by the science of this real, by logic, and by the writing of this real in letters empty of meaning. This desire gives Lacan a reference for thinking about the desire of the analyst with its relationship to the cipher of the unconscious and to its letter. The formula of the trimethylamine in Freud's dream provides an example. Lacan also recognises in Socrates' daimon, in the voice that orients him, his desire, and he correlates this with a resistance to recognising the status of the voice of the psychotic. Great classical clinicians, who built the clinic "before the analytical discourse" (Lacan), did not back down in the face of the reality of the clinic and in particular in the face of the reality of the voices whose sharpness the contemporary pseudo-clinic tries to abrade. They did not back down in the face of the desire of the psychotic, tied to his voices. Chaslin's desire is magnetized by the hallucinations of a psychotic in which a hand writes mathematical formulas. They evoke the writing of numbers and letters on the wall of the real, like the formula for trimethylamine in the dream of Irma's injection, or like the game of the meaningless letter in mathematics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Letters of writers and poets are important sources for literary history. Letters can sometimes contain information about the factors influencing the creation of a work, as well as details about artists' personal lives, daily routines, and mental states. Such details can be useful in interpreting literary masterpieces and artists' poetics. The letters that Edip Cansever wrote to Alev Ebüzziya reveal a great deal about the poet's daily life habits and the elements that nourish his art. At this point, it can be claimed that the boredom frequently expressed in the letters is effective in Edip Cansever's daily life and art. Edip Cansever discusses and muses over his inner boredom in his letters. Cansever typically alludes to an inner kind of boredom that lacks a clear, tangible cause. This kind of existential boredom is often associated with modernity and the modern individual by thinkers and researchers. Unlike previous generations, the modern individual has experienced existential boredom. In addition, many artists and thinkers have argued that boredom is directly related to creative thought and production. This argument holds true for Edip Cansever's literary works as well. As seen in Edip Cansever's letters, boredom haunted him throughout his life. Cansever transformed his boredom into literary production from time to time and saw it as an inseparable part of himself. This article attempts to identify the sources of Edip Cansever's profound/internal/existential boredom and how it is related to his creative output based on his letters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Young Intellectuals / Genç Mütefekkirler Dergisi is the property of Journal of Young Intellectuals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Eskişehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Theology is the property of Journal of Eskisehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Theology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this contribution, our aim is to explore and analyse the interplay between the approaches of Julia Kristeva and Jacques Lacan during the 1970s. By seeking to transcend the limitations inherent in the structuralist framework, both authors endeavour to introduce new concepts that can account for the heterogeneity of Freudian sign. Previous studies examining the relationship between these two authors predominantly focused on Kristeva’s critique of Lacanian structuralist theory during the 1950s. From this standpoint, the semiotic chora is perceived as a force that fundamentally challenges Lacanian concepts. However, it is important to note that Kristeva was acquainted with Lacan’s later teachings, particularly the notion of lalangue that he introduced. Our argument posits that her critique stems from a misinterpretation of certain key concepts that Lacan put forth in the 1970s. Moreover, while Lacan would abandon the dialectical relationship in favour of the logic of triplicity, Kristeva continued to engage with the notion of heterogeneity through the lens of Hegelian dialectics.

Language serves as a crucial tool for human interaction. It transcends its basic structure of words, rules, and syntax, reflecting the complex subtleties of culture, history, and the social development of its users. Within the study of language, applied linguistics stands out as an essential discipline that delves deeper than theoretical discussions. It critically examines how language is utilized, its manifestations in various contexts, and its multifaceted applications in human communications across different fields. Central to this research is the exploration of applied linguistics's transformative influence on the grammar domain. This study emphasizes the Arabic letter ') 'Waw). Given its frequent occurrence and versatile role in texts, ranging from the esteemed Quran to classical Arabic literature and detailed grammatical discussions, the comprehensive and precise understanding of the letter ' 'is paramount. Such understanding facilitates both rigorous textual analysis and profound comprehension of linguistic constructs within the Arabic language. This research adopts a comparative methodology to discern the depth of this influence. It juxtaposes the time-honored traditional grammatical approaches with contemporary perspectives offered by applied linguistics. Through this comparative lens, the study sets out to achieve two primary objectives: firstly, to identify how applied linguistics might present alternative or even more enriched interpretations of ' 'distinct from classical views, and secondly, to elucidate the tangible implications of these interpretations in practical, real-world linguistic applications. In culmination, this rigorous investigation serves a dual purpose. It sheds light on the nuanced roles and interpretations of the Arabic letter, ' ', and positions applied linguistics as a beacon guiding the future trajectory of grammatical studies. The research accentuates the indispensability of a symbiotic relationship between traditional grammar and modern applied linguistic techniques, advocating for their combined use in achieving a holistic and evolved understanding of the dynamic Arabic language system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines three interconnected letters written by Niksârîzâde Mahmud Efendi and Ganîzâde Nâdirî as examples of bias, competition, and political connections among Ottoman scholar-bureaucrats in the late 16th century. The mentioned letters were penned in response to the events surrounding the appointment of Tursunzâde Abdullah to the professorship at Gazanfer Agha Madrasa, following an examination held in the presence of the Chief Judge of Rumeli of the time, Sunullah Efendi, in May 1597. Niksârîzâde, who embarked on his academic career as a mulāzim, alternately held positions as a judge and a professor. Aspiring to be appointed as a professor at Gazanfer Agha Madrasa, Niksârîzâde wrote a critical letter protesting the assignment of Tursunzâde to this position after the examination, targeting both Tursunzâde and Sunullah Efendi. Ganîzâde Nâdirî responded to this strongly-worded letter by dissecting its sentences and engaging in a kind of verbal sparring, employing similar harsh expressions. Niksârîzâde, in turn, replied to Nâdirî's letter with sarcastic and witty remarks. These three letters shed light on the existence of significant factions both on a personal level and within the Ottoman scholarly community of that era. The letters, previously unused in studies on early modern Ottoman ulema, provide valuable insights into the nature of bias, competition, animosities, and networks of Ottoman scholars in the late 16th century. Additionally, they reveal how a determined scholar sought justice through unconventional means. The unique characteristics of these letters position them as rare examples outside the literary compilations and as texts written in a distinct style. This study first provides background information on the lives of Niksârîzâde, Tursunzâde, and Ganîzâde, and then presents the contents of the three mentioned letters. Subsequently, Niksârîzâde's initial letter and Ganîzâde’s responsive letter are presented in Latinized form. Niksârîzâde's second letter in reply was only included in the review because it was quite missing in the copy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nueva Revista del Pacífico is the property of Universidad de Playa Ancha de Ciencias de la Educacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research aims to explore the dynamics of the emergence in the written speech of various addressers – on the one hand, standard, stereotypical, commonly accepted forms of addressing the addressee, and individual, non-standard addresses that do not belong to the regularly repeated elements peculiar of the author’s epistolary art, on the other. Accordingly, the objectives include 1) a search for criteria to distinguish the stereotypical forms of address, 2) the establishment of epistolary address models formation, and 3) the comparison of new vocative models emergence dynamics in terms of the gradual rise of the total amount of letters in various addressers. To achieve the aforementioned aim, we have utilized the descriptive method, content analysis, and linguistic modelling approach. To distinguish between the vocative formations regularly used by this or that letter writer and nonstandard, unique writer’s individuality-embodying addresses, we have introduced a one-per cent statistical threshold. This made it possible to attribute to the stable components of the addresser’s behaviour those address models whose verbal implementations had reached over 1% of the total number of addresses in this author’s epistolary. The number of models that had crossed the one-per cent statistical threshold appeared to be much lower than the number of non-standard addresses, yet, in total, regular vocative formations implemented in the letters of any addresser quantitatively exceed the non-usual vocative constructions. Consequently, to provide an accurate picture of the correspondence party’s written speech stylistics, it is necessary to explore the relationship between the regular and irregular in their written speech. To compare the dynamics of the rise of the models that had crossed the statistical threshold, and all the address models recorded in the letters of various writers, we built a diagram that compares the number of letters (a horizontal axis) and the number of vocative formation models implemented in those letters (a vertical axis). The results of comparing the dynamics of vocative models formation in the array of letters by A.F. Koni and V.G. Korolenko arranged in chronological order suggest that, as a rule, the commencement of the correspondence is accompanied by standard and commonly used vocative figures, which we consider to be the stereotypical elements of addressers’ speech behaviour and meet linguistic and ethical standards of written communication. In the case of prolonged correspondence, the individual peculiarities of authors’ vocative art find their expression in a continuous flow of letters. The emergence of new vocative models that become productive in the middle or even at the terminal stage of correspondence by this or that addresser is possible, but it depends on extralinguistic factors (the change of communicants’ social status, the expansion of correspondents’ circle etc.). The dynamics of the rise of stereotypical vocation formations largely follow certain general rules of speech generation; the introduction of irregular address models in epistolary discourse depends on a wide range of communication conditions and characterizes the addresser’s individual style. Further research perspectives are connected with the need to clarify the extralinguistic factors affecting the distribution of the stereotypical and irregular address models in the dynamics of written speech generation, as well as with the consideration in this respect of other structural features of a letter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Respectus Philologicus is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hipogrifo: revista de literatura y cultura del siglo de oro is the property of Hipogrifo: revista de literatura y cultura del siglo de oro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Atalanta: Revista de las Letras Barrocas is the property of Atalanta Revista de las Letras Barrocas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Themis: Revista de Derecho is the property of Themis Asociacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Strategic Universe Journal / Univers Strategic is the property of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Institute for Security Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

: Julian the Apostate, the last pagan ruler of the Roman Empire has left a rich correspondence, the content of which is extremely varied. The epistles, most of which are authentic, form a separate volume in the editions and can be divided into four groups. The first group con - sists of the so-called Gallic letters, the second group includes the letters of Illyria and Constantinople, the letters from Asia Minor form the third group. Finally, the letters written from Antioch complete the list. In the following, we will discuss the School Edict and more particularly the letter that accompanies it (Ep. 61 Bidez — second group of letters). The decree of the Codex Theodosianus, dated 17 June 362, was rather short-lived, being in force only from July 362 to 11 January 364, but it is nevertheless an outstanding document of ancient educational history since no other emperor had previously issued similar regulations on the operation of teachers. Alongside this decree we may place the edict associated with Justinian (Cod. Just. I,5,18,4; I,11,10,2), which, conversely, forbids the pagan rhetors from education, but in the sixth century no one attempted to criticise it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Publication of fragments of two Ptolemaic papyri from the collection of the Bodleian Library, Oxford. The first fragment is part of a letter (probably a report about a local dispute), while the second is part of a petition by a woman. The papyri both come from Gurob in the Fayum and can be assigned to the third century BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay investigates what a nuanced and revisionary interpretation of Fichte's Critical-idealist philosophy could reveal about its impact on the philosophic thought of Friedrich Schlegel. It argues that Schlegel sees the Wissenschaftslehre through the lens of the distinction Fichte famous draws between the "spirit" (Geist) and the "letter" (Buchstaben) of a philosophy. He considers the spirit of the Wissenschaftslehre to lie in its acute awareness of its own limitation as a work of art and its letter in the deductive or demonstrative form it inevitably assumes upon being expounded. In the face of the discrepancy, Schlegel rejects the letter of the Wissenschaftslehre in favor of its spirit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from a recent book on Derrida and psychoanalysis, I return to the controversy between Lacan and Derrida in the 1970s. Its focus was the letter as interpreted by Lacan in a commentary of Poe's "Purloined Letter". While agreeing with some of Derrida's objections, I conclude that Lacan makes stronger points about the destination of the letter. I give my own example, Kafka's "Letter to the Father" in order to argue that one can state that "a letter always reaches its destination" even if it has not been delivered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to describe Indonesian language errors contained in the 2023 STAIN Majene New Student Admission Socialization Letter and the factors that cause or influence Indonesian language errors in the letter. This research uses a qualitative paradigm by paying attention to syntax, and spelling of writing official letters. The results of this study are, (1) Indonesian language errors in the Technical Socialization Letter for New Student Admissions STAIN Majene there are errors in the level of syntax and spelling, and (2) The factors that cause or influence these errors are the lack of adequate mastery of Indonesian (according to EBI), the understanding of the letter writer does not attach importance to writing according to spelling (which is important the intention is conveyed) or there is no motivation to respond to the advice of the Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan in 2015 on languages (Preserving Regional Languages, Prioritizing Indonesian, and Mastering Foreign Languages), there has never been an official letter writing training/workshop at STAIN Majene, and the language of letter writers is also influenced by the mother tongue (regional language). The suggestion in this study is that it is hoped that soon official letter writing training and socialization of the use of Indonesian Spelling (EBI) is valid in 2015-present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid advancement of technology has revolutionized educational methodologies, particularly in early childhood education. This study focuses on the development of interactive learning media for kindergarten students, aimed at facilitating the understanding of letters and numbers. Employing the ADDIE model, this developmental research was conducted at Cahaya Wonoasri Kindergarten, Madiun. Data collection involved observation, interviews, and questionnaires, targeting content validity, learning design, and media efficacy. The study culminated in the creation of an Android-based application, designed to be engaging for young learners. The application's effectiveness was validated through expert assessments and individual trials, demonstrating its potential in improving letter and number recognition among kindergarten students. The content, learning design, and media experts rated the application as 'good' to 'very good' in their respective areas of expertise. The findings suggest that the developed educational tool is not only viable but also beneficial in enhancing the learning experience for kindergarten children. The application's engaging design and interactive content align with modern teaching methodologies, potentially setting a new standard in early childhood education technology. This study highlights the significance of integrating technology in early education, especially in the digital era. The success of the developed Android-based application suggests a promising future for digital learning tools in kindergarten, potentially revolutionizing the way young children are introduced to fundamental concepts like letters and numbers.

The article compares the use of graphemes Z and V in written Russian Internet mass media of various genres: traditional (articles of Internet news portals and sites of regional governments), communicative (comments, messages, posts on social networks), marketing (names of brands, advertisements, event announcements, promotional posts) of two time periods, the watershed for which was the political event of February 24, 2022, which became known in the language under the name “military special operation in Ukraine”. We observe the dynamics of change in the semantics of Latin graphemes Z and V: the intensification of these letters continues the tradition of interaction between Cyrillic and Latin as a mechanism for creating occasionalisms and a means of creating expression, on the other hand, reflects such a linguistic phenomenon as the expansion of the semantics of a letter, its acquisition of ideological significance and turning to it as a tool in information war. In some cases, expressive graphemics becomes an effective means of implementing the genre of patriotic appeal, in others, it is used as a tool for expressing civic position, attitude to today’s political events. In the course of the work, general scientific methods of observation, description and comparison, as well as the method of contextual analysis were used.

This article focuses on a letter signed «ED» found among the papers of the British antiquary Francis Douce (1757-1834) and kept in the Bodleian Library in Oxford. The identity of Douce’s anonymous correspondent is discussed, a hypothesis regarding both authorship and date is proposed, and the contents of the letters are explored in connection with the transmission of knowledge within Douce’s extended networks, paying particular attention to his Spanish ¡ acquaintances and correspondents.

It has been mentioned in many academic and non-academic studies that Seyit Rıza, who was at the center of the rebellion that took place in Tunceli in 1937, wrote a letter to the United Kingdom Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the League of Nations and sought support for the rebellion. In the letters, in summary, the international community is invited to intervene by complaining about the following issues: The Turkish state targeted civilians in Dersim, waged an unjust war, including suffocating gas; Kurds were oppressed, forced to migrate and massacred. Although these two letters have been the subject of many academic and non-academic studies, they have been briefly mentioned and no detailed study has been done on them. In academic studies, the subject is not discussed as a whole, and the views put forward in non-academic studies on the subject have not been discussed with solid sources and justifications. The main research problem of this study is to determine by whom and for what purpose these two letters sent to the British Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the League of Nations were written. Archival documents, memoirs and current research on the subject are the main sources of this study. In the article, firstly, general information about the letters and their contents is given, and then the discussions about these letters are summarized. Finally, the form and content analyzes of the text were made and it was discussed by whom and for what purpose the letters were written by making use of archival documents and testimonies of the period. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the aforementioned letters were written by Mr. Baytar Nuri unaware of Seyit Rıza and sent to the relevant places.

The text is a transcription and translation into Polish and English of a French-language letter from Wladysław Mickiewicz (1838–1926), son of the great poet, Adam Mickiewicz (1798–1855), to the Bulgarian poet, modernist associated with the group “Thought” and the magazine Mis'l [Thought] (1892–1907).

The paper introduces the results of research on contact formulas in contemporary correspondence in Czech. The motivation for the research was the authors' language consulting practice and it resulted in the major research question of whether the greeting Dobrý den ('Hello') is suitable at the beginning of formal correspondence and what is the relationship between this contact formula and the addressing composed of the attribute Vážený ('Dear') and the nominal expression. There were two phases of the research: the first consisted of semistructured interviews with eight participants. The findings of this phase were used for the preparation of the questionnaire, which was the second phase of the research. The information obtained shows contemporary usage and perception of contact formulas in the frame of the representative sample of 367 respondents. The findings show that although there is a noticeable shift in the perception of contact formulas starting with the greeting Dobrý den, the more formal the communication situation, the more frequently the formula starts with the attribute Vážený. The greeting is often used in cases when the partners in communication are on an equal level, or when the writer is in the superior position, and it is ordinarily used in communication with an unknown addressee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]