Search

In order to alleviate the shortage of water in Xinjiang cotton fields, to ensure the sustainable development of the cotton industry in southern Xinjiang, it is necessary to determine a suitable "dry sowing and wet emergence" water quantity plan for cotton fields in southern Xinjiang to change the current situation. In this study, to explore the irrigation regime of "dry sowing and wet emergence" for cotton in Korla, Xinjiang, by combining field experiments and modeling simulations, the effects of different irrigation amounts on the water–heat–salt and seedling emergence characteristics of "dry sowing and wet emergence" cotton fields were investigated; the soil, water, and salt transport under different irrigation regimes was simulated by using HYDRUS-2D, and the seedling emergence rate of the cotton under different irrigation regimes was obtained through the establishment of a regression model. The results indicated that, in the field experiment, the soil water content of the 0−40 cm soil layer showed an overall trend of first increasing and then decreasing with time, while the soil salt content showed an overall trend of first decreasing and then increasing over time. The soil water content at the drip heads and cotton rows position, as well as on the 15th day, increased by an average of 5.58 cm3·cm−3 compared to before irrigation, and the soil salt content decreased by an average of 2.74 g/kg compared to before irrigation. In the irrigation water range of 675−825 m3/hm2, reducing the irrigation water amount increased the cotton emergence rate by 3.86% and the cotton vigor index by 70.53%. After the model simulation, it is recommended to choose the cotton "dry sowing and wet emergence" irrigation regime with a low to medium water amount (300−450 m3/hm2) at 14-day intervals or a low to medium water amount (300−375 m3/hm2) at 7-day intervals, which can obtain a higher seedling emergence rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to alleviate the shortage of water in Xinjiang cotton fields, to ensure the sustainable development of the cotton industry in southern Xinjiang, it is necessary to determine a suitable “dry sowing and wet emergence” water quantity plan for cotton fields in southern Xinjiang to change the current situation. In this study, to explore the irrigation regime of “dry sowing and wet emergence” for cotton in Korla, Xinjiang, by combining field experiments and modeling simulations, the effects of different irrigation amounts on the water–heat–salt and seedling emergence characteristics of “dry sowing and wet emergence” cotton fields were investigated; the soil, water, and salt transport under different irrigation regimes was simulated by using HYDRUS-2D, and the seedling emergence rate of the cotton under different irrigation regimes was obtained through the establishment of a regression model. The results indicated that, in the field experiment, the soil water content of the 0−40 cm soil layer showed an overall trend of first increasing and then decreasing with time, while the soil salt content showed an overall trend of first decreasing and then increasing over time. The soil water content at the drip heads and cotton rows position, as well as on the 15th day, increased by an average of 5.58 cm3·cm−3 compared to before irrigation, and the soil salt content decreased by an average of 2.74 g/kg compared to before irrigation. In the irrigation water range of 675−825 m3/hm2, reducing the irrigation water amount increased the cotton emergence rate by 3.86% and the cotton vigor index by 70.53%. After the model simulation, it is recommended to choose the cotton “dry sowing and wet emergence” irrigation regime with a low to medium water amount (300−450 m3/hm2) at 14-day intervals or a low to medium water amount (300−375 m3/hm2) at 7-day intervals, which can obtain a higher seedling emergence rate.

A meta-analysis was conducted with the aim of exploring the influence of irrigation on potato yield, evapotranspiration (ET), and water-use efficiency (WUE) in northern China, considering factors such as irrigation methods, growing region, irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE), irrigation frequency, soil types, and nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate. Overall, irrigation significantly increased potato yield and ET by an average of 45 and 54% compared to non-irrigation, respectively, but did not significantly increase the WUE. The increase in potato yield under irrigation is the most evident in aeolian sandy soil in northeast China and northwest China. Drip irrigation demonstrated the highest positive impact on both yield and WUE. Optimal yields were achieved with an irrigation amount ranging from 100 to 200 mm, while the highest WUE was observed with an irrigation amount of 30–50 mm. When the amount of irrigation exceeded 100 mm, the irrigation significantly resulted in decreased WUE compared to non-irrigation. The relative increase in yield per unit of irrigation amount and IWUE gradually decreased and eventually stabilized when the irrigation amount exceeded 100 mm. Therefore, the yield and WUE perform best when the irrigation amount is below 100 mm and the irrigation frequency is less than three times for sprinkling and flood irrigation methods. The greatest increases in yield and WUE under irrigation were found under a moderate N rate (150–250 kg N ha−1). Additionally, the relative increase in yield per unit of irrigation amount decreases gradually as the organic matter content increases. These findings suggest that the optimal benefits from irrigation might be realized when the irrigation amount is below 100 mm, with a moderate nitrogen fertilizer application and an irrigation frequency of three times. However, it is essential to consider local environmental factors such as the growing region, soil types, and organic carbon content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimizing irrigation strategies is crucial for sustaining cotton production in the face of growing water scarcity. The three-year experimental study (2020–2022) focused on the impact of varying irrigation amounts (320, 370, and 420 mm) and frequencies (4-, 8-, and 12-day intervals) on cotton growth, yield, yield components, and fiber quality in southern Xinjiang. Employing a completely randomized design with three replications, the results indicated higher irrigation amounts resulted in numerically 2.5–7.5% higher lint yields compared to those under medium and low irrigation amounts, notably significant in 2021. Boll density emerged as the primary yield component influencing yield loss due to irrigation amount, followed by seed cotton weight boll−1. Increased boll density was associated with a greater total number of fruiting sites. Additionally, the increased seed cotton weight boll−1 could be linked to an increased seed number boll−1 and a decreased boll fraction at the lower fruiting branches with lower seed cotton weight boll−1. Higher irrigation frequency improved lint yield by increasing boll density, though a significant effect was observed only in 2020. Increased irrigation amounts generally led to longer fiber lengths but lower micronaire values, while increased irrigation frequency resulted in longer, stronger fibers and reduced micronaire values. Furthermore, the highest yield stability was observed under the condition of high irrigation amount and high frequency. This study holds certain guiding significance for water resource management in cotton production in arid regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Biodegradable film (BF), as a superior substitute for traditional polyethylene film (PF), has experienced a consistent increase in China. However, a significant research gap persists regarding the utilization of BF in assessing farmland carbon balance. This experiment examined the responses of maize growth, yield, irrigation water productivity (IWP), CO2 emissions, and field net carbon sequestration (NCS) to two BF types (BF1, 100-day induction period, and BF2, 80-day induction period), and PF, and three irrigation amounts (I1, I2, I3: 5250, 5625, and 6000 m3 ha–1), by conducting a two-year (2019–2020) field trial in a typical arid and semi-arid region of China. The results indicated that biodegradable film mulching (BFM) negatively affected maize growth, resulting in reduced yield and IWP. Especially under the I1 irrigation level, the biodegradable film reduced maize yield by 6.26%–13.99% and IWP by 6.64–13.85%. Notably, in the I2 irrigation level, BF1 mulching had a comparable impact on maize yield and IWP to that of PF. Additionally, the increase in irrigation amounts exerted a more pronounced promoting effect on maize total biomass than on yield and IWP. Concerning carbon balance, short-term BF application resulted in reduced CO2 emissions (5.74–6.30% under BF1 and 9.27–12.37% under BF2), without any significant impact on NCS in cropland. Taking into account the economic value of maize and farmland ecology, we recommended utilizing irrigation amounts of 5625 m3 ha–1 for BF application in arid areas, while opting for a BF with a longer induction period whenever feasible.

【Objective】 Selecting a right substrate composition is of paramount importance for facility agriculture. This paper is to determine the optimal nursery substrate composition and irrigation amount for the cultivation of zucchini seedlings. 【Method】 Using Nongyuan NO.1 zucchini as the model plant, we compared four nursery substrate ratio: peat: perlite (3∶1, CK), peat: vermiculite: perlite (3∶1∶1, T1), peat: vermiculite (2∶1, T2), and peat: vermiculite: perlite: coconut bran (2∶1∶1, T3). The bulk density and porosity of T2 and T3 were 0.22 g/cm3 and 53.29%, and 0.34 g/cm3 and 56.93%, respectively. For each substrate, there were three irrigation treatments by setting the irrigation amount at 100% (I1), 75% (I1), and 50% (I2) of the evaporation capacity (ET). We evaluated the combined effect of substrate and irrigation amount on growth, water consumption and water use efficiency of the seedlings. 【Result】 Among the three substrates, the physical and chemical properties of T2 were the best for the zucchini seedling. Its combination with irrigation I2 gave the largest stem diameter, which was 12.40% to 26.98% greater compared to other substrates under the same irrigation amount. The vigor of the seedlings under irrigation I2 and I3 was significantly greater than that under I1. The combination of T3+I3 increased water use efficiency by 11.87% to 45.97%, respectively, compared to other two substrates under the same irrigation amount. The total water consumption per seedling increased with the increase in irrigation amount and decreased with the increase in substrate bulk density. 【Conclusion】 The experimental results show that the optimal substrate and irrigation for the growth of zucchini seedlings is bulk density between 0.22 g/cm3 and 0.34 g/cm3 and porosity between 53% and 56%. These, combined with the irrigation I2, can enhance seedling quality and improve its water use efficiency.

In the soil column experiments, the irrigation amount varied from 4.8 to 12 L, and the nitrogen application rate was from 80 to 360 kg ha−1. Three fertigation strategies were tested. The results indicated that an increase in water input led to an increase in the area of pH decrease in the soil at 10 days after the irrigation ended for a given lateral depth of 10 cm. The measurement of nitrogen distribution showed that the nitrogen content in the soil was significantly increased with the nitrogen application rate. Fertigation strategies substantially affect the pH and nitrogen distributions in soil. The strategy of applying water at first for one-fourth of the total irrigation time (1/4W), then applying fertilizer solution for one-half of the total irrigation time (1/2N), followed by applying water for the remaining one-fourth of the total irrigation time (1/4W) made a minimal soil pH decreasing area and a homogeneous nitrate distribution at 0–20 cm depth. Therefore, to reduce NO3-N leaching and avoid deep soil acidification, a dripline depth of 10 cm with an irrigation amount of 4.8 L and a nitrogen application rate of 80 kg ha−1 through the 1/4W–1/2N–1/4W fertigation may be suggested. HIGHLIGHTS Minor water and nitrogen input with shallow lateral depth can be conducive to reduce nitrate leaching.; The NO3-N accumulation and pH decrease mainly appeared in surface soil through 1/4W–1/2N–1/4W fertigation.; Drip irrigation is feasible to mitigate soil acidification.; An ongoing field experiment confirms and improves the results of laboratory experiments without crops.;

Copyright of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Winter irrigation is widely carried out to alleviate soil salinization in Northwest China. In recent years, the effects of irrigation amount and irrigation schedule on soil water and salt distribution and water use efficiency (WUE) during crop growth periods have been extensively studied, but the effects of winter irrigation on water use efficiency have been generally ignored. This work was conducted from November 2018 to October 2020 in two kinds of saline-alkali farmlands (mild saline-alkali farmland and moderate saline-alkali farmland) with five winter irrigation amounts (0, 150, 225, 300 and 375 mm). The results indicated that, during the winter irrigation period, the maximum moisture content layer in the soil becomes more shallow with the increase in the winter irrigation amount and the salinity of the soil. The salt return process mainly occurs during the late thawing period. After two years, for a winter irrigation amount of 150 mm to 375 mm, the change rate of soil salt in mild saline-alkali farmland decreased from −2.50% to −15.38% in the 0–100 cm profile, and that value in moderate saline-alkali farmland decreased from 12.22% to −16.85%. Compared with the non-winter irrigation treatment, the sprouting rate, survival rate, morphological index and cotton yield in the coming year are greater under the winter irrigation treatment. For mild saline-alkali farmland and moderate saline-alkali farmland, to keep soil desalinated, enhance cotton growth and save water resources, the recommended winter irrigation amounts are 225 mm and 300 mm, respectively. The research methods and results are of great significance for rationally evaluating the sustainable winter irrigation amount for cotton fields under mulched drip irrigation in different saline-alkali farmlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Prataculturae Sinica is the property of Acta Prataculturae Sinica Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Soil organic carbon is very important to increase crop yield. Understanding the composition changes and migration characteristics of SOC under different irrigation conditions in arid oasis areas is of great significance for the sustainable development of agro-ecosystem and the estimation of carbon balance of farmland ecosystem in arid areas. In this paper, classical statistics and geostatistics were used to study the leaching characteristics and migration laws of soil organic carbon under different irrigation conditions in Minqin Oasis, and the leaching amount and loss process and mechanism of SOC under different irrigation conditions were quantified. The research results showed that: (1) Irrigation increased the average 0–100 cm SOC content. After irrigation, SOC content decreased first and then increased with the increase in soil depth, with the maximum value of 8.56 g/kg and the minimum value of 1.82 g/kg. Compared with that before irrigation, SOC content in 0–30 cm surface layer was in leaching state, SOC content in 30–70 cm surface layer was accumulated, and SOC content in 70–100 cm surface layer had no obvious change. (2) Water was an important factor affecting soil carbon. The greater the irrigation amount, the higher the carbon leaching rate and the greater the migration amount. The SOC content in 0–30 cm soil layer was most significantly affected by irrigation, and the migration amount of SOC gradually decreased with the increase in soil depth. The maximum leaching rate of SOC was 36.8%, the minimum leaching rate was 13.5%, and its average leaching rate was 23.4%. (3) Due to the influence of soil infiltration rate under water, SOC content in different irrigation periods showed that the greatest SOC occurred in the 0–70 cm layer, and SOC content in soil was basically the same as that in non-irrigated areas on the fifth day after irrigation. (4) Precipitation, plastic film mulching, soil physical and chemical properties and other environmental factors were important factors affecting the migration and change in SOC content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Drainage & Irrigation Machinery Engineering / Paiguan Jixie Gongcheng Xuebao is the property of Editorial Department of Drainage & Irrigation Machinery Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A two-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of irrigation and nitrogen amount on maize growth and water productivity for saline soil. The main treatments were four nitrogen levels 0 (N0), 215 (N1), 270 (N2), and 325 kg ha−1 (N3) and three irrigation levels 500 (W1), 400 (W2), and 300 mm (W3). The results demonstrated that all treatments were in salt leaching state in 2016 and in salt accumulation state in 2017. Soil salinity decreased with increasing nitrogen amount while nitrogen amount was lower than 270 kg ha−1 under W2, but increased with increasing nitrogen amount under W3. Compared with W1N2, the reduction in plant height and leaf area index of W2N2 was less than 7.0%. The total water consumption decreased with decreasing irrigation and nitrogen amount. Yield of W2N2 was only 5.0% less than W1N2 in 2016, but obtained the largest yield in 2017. Yield and water use efficiency were elevated while nitrogen amount increased from 0 to 270 kg ha−1, but were decreased while nitrogen amount exceeded 270 kg ha−1. Thus, irrigation amount 400 mm in combined with nitrogen amount 270 kg ha−1 could alleviate salt accumulation, promote maize growth, and ensure maize yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

【Objective】 The present paper aimed to investigate the comprehensive effects of irrigation amount on soil enzyme activity, yield, quality and nutrient utilization of pepper in Sichuan Basin, and propose an appropriate irrigation amount. 【Method】 The pepper variety of Xingshuzhoula 3 was used as the experiment material. Four irrigation amount treatments were set, and the soil volumetric moisture content was controlled respectively at 35%-40% (T1), 45%-50% (T2), 55%-60% (T3), 65%-70% (T4). The soil urease, neutral phosphatase, sucrase β-Glucosidase activity and catalase activity such as yield, quality, and plant N, P, K content of peppers were determined. The interrelationship between the indicators was analyzed. 【Result】 The soil enzyme activities increased with the increase of irrigation amount. The soil urease, neutral phosphatase, sucrase, β-glucosidase and catalase activities of T4 were the highest, and the activities of some enzymes were not significantly different from those of T3.Compared with T1, the increases were 48.80%, 28.70%, 45.60%, 100.87% and 102.58%, respectively. With the increase of irrigation amount, pepper yield also increased, T4 increased by 29.05% compared with T1, and there was no significant difference in pepper yield between T3 and T4.The content of vitamin C and capsaicin in peppers decreased gradually with the increase of irrigation water, but the content of soluble sugar in peppers increased with the increase of irrigation water. The amount of irrigation increased the total accumulation of nutrients (N, P and K), the physiological use efficiency of N and K and the partial fertilizer productivity in pepper fruits and shoots. Except that the physiological utilization efficiency of P was lower than that of T4, the other nutrient utilization parameters of T3 were not significantly different from those of T4, and the physiological utilization efficiency of K was even significantly higher than that of T4.【Conclusion】When the irrigation amount is 4392-4733 t/hm² (T3 and T4), the soil enzyme activity, yield and nutrient utilization rate of pepper are all at high levels. The results of the study provide a theoretical and practical reference for the selection of the irrigation amount of facilities pepper in Sichuan Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A meta-analysis was conducted with the aim of exploring the influence of irrigation on potato yield, evapotranspiration (ET), and water-use efficiency (WUE) in northern China, considering factors such as irrigation methods, growing region, irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE), irrigation frequency, soil types, and nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate. Overall, irrigation significantly increased potato yield and ET by an average of 45 and 54% compared to non-irrigation, respectively, but did not significantly increase the WUE. The increase in potato yield under irrigation is the most evident in aeolian sandy soil in northeast China and northwest China. Drip irrigation demonstrated the highest positive impact on both yield and WUE. Optimal yields were achieved with an irrigation amount ranging from 100 to 200 mm, while the highest WUE was observed with an irrigation amount of 30–50 mm. When the amount of irrigation exceeded 100 mm, the irrigation significantly resulted in decreased WUE compared to non-irrigation. The relative increase in yield per unit of irrigation amount and IWUE gradually decreased and eventually stabilized when the irrigation amount exceeded 100 mm. Therefore, the yield and WUE perform best when the irrigation amount is below 100 mm and the irrigation frequency is less than three times for sprinkling and flood irrigation methods. The greatest increases in yield and WUE under irrigation were found under a moderate N rate (150–250 kg N ha−1). Additionally, the relative increase in yield per unit of irrigation amount decreases gradually as the organic matter content increases. These findings suggest that the optimal benefits from irrigation might be realized when the irrigation amount is below 100 mm, with a moderate nitrogen fertilizer application and an irrigation frequency of three times. However, it is essential to consider local environmental factors such as the growing region, soil types, and organic carbon content.

Optimizing irrigation strategies is crucial for sustaining cotton production in the face of growing water scarcity. The three-year experimental study (2020–2022) focused on the impact of varying irrigation amounts (320, 370, and 420 mm) and frequencies (4-, 8-, and 12-day intervals) on cotton growth, yield, yield components, and fiber quality in southern Xinjiang. Employing a completely randomized design with three replications, the results indicated higher irrigation amounts resulted in numerically 2.5–7.5% higher lint yields compared to those under medium and low irrigation amounts, notably significant in 2021. Boll density emerged as the primary yield component influencing yield loss due to irrigation amount, followed by seed cotton weight boll−1. Increased boll density was associated with a greater total number of fruiting sites. Additionally, the increased seed cotton weight boll−1 could be linked to an increased seed number boll−1 and a decreased boll fraction at the lower fruiting branches with lower seed cotton weight boll−1. Higher irrigation frequency improved lint yield by increasing boll density, though a significant effect was observed only in 2020. Increased irrigation amounts generally led to longer fiber lengths but lower micronaire values, while increased irrigation frequency resulted in longer, stronger fibers and reduced micronaire values. Furthermore, the highest yield stability was observed under the condition of high irrigation amount and high frequency. This study holds certain guiding significance for water resource management in cotton production in arid regions.

The water stress experiment of three-year-old “Ningqi No. 1” Lycium barbarum L. planted in greenhouse was carried out by the method of soil water control. Four irrigation levels were set up: conventional irrigation level W0,mild drought W1,moderate drought W2 and severe drought W3 . Through studying the variation law of leaf photosynthetic parameters,the effects of different irrigation amounts on the physiological characteristics of L. barbarum during flowering stage and fruit-ripening stage were studied. The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate,intercellular CO2 concentration and transpiration rate of L. barbarum leaves decreased significantly with the increase of soil water stress. The average net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,intercellular CO2 concentration and transpiration rate of L. barbarum leaves in flowering stage were higher than those in fruit-ripening stage. L. barbarum was more vulnerable to water stress in flowering stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】 Vineyards in north China require irrigation and the purpose of this paper is to experimentally study the effect of irrigation amount on fruit quality of table grape. 【Method】 The field experiment was conducted in Shanxi province in north China, in which the perennial early-ripening Emerald green and the mid-ripening Crimson were used as the model plants. They were both watered using border irrigation. For each variety, we compared three irrigation amounts: 2 570 m3/hm2 (CK), 2 056 m3/hm2 (T1), and 1 542 m3/hm2 (T2). During the experiment, we measured the growth, fruit yield and quality of the grape. 【Result】 Reducing irrigation amount during the shooting stage did not result in a noticeable effect on stem growth and shooting of either variety, but a change in irrigation amount during the fruit expansion stage affected the length and width of both individual fruits and grape clusters, and the ultimate yield. Compared with CK, T1 increased the yield of the Emerald green by 6.89%, while T2 reduced its yield by 16.36%. Reducing irrigation amount also affected nutrient quality and edible quality of the grape, with the contents of total phenols and flavanols both decreasing as the irrigation amount decreased, despite the insignificant difference between T1 and CK. The yield of the Crimson maximized in CK, reaching 22 555 kg/hm2; compared with CK, T1 and T2 reduced its fruit yield by 8.18% and 14.05%, respectively. T1 increased the total phenolic content by 4.55% while increasing the total flavonoids content by 52.83%, compared to CK. The highest total phenol content in T2 was 8.48 mg/g, a 11.91% increase compared to that in CK. Decrease in irrigation amount led to a reduction in the sugar-acid ratio. 【Conclusion】 Change in irrigation amount did not have a significant effect on growth of the fresh grape during the shooting period, but significantly impacted fruit yield and quality of the grape during the fruit expanding stage. Reducing irrigation amount to 2 056 m3/hm2 during the fruit expanding stage of the Emerald green can increase fruit yield and quality, while for the Crimson the optimal irrigation amount is 2 570 m3/hm2.

Copyright of Journal of Northwest A & F University - Natural Science Edition is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Northwest A&F University (Natural Science Edition) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Yellow River Water Allocation Management Method was put into place in 1998 to decrease the Yellow River water amount used by upstream areas and provide more water to downstream regions. Rainfall and Yellow River's infiltration are the main groundwater supply in the downstream area of Yellow River. The groundwater table in the downstream area has continued to decrease since 1979, and the extracted groundwater for irrigation is the main reason for this. Whether the increased river water amount could improve the decreased groundwater level is uncertain. Therefore, we used remote sensing images, groundwater level observations, meteorological data, and unit mean irrigation rate to identify the irrigation events for river water and groundwater, estimate the annual river water irrigation amount and groundwater irrigation amount, and analyze the effects of river water allocation on the groundwater table. Our analysis showed that the area of double-irrigated farmland (farmland that could be irrigated by both groundwater and river water) tended to decrease, while well-irrigated farmland area (farmland that could only be irrigated by groundwater) remained unchanged during the study period. The number of annual irrigation events tended to increase, and the usage of river water remained consistent throughout this period. The increased number of well irrigation events caused annual groundwater usage for irrigation to increase. However, the usage of river water for irrigation remained stable. The increased usage of groundwater for irrigation led the groundwater table to continually decrease from 1998 to 2019. This indicates that there are shortcomings to the current water allocation policy, and that further improvements are needed to prevent continued decrease in groundwater levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water and nitrogen are vital factors limiting dry matter accumulation (DMA) and yield formation of spring maize. Simulation of DMA in spring maize under different irrigation and nitrogen application levels is conducive to better field management. Logistic model is a simple and effective measure to simulate the DMA. However, the coupling effect of water amount and nitrogen rate on logistic model parameters for spring maize in Northwest China has received little attention thus far. In this study, regression equations between logistic model parameters, water amount (i.e. irrigation plus rainfall), and nitrogen application rate were established and validated using independent data sets from three experiment sites (Wuwei in Gansu Province, Guyuan in Ningxia Province and Bayannur in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region). Similarly, the empirical model of harvest index was established and validated. The results showed that these regression equations can accurately predict the dry matter accumulation and yield of spring maize. Therefore, this study can provide an alternative simple method to predict DMA and yield of spring maize under various water and nitrogen treatment in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Cotton production in China is challenged by high labor input including manual topping (MT). Recently, to replace MT in the Xinjiang cotton region of China, mepiquat chloride (MC) was applied once more than the traditional multiple-application; this was designated as chemical topping (CT), but it is unclear whether the amount of irrigation needs to be adjusted to accommodate CT. Results The main plots were assigned to three drip irrigation amounts [300 (I1), 480 (I2), and 660 (I3) mm], and the subplots were assigned to the CT treatments [450 (MC1), 750 (MC2), and 1 050 (MC3) mL·hm−2 25% MC] with MT as a control that was performed after early bloom. The optimum drip irrigation amount for CT was explored based on leaf photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, biomass accumulation, and yield. There were significant influences of drip irrigation, topping treatments and their interaction on chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, gas exchange parameters and biomass accumulation characteristics as well as yield. The combination of I2 and MC2 (I2MC2) performed best. Compared with I2MT, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) of I2MC2 significantly increased by 4.0%∼7.2%, 6.8%∼17.1%, 5.2%∼17.6%, and 4.8%∼9.6%, respectively, from the peak flowering to boll opening stages. Moreover, I2MC2 showed fast reproductive organ biomass accumulation and the highest seed cotton yield; the latter was 6.6%∼12.8% higher than that of I2MT. Further analysis revealed that a 25% MC emulsion in water (MCEW) application resulted in yield improvement by increasing Pn, φPSII, and qP to promote biomass accumulation and transport to reproductive organs. Conclusion The results showed that the 480 mm drip irrigation combined with 750 mL·hm−2 MC increased the rate of dry matter accumulation in reproductive organs by increasing Pn, φPSII, and qP to improve photosynthetic performance, thus achieving higher yield.

【Objective】 Fine-texture soils are prone to hypoxia making soil toxic for crops to growth. Mixing irrigation water with air bubbles to aerate the root-zone soil is one solution. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate how aeration frequency and drip irrigation amount combine to affect the yield and quality of winter potato in Yunnan province, China. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in a field, and we compared three irrigation amounts calculated based on the potential evapotranspiration (ETC): 100% (W1), 80% (W2) and 60% (W3) of ETC. Each irrigation amount was associated with three aeration frequencies: 1 day (D1), 5 days (D5) and 7 days (D7). In each treatment, we measured the growth traits, yield and quality of the potato at different growing stages to analyze the combined impact of irrigation amount and aeration frequency. 【Result】 Aeration frequency and irrigation amount impacted the height, stem diameter, leaf area index and yield of the crop significantly (P

【Objective】 Irrigation pit is a technology to collect and store water for it to be used in irrigation. The objective of this paper is to study experimentally the impact of burying depth of emitters of subsurface irrigation in combination with a pit on water infiltration in red soil. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted indoors using soil tanks. The moving distance of the wetting front, cumulative infiltration and spatiotemporal distribution of soil water content under different irrigation amounts from 1 to 3 L, and emitter depths from 10 to 20 cm, were measured and calculated. We then modelled soil water movement in the tanks numerically based on the Richards’ equation, and fitted the infiltration process to different models. 【Result】 The infiltration rate increased with irrigation amount and decreased as the burying depth of the emitters increased. The infiltration rate declined as the time elapsed. In the first 540 min after onset of the experiment, the wetted area and the maximum moving distance of the wetting front increased with irrigation amount, thereby driving the water moving towards the bottom-right of the tanks. The maximum moving distance of the wetting front in the vertical direction was greater than that in the horizontal direction; the influence of irrigation amount on soil water content was greater than the impact of the emitter depth. 【Conclusion】 The Kostiakov model was more accurate than the Philip model to describe the water infiltration, and the numerical model can simulate spatiotemporal dynamics of the water in the soil tanks.

Copyright of Bulletin of Soil & Water Conservation is the property of Bulletin of Soil & Water Conservation Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objective] To investigate the effects of tillage practices, irrigation amount and their interaction on the growth, development and yield of wheat. [Methods] Two factors, tillage practices and irrigation amount were set in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia. Four tillage practices, rotary tillage straw mulching conventional sowing (XG), straw mulching no tillage sowing (MG), traditional tilling (CT) and subsoiling straw mulching (SS), and five irrigation levels, 900, 1 350, 1 800, 2 250 and 2 700 m³/hm² were set to determine wheat seedling rate, plant height, leaf area index, yield traits and grain yield. In addition, the interactions between the indexes were analyzed. [Results] With average seedling rate of 96.55%, MG had the highest seedling rate. Except for CT, under XG, MG and SS treatment, wheat plant height at maturity increased gradually with the increase of irrigation amount, with the maximum of 93.52, 95.67 and 94.00 cm, respectively. The wheat leaf area index was affected by tillage practices, and was significantly (P<0.05) different under different irrigation amount. Under different tillage practices the five irrigation levels had different effect on the growth and development of wheat. The wheat yield under MG treatment was significantly higher than that of other treatments (P<0.05), and the maximum yield was 8 152.63 kg/hm² under irrigation amount of 2 700 m³/hm², followed by the yield of 6 493.55 kg/hm2 at irrigation amount of 2 250 m³/hm². [Conclusion] In Chifeng City, straw mulching no tillage sowing along with irrigation of 1 350-2 250 m³/hm² for wheat planting could achieve water conservation and productive yield improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】 Nutrient uptake and its use efficiency by crops are modulated by many biotic and abiotic factors, and the objective of this paper is to investigate their change in response to planting density and irrigations amount in attempts to provide a guidance to help improve water use efficiency and reduce fertilizer usage without compromising crop yield. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in a field in an arid warm valley in Yunnan province, with onion used as the model plant. We compared three irrigation amounts: 7 000 m3/hm2(I1), 4 550 m3/hm2 (I2) and 3 300 m3/hm2 (I3), and two planting densities: 21 200 plants/hm2 (D1) and 118 800 plants/hm2(D2). In each treatment, we measured the biomass and bolting percentage of the onion, its nutrient absorption and utilization, harvest traits, as well as water use efficiency (WUE). 【Result】 Irrigation amount had a significant effect on WUE, nutrient absorption and utilization efficiency. Compared with other irrigation treatments, I1 increased the uptake of P, K and Mg by the crop, but the use efficiencies of these minerals in I3 were the highest. Planting density also significantly affected biomass, bolting percentage, nutrient absorption and utilization efficiency of the crop. Compared with D2, D1 increased the uptake efficiency of N, P and Mg by the crop, whilst their utilization efficiency was higher in the D2. It was found D2 significantly increased the biomass but reduced the bolting percentage of the crop. We found irrigation amount and planting density interactively affected biomass, bolting percentage, WUE, nutrient absorption and utilization efficiency, harvest traits, absorption efficiency of N, P, K, Ca and Mg, with most of these entities peaking in I1+D1. The principal component analysis gave the highest score to I3+D2 followed by I1+D1. 【Conclusion】 Comparison of various combinations of irrigation amounts and planting densities revealed that I3+D2 was optimal for growing onion in the arid warming valley studied in this work.

【Background and Objective】 The increase in solar-greenhouse green pepper production has exerted pressure on the limited water resources in Shanxi province of China. Understanding the effect of soil water on physiological traits of the pepper is essential to improving its water use efficiency. The aim of this paper is to experimentally elucidate the response of biomass production of the green pepper and its subsequent translocation to irrigation amount. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted from October 2018 to April in 2020 in a greenhouse at Xiaodian district in Taiyuan City. It has four irrigation treatments: sufficient irrigation in whole growing season, 50% deficit irrigation during the seedling stage, 50% deficit irrigation during the seedling and flowering stages, and 50% deficit irrigation in the whole growing season. In each treatment, we measured the dry matter change of each plant organ, from which we derived a model to calculate organ biomass using irrigation amount and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The model was validated against experimental data. 【Result】 The accumulative dry matter increased with the cumulative thermal time and differed significantly between different irrigation amounts. The dry mass of above- and below-ground organs predicted from the model was consistent with those experimentally measured with a standard error (RMSE) of 0.79～3.56 g/per plant. The mean absolute error (MAE) between the predicted and measured dry mass of stem, leaves, fruits and roots of per plant was 0.95～2.14 g, 1.25～2.95 g, 6.34～19.54 g and 0.54～1.10 g, respectively. The irrigation amount impacted on translocation of the dry matter to stems, leaves and fruits more significantly than translocation to roots. 【Conclusion】 The model we derived for estimating dry mass production and its translocation is reliable and can be used to help manage greenhouse green pepper production when fertilization is sufficient and irrigation is deficient.

Soil organic carbon is very important to increase crop yield. Understanding the composition changes and migration characteristics of SOC under different irrigation conditions in arid oasis areas is of great significance for the sustainable development of agro-ecosystem and the estimation of carbon balance of farmland ecosystem in arid areas. In this paper, classical statistics and geostatistics were used to study the leaching characteristics and migration laws of soil organic carbon under different irrigation conditions in Minqin Oasis, and the leaching amount and loss process and mechanism of SOC under different irrigation conditions were quantified. The research results showed that: (1) Irrigation increased the average 0–100 cm SOC content. After irrigation, SOC content decreased first and then increased with the increase in soil depth, with the maximum value of 8.56 g/kg and the minimum value of 1.82 g/kg. Compared with that before irrigation, SOC content in 0–30 cm surface layer was in leaching state, SOC content in 30–70 cm surface layer was accumulated, and SOC content in 70–100 cm surface layer had no obvious change. (2) Water was an important factor affecting soil carbon. The greater the irrigation amount, the higher the carbon leaching rate and the greater the migration amount. The SOC content in 0–30 cm soil layer was most significantly affected by irrigation, and the migration amount of SOC gradually decreased with the increase in soil depth. The maximum leaching rate of SOC was 36.8%, the minimum leaching rate was 13.5%, and its average leaching rate was 23.4%. (3) Due to the influence of soil infiltration rate under water, SOC content in different irrigation periods showed that the greatest SOC occurred in the 0–70 cm layer, and SOC content in soil was basically the same as that in non-irrigated areas on the fifth day after irrigation. (4) Precipitation, plastic film mulching, soil physical and chemical properties and other environmental factors were important factors affecting the migration and change in SOC content.

Water scarcity is a worldwide problem, and in order to obtain plenty of production, agricultural irrigation water accounts for a large portion. Many studies have shown that the interaction of root microorganisms and soil can promote crop growth. Developing ways to reduce irrigation to maintain soil fertility and ensure crop yield by regulating the root microenvironment is an important research goal. Here, we developed a reasonable irrigation plan for eggplant cultivation in a solar greenhouse. The maximum theoretical amount of water demand during eggplant planting obtained from a previous study was used as the control (CK), and the irrigation in the treatments was reduced by 10, 20 and 30% relative to this amount. The 10% irrigation reduction treatment (T1) significantly improved soil nutrients and increased soil catalase, urease and alkaline phosphatase activities (p < 0.05). Further analysis of rhizosphere microorganisms revealed the highest richness and diversity of the microbial community under the T1 treatment, with Bacilli as the most abundant bacteria and Aspergillaceae as the most abundant fungi and lower relative abundances of Chloroflexi and Acidobacteria (p < 0.05). Changes in microbial community structure under the influence of different irrigation treatments resulted in improvements in rhizosphere N cycling and nutrient catabolism. The plant– microbe interactions led to significant increases in eggplant plant height, root vigour, root surface area, leaf chlorophyll a, leaf net photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance under the T1 treatment compared to the CK treatment; soluble sugar, soluble protein and free amino acid contents in eggplant fruit increased by 10.8, 12.3 and 6.7%, respectively; and yield increased by 3.9%. Our research proved that the 10% irrigation reduction treatment (T1) could improve microbial community richness and fruit yield, which would improve irrigation efficiency and cost reduction in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

：In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of amount of irrigation water under gravel-sand mulch conditions on hydrothermal parameters of soil and fruit yield of date palm forests in fallow gravel-sand mulched field. The field experiment was conducted in an arid zone in central Ningxia. To investigate the effects of gravel-sand mulch and irrigation on soil temperature, soil water storage, jujube fruit yield, and water use efficiency, we used two types of mulch（gravel-sand mulching（M）and bare soil（N））and three different amounts of irrigation water（low water：180 mm（W1）, medium water：210 mm（W2）, and high water：240 mm（W3））. The results showed that gravel-sand mulching increased the soil temperature at a depth of 0~10 cm by 0.8~3.1 ℃ compared with that of bare soil. The soil warming period（10：00—14：00）after gravel-sand mulching was significantly shorter than that of bare soil（8：00—14：00）, and the warming rate was 0.4 ℃·h-1 faster than that of the bare soil treatment. The method of mulching and the amount of irrigation water had a significant effect（P<0.05）on the amount of soil water stored at a depth of 0~80 cm during the entire fertility period of the jujube trees, and the gravel-sand mulching treatment increased by 10.97% on average with the amount of soil water stored compared with that of the bare soil treatment. The highest increase was 14.54% at the leaf bud stage, when the soil water content was low. The growth index, yield, and water use efficiency of jujube trees under gravel-sand mulch conditions were higher than those under bare soil, and the yield from high to low was W3>W2>W1, which increased by 5.99%, 10.54%, and 26.79%, respectively, compared with that of the bare soil treatment, with the highest water use efficiency of MW2 being 1.55 kg·m-3 . In condusion, the MW2 treatment is a suitable planting pattern for date palm forests on fallow and gravel-sand mulched field in the central arid zone of Ningxia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The mechanism of greenhouse tomato growth and yield under the integrated water and fertilizer of moistube irrigation (MI) is not clear. Thus, to fill the research gap, a completely randomized trial design was used to study the effects of different irrigation amounts (I; to realize different I, the tube working pressure was 1 (I1), 2 (I2), 3 (I3) m) and fertilizer amounts (F, N-P-K: 20%-20%-20%; the F at a single time was 100 (F1), 200 (F2) and 300 (F3) kg/ha) on growth and yield of tomato. The results showed that with an increase in I, the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of leaves and total dry matter mass (TDM) first increased and then decreased, while the nutrition and the flavor indexes of fruit decreased. With an increase in F, the Pn of leaves, the TDM of tomato and the fruit quality increased at first and then decreased. The effects of I on the yield of tomato was higher than that of F. With an increase in I, the partial fertilizer productivity (PFP) increased at first and then decreased, and the water use efficiency (WUE) decreased by 13.96%. With an increase in F, the WUE increased at first and then decreased, and the PFP decreased by 148.97%. The conclusion based on a spatial analysis was consistent with the comprehensive evaluation of yield and water use efficiency, which showed that I2F2 was the best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Background and Objective】 Hetao irrigation district is one of the three mega-irrigation districts relying on Yellow river water for irrigation in China. However, the reduced water supply for the district to take for the river in the past decade has promoted the region to develop water-saving irrigation. Different agronomic and engineering methods have been developed, and the aim of this paper is to elucidate how to improve groundwater usage by crops by manipulating irrigation amount in regions with different groundwater depths. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted over the district by irrigating the crops three time during their growth season, with the irrigation amount at each growth stage varying from 90 to 135 mm. Added to this is a further irrigation in autumn with an irrigation amount of 300mm. The average annual groundwater depth in the experimental regions varied from 1.8 m to 2.0 m. In each treatment, we measured the change in soil water content and groundwater table before and after the irrigation. 【Result】 Average water content in the 0~60 cm soil changed significantly following irrigation, regardless of the irrigation amount. The first two irrigations in the crop growth season replenished the water in the tillage layer, while in the third irrigation 25% of the irrigation water leached to the subsoils. Overall, the larger the irrigation amount was, the more water would leach into the groundwater. The proportion of irrigation water leached to the groundwater increased with irrigation amount when the average annual groundwater depth was the same, and decreased with the groundwater depth when the irrigation amount was the same. 【Conclusion】 For areas with annual groundwater depth of 1.8 m, irrigating 90 mm in each of the three irrigations during the crop growth season, together with a 300 mm autumn irrigation, can significantly reduce irrigation water leaching and increase groundwater usage by the crops.

【Background】 The imbalance between water supply and crop demand for water is the bottleneck limiting agricultural production in Xiliaohe plain of China. Long-term flooding irrigation in this region has deteriorated its environments including decline in water and nitrogen use efficiency and dropping of groundwater table. Improving water and nitrogen use efficiency has become essential to sustaining its agricultural production. 【Objective】 The objective of this paper is to investigate how planting density can be combined with irrigation and fertigation to increase water and nitrogen use efficiency of spring maize. 【Method】 The field experiment was conducted from 2017—2019 in a field with all treatments randomly arranged in the field. All treatments were watered and fertilized with subsurface drip irrigation. During the three years of experiment, we measured and analyzed the change in maize yield (Y) in response to irrigation amount (W), nitrogen application rate (N) and planting density (D). 【Result】 An increase in W, N or D boosted Y, with the significance of their impact ranked in the order of N>W>D. The combined impact of any two factors on Y was ranked in the order of ND>WN>WD. With the increase in each pair of factors, Y increased first followed by a decline. It was found that sufficient nitrogen application coupled with moderate irrigation and intermediate planting density gave the highest yield, followed by sufficient irrigation and fertigation coupled with intermediate planting density. The yield of the maize was 1 958.40~2 228.00 m3/hm2 under rain-feeding. Irrigating at 1 958.40~2 228.00 m3/hm2 and fertigating at 209.34~275.70 kg/hm2, along with planting density of 67 350~78 150 plants/hm2, increased the yield to 12 000~12 716.82 kg/hm2. 【Conclusion】 Spring maize yield was modulated jointly by irrigation, fertigation and planting density. Our three-year experiments revealed that their optimal combination for Xiliaohe plain was: irrigating at 1 958.40~2 228.00 m3/hm2, fertigating at 209.34~275.70 kg/hm2, and planting at 67 350~78 150 plants/hm2.

Freshwater resources are in a shortage in arid regions worldwide, especially in extremely arid desert areas. To solve this problem, highly saline groundwater is used for drip irrigation of desert plants. Since more irrigation infiltrating into the deep soil cannot be absorbed and utilized by desert plants, it is crucial to determine optimal water-saving irrigation regimes. In this study, we examined the effects of irrigation regimes on the soil water dynamics of two typical woody halophyte species (Haloxylon and Calligonum), and quantified the irrigation intervals and periods based on a field test of precision irrigation control in the Taklimakan Desert Highway shelterbelt. Results showed that the change in soil moisture of two species in the shallow 0–60 cm layer could be divided into a rapid decline period (1–9 d), a slow decline period (9–19 d), and a relatively stable period (19–39 d) after irrigation. The decrease rate of soil moisture at the 0–60 cm depth was significantly higher than that at the 60–200 cm depth. The irrigation regime combining 35 mm irrigation with 10 days was beneficial to soil water storage and plant use with respect to Calligonum, while the irrigation regime combining 35 mm irrigation with 40 days was best for Haloxylon. Increasing the single irrigation amount and prolonging the irrigation period can further enable the more effective use of irrigation water. This study highlights that saline groundwater irrigation provides potential advantages for desert plants' survival under reasonable irrigation regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activated water irrigation has been widely investigated as an effective production increasing measure. However, the response of activated water irrigation in plant growth and water use efficiency (WUE) with the irrigation amount is not well understood. Here, a pot experiment was conducted to determine the effects of activated water irrigation on winter wheat growth, yield, and WUE under irrigation amount. Twelve treatments included four irrigation water types, (i) tap water (TW), (ii) tap water with magnetization (MW), (iii) tap water with oxygenation (OW), (iv) tap water with magnetization and oxygenation (M&OW), and three irrigation amounts, (1) 80% of the field capacity (FC), (2) 65%FC, and (3) 50%FC. The results indicated that activated water irrigation improved the plant height, leaf area, aboveground biomass, and photosynthetic characteristics at each growth stage of winter wheat. However, the yield and WUE varied with water type and irrigation amount. With 80%FC, the yield and WUE of MW were significantly greater by 35.7% and 53.9% than TW. The yield and WUE of OW were greater by 11.4% and 23.1% than TW. With 65%FC, the yield of MW, OW, and M&OW were greater by 43.9%, 46.3%, and 14.6% than TW, respectively. WUE of MW, OW, and M&OW were greater by 37.0%, 37.0%, and 11.1% than TW, respectively. With 50%FC, the yield of OW and M&OW were significantly greater by 77.3% and 122.7% than TW. WUE of OW and M&OW were significantly greater by 41.4% and 75.9% than TW (p < 0.05). Overall, the research provides clear evidence that OW is an effective way to increase yield and WUE, MW and M&OW should be applied in suitable soil water conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study was conducted under Hatay, Turkey ecological conditions in the second crop season and aimed to determine the effect of irrigation numbers and amounts on some quality characteristics of popcorn (Zea mays everta Sturt.) Methods and Results: Antcin 98 popcorn cultivar was cultivated in Hatay Mustafa Kemal University Research Area in the second crop season of 2015 under five irrigation managements as follows: (I1) 12 times (1757 mm), (I2) 8 times (1449 mm), (I3) 6 times (1148 mm), (I4) 5 times (989 mm) and (I5) 4 times (800 mm). After harvest, quality analysis were carried out with 4 repetitions for each irrigation treatment and kernel size, crude protein, crude oil and crude ash ratios were determined. It’s revealed that all the parameters investigated significantly affected by irrigation managements. According to the results; the lowest grain size (89.00 grains 10 g-1) and the highest crude protein ratio (10.59%) were obtained from the I5 treatment, while the highest crude ash (2.04%) and crude oil (5.74%) ratios were obtained from the I4 treatment. It was determined that as the number of irrigation decreased, the crude protein ratio increased, the crude ash and crude oil ratios increased to a certain level and then decreased. With the correlation analysis performed, significant and positive relationships were determined between kernel size and crude protein (r = 0.686) and between crude oil and crude ash (r = 0.852). Conclusions: The results showed that excessive irrigations cannot increase kernel size, which directly affects the popping volume, which is one of the most important quality criteria of popcorn, However, the nutritional values can be changed by applying different irrigation managements. It can be concluded that under similar growing and climatic conditions, popcorn can be produced with 5 irrigations and a total of 989 mm of irrigation water. Significance and Impact of the Study: The study revealed the effects of different irrigation numbers and amounts on some quality characteristics of popcorn grown under second crop season conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

【Background】 The eastern foot of Helan Mountain in Ningxia is thought to be one of the most suitable “golden zones” for wine grape in the world, and a large-scale grape cultivation corridor has been proposed to be built with drip irrigation tipped as the most suitable irrigation method in this region. While the benefits of different drip irrigation methods to grape growth have been studied, most of them focused on comparison with traditional furrow irrigations under different irrigation amounts. In contrast, there is a paucity of studies on how different drip irrigation methods and irrigation amounts combine to affect wine grape growth and the fruit quality. 【Objective】 Considering gravel texture of the soil in this region, this paper is to plug this gap in attempts to find the most suitable irrigation amount and drip irrigation system for industrial-scale production of wine-grape in this region. In particular, we focus on how different drip irrigation methods and irrigation amounts impact growth, yield and quality of the wine grape. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in a field, and it considered three factors: mulching, drip irrigation method and irrigation amount. Combining the first two factors, there were three irrigation methods: drip irrigation without mulching (A1), drip irrigation above the mulching film (A2) and drip irrigation underneath the mulching film. Added to these three irrigation methods were three irrigation amounts: high (W1), middle (W2) and low (W3). Overall, there were nine treatments which were designed using the randomized block experiment. In each treatment, we measured growth, photosynthesis, yield and fruit quality of the wine grape. 【Result】 Both mulched drip irrigation and increasing irrigation amount can promote growth and development of the wine grape, with the average new shoot length and stem diameter increasing by 4.49% and 6.77%, respectively, compared to drip irrigation without mulch. With irrigation amount increasing, both the 100-fruit weight and yield of the grape increased gradually, with average yield of the drip irrigation underneath and above the film increasing by 48.26% and 20.26% respectively, compared to irrigation without mulch. The sugar acid ratio of the grape irrigated underneath the film was in the range of 35.23~43.32, more reasonable than those under other drip irrigation methods. 【Conclusion】 With annual rainfall of only 126.3 mm, irrigating 2 295 m3/hm2 of water in 5~7 times with the much film covering the drip emitters is optimal for growth, yield and quality of the wine grape grown in the gravel soils in eastern foot of the Helan Mountain.

【Background】Hebei plain is one of the most important winter wheat production bases in China and plays an critical role in national food security. Most precipitations within wheat growth season in this region fall in July- August and cannot sustain wheat growth. Therefore, supplementary irrigation using groundwater is needed. Over exploitation of groundwater combining with the inefficient flood irrigation over the past few decades has led to serious environmental and ecological degradation, and developing water-saving irrigation techniques has thus become essential to sustaining wheat production in this region. 【Objective】The purpose of this paper is to study how hose-micro-sprinkler irrigation amount impacts water consumption and yield of winter wheat planted in strip pattern, in attempts to improve water use efficacy without undermining crop yield. 【Method】The field experiment was conducted in 2019 with the cultivar Jimai 22 used as the model plant. We compared four irrigation amounts: 15 mm (W1), 22.5 mm (W2), 30 mm(W3) and 37.5 mm(W4), with the 60 mm furrow-irrigation used by local farmers taken as the control (CK). Crops in each treatment were irrigated at jointing, early and middle grain-filling stages, respectively. During the experiment, we measured and calculated water consumption, grain yield and water use efficiency of the wheat. 【Result】The total water consumption during the growth season was 306.46~399.4 mm, varying with treatments, and the proportion of soil water consumed by the crops under W1, W2, W3, W4 and CK was 44.2%, 42.97%, 41.24%, 40.15% and 38.41%, respectively. With the irrigation amount increasing, the proportion of irrigation water consumed by the crops increased. The crops were most water-demanding from the jointing stage to the early filling stage, with 45.33%~53.68% of the total water they consumed occurring in this period. The crops consumed more water from sowing stage to early grouting stage in all treatments, while in CK the crops took up more water they consumed between the early grain-filling stage and the ripening stage. The grain yield increased with irrigation amount, peaking at 9 682.66 kg/hm2 in W4. In contrast, water use efficiency in W3 was the highest, increasing by 7.54% compared to the CK. 【Conclusion】In terms of high-yield and high-water use efficiency, the most appropriate irrigation was 135~157.5 mm, with its associated water consumption being 367.5~400 mm.

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Temperature in greenhouse is often elevated during tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum L.) plants growing season, which causes the change of crop water requirement. With the climate change, high temperature episodes will become much more common. Tomato seedlings were treated by 80% ETc (Evapotranspiration), 100% ETc and 120% ETc of irrigation amounts under elevated temperature in greenhouse. The influence of supplementary irrigation on photosynthesis and quality of seedlings were investigated. Results showed that both net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and PS II photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) in plants with 120% ETc irrigation were the highest, while the minimum fluorescence (Fo) was the lowest among treatments. With the decrease of Pn in treatments of 80% ETc and 100% ETc, the stomatal limitation values (Ls) increased significantly. Seedling health index and growth function showed the following trends: 120%ETc>100%ETc>80%ETc. There was a positive relationship between irrigation amount and physiological indexes in tomato seedlings exposed to elevated temperature. 80% ETc and 100% ETc worsened the effects of heat stress, while 120% ETc irrigation amount mitigated the stress and enabled plants to thrive under elevated temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]