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The article is devoted to cases of mound robbery recorded during the excavations of the Popov Yar-2 mound group (Donetsk region). The scarce material has made it possible to attribute robbery attempts to the end of the 19th -beginning of the 20th centuries. A special role in planning and organizing the predatory excavations was played by the presence of a stone statue on one of the burial mounds.

The paper presents the results of studies on ashes produced from burning wood biomass in closed wood-fired furnaces, in individual household furnaces (Silesian Province, Poland). Dry sieve analysis and detailed granulometric analysis were performed with the Analysette 22 Micro Tec plus analyser. Content of the basic elements (Al, Si, P, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe) and potentially toxic elements (As, Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Hg) was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Relative enrichment factors (REFs) were calculated for the elements (Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, As, Hg, and Cr), and the emissions (E) of Pb, Cd, Hg, and As to the environment were estimated. The carbon content (40.2%–45.8%), H (3.7%–6.1%), O (46.2%–50.2%), N (0.12%–0.32%), and S (0.11%–0.96%) in wood biomass varies and depends on the wood species and drying period. The content of volatile parts in wood biomass ranges between 69.3 and 81%. Ash content varies between 2.6 and 18.3%. The wood calorific value ranges from 13.6 MJ/kg to 17.4 MJ/kg. Moisture content in the wood biomass ranges from 13.7% (briquette) to 46.7% (fresh birch). Identification of mineral composition and phases yields a high share of calcite, monetite, fairchildite, and quartz in the examined ashes. The combustion of wood biomass in fireplaces results in increased emissions of Pb and Cd to the atmosphere and may be the cause of introducing pollutants to waters and soils during ash storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the construction techniques of the kitchen hearths (fireplaces) and chimneys in the kitchens of traditional Diyarbakır (Turkey) houses. The first part of the study examines the historical development of kitchens. The second part investigates the architectural features of the kitchens of traditional Diyarbakır houses and the construction techniques and smoke evacuation methods of the hearths and chimneys in these kitchens. For this purpose, the hearths and chimneys of traditional kitchens, which are still used in their original form, and those of the demolished houses have been examined. They all have been documented by drawings and photographs. This study aims to contribute to the documentation and sustainability of cultural heritage and traditional construction techniques, and to guide the restoration practices that will be carried out in Suriçi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates fireplaces in the Neolithic settlement of Çatalhöyük in Anatolia, Turkey (levels South L–S and 4040 G–H, 6700–6100 BC). Taking a holistic view with a contextual, multi-scalar approach, I consider spatial and temporal dimensions: Large-scale landscape resources and small-scale material assemblages associated with food processing provide the context for the fireplaces, and I observe the changes over the long-term, the 600 years of my study, and the short-term impact of daily practice. Firstly, I determine the criteria for identifying different types of fireplaces, their practical function and uses. I then look at the construction of ovens and hearths in Çatalhöyük and their internal and external locations. I find individual variations between households and alterations over time and challenge interpretations that emphasise uniformity and seek trends and a grand narrative of symbolic meaning in the fireplaces. I find the abandonment of fireplaces is mainly guided by practical considerations, while the few symbolic deposits suggest the importance given to food preparation. I argue that not only natural resources and culture, but also daily practice impacts on landscape, architectural features and artefacts. I conclude that fire installations enabled households to be self-sufficient and therefore ovens and hearths had special significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is literary in nature: the example of the furnace shows the difference between the logos and the archetype, as well as the principles of modifying the logos into an archetype. The aim of the work is to systematize a wide range of values of the archetypal symbol of the furnace, finding the sacred logos to which they ascend. The article is written on the material of ancient mythology and literature of the New Time: the archetypical images, related to the archetype of the furnace, such as the affected heel, fire, serpent, are analyzed - their relevance to world culture and literature, related to their repeatability and stability, is proved. So it is concluded that there is a close relationship between all the elements of the semiotic system: as a result of the disappearance of one of the furnaces, the archetype of the furnace, from everyday culture, the attitude and principles of human behavior changed, which radically affected the course of history.

For the last twenty years, various interdisciplinary research programs have been studying human presence in high mountain environments and how the different activities carried out there have impacted on the landscape and transformed it since the Early Holocene. Grazing, hunting, mining, and charcoal-making are the most significant outdoor productive activities that have been detected. At the same time, on a day-to-day basis, there was a daily household firewood management, studied here, which was related to fires for cooking, heat and light, as basic needs to be satisfied in the caves and rock-shelters occupied in this high-mountain territory since Prehistory. This paper presents the anthracological results from three sites located in the Aigüestortes i Estany de Sant Maurici National Park (PNAESM) in the Central Pyrenees occupied between the 9th and the 1st millennia cal BCE. In the PNAESM, different types of occupations have been identified in a basic spatial distribution by a hearth and some artefacts associated with past daily life. In the limit between the upper montane and the subalpine zones, at 1790 m a.s.l., Sardo Cave contains a sequence of seasonal occupations (4600-2500 cal BCE) that used local wood selected according to their needs. In the limit between the subalpine and alpine zones, firewood-gathering would have taken place in the surroundings of the sites from what was available at any moment. However the occupations identified in the rock-shelters of Estany de la Coveta I (7001-3028 cal BCE) at 2430 m a.s.l. and Obagues de Ratera (8182-540 cal BCE) at 2323 m a.s.l. seem to be short-term. In the context of the Central and Eastern Pyrenees, this appears to be the general pattern that will be better defined as more anthracological analyses are performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The northern Bohemian sandstone region brings an exceptionally rich record of Mesolithic settlement, particularly in the form of fireplaces as key structures to be studied when addressing cooking and consumption practices. A large number of different fireplace structures – including kettle-shaped pits and surface or sunken fireplaces, some lined with stones – can be interpreted in terms of performing roasting, boiling, steaming or smoking procedures. The organic remains directly associated with them reveal which resources were exploited and almost certainly consumed, although in many cases they seem to have been discarded into the fire after processing. A Mesolithic inland settlement of northern Bohemia was undoubtedly economically based on the exploitation of plant and animal resources occurring in varied local forest and river environments. According to the evidence, hazelnuts were a staple component of the plant diet, probably processed using roasting hearths. Some fireplaces also yielded carbonised remains of other edible plants, such as raspberry (Rubus idaeus , Rubus sp.), elderberry (Sambucus nigra), red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa) and fat hen (Chenopodium album). The faunal vertebrate assemblages suggest a broad-spectrum economy, exploiting terrestrial mammals, birds, amphibians and fish. The molluscan record suggests the exploitation of edible land snails as well as thick-shelled river mussels. Rather than assuming a simple connection between fireplace type and the resources identified, a complex set of biases is considered and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Finnish soapstone industry has found through practical experience that the surface of the magnesite soapstone used in fire chambers and funnels hardens over time. We have studied a magnesite soapstone used in a fireplace continuously for 60 years. The mineralogical changes, that took place during heating and subsequent cooling of the fireplace have been investigated with electron probe microanalyzer and X-ray diffractometer to find an explanation, what kind of reactions caused the hardening. We found that ferromagnesite has been altered to pseudomorphic aggregates composed of ferropericlase and magnesioferrite in the nearest ~30 mm from the surface exposed to fire. Iron has been mobilized in the uppermost 3 mm, enriched in the rims, and depleted from the cores of the ferropericlase aggregates. Magnesioferrite occurs preferably in the fire chamber side of the aggregates in the uppermost 0.20 mm. Talc rims are altered to forsterite and/or enstatite in the reaction with ferromagnesite or its alteration products in the uppermost ~1 mm. In addition, wood combustion gases caused considerable enrichment of zinc and potassium in the chamber surface rock to the depth on 0.20 mm and 3 mm, respectively. The enrichment occurred by crystallization of Zn bearing ferropericlase and magnesioferrite and by crystallization of K bearing sheet silicates.

The shift to the early Holocene in northern Europe is strongly associated with major environmental and climatic changes that influenced hunter-gatherers’ activities and occupation during the Mesolithic period. The ancient lake Duvensee (10,000–6500 cal. BCE) has been studied for almost a century, providing archaeological sites consisting of bark mats and hazelnut-roasting hearths situated on small sand banks deposited by the glacier. No method is yet available to locate these features before excavation. Therefore, a key method for understanding the living conditions of hunter-gatherer groups is to reconstruct the paleoenvironment with a focus on the identification of areas that could possibly host Mesolithic camps and well-preserved archaeological artefacts. We performed a 16-channel MALÅ Imaging Radar Array (MIRA) system survey aimed at understanding the landscape surrounding the find spot Duvensee WP10, located in a hitherto uninvestigated part of the bog. Using an integrated approach of high-resolution ground radar mapping and targeted excavations enabled us to derive a 3D spatio-temporal landscape reconstruction of the investigated sector, including paleo-bathymetry, stratigraphy, and shorelines around the Mesolithic camps. Additionally, we detected previously unknown islands as potential areas for yet unknown dwelling sites. We found that the growth rates of the islands were in the order of approximately 0.3 m2/yr to 0.7 m2/yr between the late Preboreal and the Subboreal stages. The ground-penetrating radar surveying performed excellently in all aspects of near-surface landscape reconstruction as well as in identifying potential dwellings; however, the direct identification of small-scale artefacts, such as fireplaces, was not successful because of their similarity to natural structures.

Environmental sustainability has recently shifted towards biodiversity protection via governmental and intergovernmental initiatives (e.g., the UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, MA). The life cycle assessment, the widespread method for assessing environmental sustainability, was not created to evaluate impacts on biodiversity. However, several authors recognize its ability to estimate biodiversity loss drivers (impact indices on land use change and ecosystem). The study aims to apply LCA to the forest sector, precisely to the wood–energy chain of Hophornbeam, to cover suggestions of the MA for the biodiversity impact assessment. Six different scenarios for stove (3) and fireplace (3) wood production were analyzed, evaluating two baselines and four alternative scenarios, including sensitivity analyses related to transport distances for the raw materials. The functional unit is 1 MJ of energy. The fireplace combustion scenarios are relatively more sustainable than the stove ones are (2.95–3.21% less). The global warming potential (around 3 g CO2 eq/MJ) is consistent with current European directives on the sustainability of biofuels and scientific literature. The scenarios showed similarities regarding the impact of the categories related to MA drivers. Although biodiversity is protected by limiting forest management, some authors argue that for some species (e.g., Hophornbeam), a rational tree felling could produce biofuels, increasing biodiversity.

Wood-fuelled systems are commonly used all over the world for residential heating, and recently wood pellets have been replacing traditional firewood. This article presents an environmental life cycle assessment of five wood-based combustion systems for residential heating: i) a pellet stove using maritime pine pellets; a wood stove using ii) eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) and iii) maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) split logs; and a fireplace using iv) eucalyptus and v) maritime pine split logs. The functional unit is 1 MJ of thermal energy for residential heating. System boundaries include four stages: (1) forest management; (2) pellet and wood split log production; (3) distribution; and (4) thermal energy generation. Environmental impacts were calculated for seven impact categories from the ReCiPe 2016 midpoint method, and a sensitivity analysis was performed using the Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) life cycle impact assessment method and modifying the distances travelled. Of the five heating systems analysed, the fireplace presents the worst performance for all the impact categories with the exception of freshwater eutrophication and marine eutrophication, when maritime pine split logs are burned in the fireplace. Comparing the pellet stove with the wood stove, neither system is better for all the impact categories analysed. Regarding sensitivity analysis, the use of an alternative characterisation method leads to similar trends in the results in comparison with those obtained from the ReCiPe method, while changes in transport distances do not affect the total impacts to a large extent. Unlabelled Image • Five wood-based combustion systems for residential heating are assessed. • Fireplaces present the worst environmental performance for almost all the impact categories considered. • Pellet stove presents lower impacts than wood stoves for global warming and ozone formation. • Pellet stove presents higher impacts than wood stoves for the remaining impact categories. • A 50% decrease in the distances travelled by feedstocks leads to a very small reduction in impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of University of Cumhuriyet, Faculty of Sciences & Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Finnish soapstone industry has found through practical experience that the surface of the magnesite soapstone used in fire chambers and funnels hardens over time. We have studied a magnesite soapstone used in a fireplace continuously for 60 years. The mineralogical changes, that took place during heating and subsequent cooling of the fireplace have been investigated with electron probe microanalyzer and X-ray diffractometer to find an explanation, what kind of reactions caused the hardening. We found that ferromagnesite has been altered to pseudomorphic aggregates composed of ferropericlase and magnesioferrite in the nearest ~30 mm from the surface exposed to fire. Iron has been mobilized in the uppermost 3 mm, enriched in the rims, and depleted from the cores of the ferropericlase aggregates. Magnesioferrite occurs preferably in the fire chamber side of the aggregates in the uppermost 0.20 mm. Talc rims are altered to forsterite and/or enstatite in the reaction with ferromagnesite or its alteration products in the uppermost ~1 mm. In addition, wood combustion gases caused considerable enrichment of zinc and potassium in the chamber surface rock to the depth on 0.20 mm and 3 mm, respectively. The enrichment occurred by crystallization of Zn bearing ferropericlase and magnesioferrite and by crystallization of K bearing sheet silicates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effect of the presence of fireplaces at the household level independent of the function of ambiance and indoor air quality. The focus of this study is on the winter heating energy use of homes with and without fireplaces to promote energy conservation. Three years of winter energy usage (2011–2013) of 365,190 single-family homes are analyzed and compared. The data is further segmented by fuel type, all-electric versus dual-fuel homes as well as by size and vintage. On average, homes with fireplaces used 23,650 kBtu, source energy, for heating purposes during the winter months versus 18,055 kBtu (p≤0.0001) during the same time period, January, February, and December. There is a significant 31% increase in energy use in homes with fireplaces. In conclusion, policy prescriptions and retrofits are recommended during new home construction permits, renovations, and utility rebate outreach programs to encourage more efficient and cleaner fireplace technology applications.

Celery fraction research (Apium graveolens L.) was carried out to determine the ability of the sedation effect of celery fraction compared to celery extracts which have been known to have the ability to effect the previous sedation. This study aims to find out which fraction has the best sedation effect. This study was an experimental study with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments and 5 replications. Test animals divided into 5 treatment groups namely negative control group (CMC Na 1%), celery extract group 200mg /kg and 3 treatment groups n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate, and methanol water fraction with a dose of 200 mg /kg . The sedation effect test was carried out using the Traction Test and Fireplace Testmethods. Quantitative data observed were the length of time the mice fell and the length of time the mice went out of the heated tube/glass. The results of the analysis showed that the celery fraction had a better sedation effect than the extract, and the methanol water fraction 200 mg/kg was the most effective fraction in causing sedation effects.

Presented contribution deals with the verification of conditions for use of combustion products‘ heat, generated by combustion of wood in a fireplace used in a household. It is necessary to know the temperature behaviour of the fireplace to determine the adequacy of the technical solution for using combustion products‘ heat. The combustion products‘ temperature at the upper part of the chimney is 80-120 °C. The dew point value was established to be below 51 °C. The average observed value of combustion product velocity is 1.6 m s-1. The volume flow rate of combustion products is 12 m3 h-1. Measured values allow for effective solution of the use of combustion products‘ heat.

An awareness of increasing climate and health problems has driven the development of new functional and affordable soot-oxidation catalysts for stationary sources, such as fireplaces. In this study, Al(OH)3, water glass and acidic aluminium phosphate binder materials were mixed with soot-oxidation catalysts. The effect of the binder on the performance of the Ag/La-Al2O3 catalyst was examined, while the Pt/La-Al2O3 catalyst bound with Al(OH)3 was used as a reference. Soot was oxidised above 340 °C on the Ag/La-Al2O3 catalyst, but at 310 °C with same catalyst bound with Al(OH)3. The addition of water glass decreased the catalytic performance because large silver crystals and agglomeration resulted in a blockage of the support material’s pores. Pt/La-Al2O3 bound with Al(OH)3 was ineffective in a fireplace environment. We believe that AgOx is the active form of silver in the catalyst. Hence, Ag/La-Al2O3 was shown to be compatible with the Al(OH)3 binder as an effective catalyst for fireplace soot oxidation.

Solid fuel-burning fireplaces and wood stoves are popular because they provide heat and aesthetically pleasing environments. They also provide backup heat to gas, electric, and oil building heating systems. However, if they are not properly installed and maintained, they pose a risk of structure fires. This paper describes the basics of conducting a forensic engineering investigation of a building fire involving a suspected fireplace or wood stove. The paper examines the types of appliances available, the types of chimney systems, and related design standards and building codes. Case studies (highlighting common failure modes) are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theme of this article is the research of the artistic design of the heating system of K. Rozumovskyi’s palace in Baturyn. The object of the research of this theme is thorough study of the production and application of Baturyn tiles in the heating system of the last Ukrainian hetman’s palace. The method of the research of this theme is study of the written sources: the archival documents, the reports of the archaeological expeditions, popular scientific literature, the periodical press and study of the explored material (tiles), made the visual comparative analysis, visiting the museums of local lore. The results of the research can be used in the study of the tiles production and their application in the artistic design of the stove system heating in the 2nd half of the ХVІІІ –beginning ХІХ cent.Purchase on Elibrary.ru > Buy now

The use of fire is a well-established human practice, at least from the Late Pleistocene. The variability in fuel type highlights complex practices regarding fire technology throughout this period. This contribution provides the organic signatures from fireplaces and is based on a set of experimental studies using different types of fuel, notably bone and/or wood. Soil layers affected by fire operation were compared with soils unaffected by heating and soils impregnated with unburned bone fat. The carbon content and lipid and bulk organic matter (OM) composition were determined through organic carbon measurement, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), as well as TMAH (tetramethylammonium hydroxide)-assisted pyrolysis (py) coupled to GC–MS. With the exception of the wood-fueled fireplace, an increase in organic carbon content was caused by fireplace operation. The products of triacylglycerol degradation (diacids, oxo-acids and glycerol derivatives) reflected the contribution from animal fat affected by the oxidation process with or without thermal alteration. The branched unsaturated C 9:0 and C 10:0 acids were detected only in py(TMAH)–GC–MS of soil impregnated with bone fat that was not thermally altered. The branched diacids, ketones and lactones detected in lipid extracts, and short chain acids and n- alkane/ n- alkene doublets detected with py(TMAH–GC–MS), were produced by thermal alteration of animal fat. Finally, in the fireplace fueled with wood only, phenolic compounds, benzoic acids and benzene derivatives were detected and reflected the contribution of charred and uncharred plant OM. The results extend the organic signatures obtained from an experimental reference dataset, specifically for the identification of fuel type used in fireplaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Safety & Fire Technology / Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza is the property of Centrum Naukowo-Badawcze Ochrony Przeciwpozarowej and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recently, numerous fires have started in Finland around roof penetrations of metal chimneys. One reason for the fires is the high flue gas temperatures of fireplaces. EN standards do not determine the flue gas temperatures of fireplaces meant for the specification of temperature classes of chimneys. At present, the design of chimneys is based on the temperature indicated in the CE marking of fireplaces. The temperature indicated in the CE marking is the mean temperature of the nominal test. In order to investigate how representative and safe this mean temperature is, tests on different fireplaces were conducted. Flue gas temperatures of the fireplaces were measured during a nominal test, a safety test and extra heating. Even in the nominal test, the highest flue gas temperature was 37°C to 212°C higher than the mean temperature. The highest flue gas temperature in the safety tests was about 120°C to 380°C higher than the mean temperature indicated in the CE marking. During the extra heating test, the highest flue gas temperature was 160°C to 350°C higher than that indicated in the CE marking. Due to the present method of determining flue gas temperatures, chimneys may be tested at a too low temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a photograph from The Ottoman Archives of the Prime Minister's Office is examined within different contexts. The photograph was taken in the studio of Abdullah Brothers, one of the most popular photographers of İstanbul in 19th century. The subjects and objects in the photograph, the comments related with the togetherness of the subjects and objects are analyzed within the context of the historical and social conditions of the period. The poses of the woman and the man, their clothes, the furniture such as the fireplace, fur and mother of pearl studded pedestal table provided some explanations for several possibilities related with the functionality of the photography by revealing the relations between objects and subjects. Thus, some results are gathered concerning the place and meaning of the photograph among the other examples in the light of the general characteristics of the photos belonging to studios in İstanbul in 19th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present results of measurement of hot-air floor heating system. The energy from fireplace directly heats the house near to the chimney and partly is distributed by the special ventilation under the floor in the whole heated room. The main principle is based on specially designed accumulative floors, consisting of a set of special chambers, which enable to heated air from the fireplace to flow through them. The layer of concrete floor is installed on the surface of these chambers. Hot-air can be intensively distributed around the house with time shift, but the air flow is not uniform and some places are warmer or colder. The results of measurements in the building showed that the accumulation in the floor compensates temperature differences. The result of proper application of this type of heating is a stable thermal comfort and saving of heating costs. Based on the results of measurements, practical recommendations for the design, installation and use of these types of heating were summarised in the conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local heating, especially ovens and stoves that are heated with log-wood, have been one of the most important types of heating in Estonian climatic conditions. During the second half of the 20th century, alternative types of heating were developed. For example, district and electrical heating. As the consumption of energy for heating houses has decreased, it has become relevant to use local heating options. For example, heat pumps, solar heating and solid fuel ovens and stoves could work in good collaboration. Regarding strict environmental standards, it has become important to increase the efficiency of fireboxes that use wood. During the reconstruction of heating devices, it is advisable to change the parameters of the firebox and the flue, to assure a high quality of combustion and efficient energy storage. This article is about heat technical experimentations with stoves with an Umwelt-Plus fireplace. To be more precise, it concentrates on measuring the energy of this stove with a copper thermistor, which stores the surface temperature during measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents the main physical characteristics and operating conditions of a fireplace and a stove commonly used in Portugal for domestic heating based on biomass combustion. The fuel used was wood from pine (softwood) and eucalyptus (hardwood). The general trend during the batch combustion of wood logs was characterized by three main periods: i) a first period of fuel heating followed by fuel drying and initial steps of devolatilization without the existence of a visible flame, ii) a second period characterized by devolatilization, ignition, combustion of volatiles and char, during which a vigorous flame is observed, and iii) a third period, mainly identified by the combustion of the char, during which there are only localized small visible flames over the char particles. Each of these periods is characterized by specific fuel consumption rate, flue gas temperature and flue gas composition. The main differences between the wood combustion conditions in the fireplace and in the stove include: i) a lower flue gas temperature in the fireplace, ii) a higher combustion flue gas flow rate in the fireplace, iii) a higher rate of fuel consumption in the stove, and iv) higher CO, total hydrocarbon and particle emission factors during the combustion of wood in the fireplace. Differences between hardwood and softwood combustion were also pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This thesis presents pilot studies concerning the assessment of the possibility of using organic materials of vegetative origin as indices of heavy metals emissions (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) from domestic wood-fired fireplaces. Mosses of the Pleurozium schreberi species as well as cellulose and cotton wool were used during the study as the potential indices for the elements emission. It was proved that mosses are more reliable as indices of metals emissions than cellulose or cotton wool. It was found that the quantity of Ni accumulated in the moss tissue is comparable with the concentration of this compound in the dust assessed with the reference method. A correlation between the Ni, Cr, Zn and Pb concentrations defined in the mosses and dust filter was found. It was proved that mosses as adsorbers, more clearly than in the case of cellulose and cotton, react to the change of the size of the particulates emitted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is the continuation of a research work based on the thesis entitled "Technological Improvement Proposal in the Production Process of Panela in the Department of Nariño", it was developed in order to obtain the degree in Industrial Engineering. The result of the investigation showed that one of the critical processes to improve productivity and efficiency rates in Panela production in traditional mills is the process of generation and heat transfer. For this reason, a research to develop a machine to improve this process was carried out, and represents a viable alternative in terms of technology and economy for small producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A specific mode of human existence shows up in modelling the structures and processes of the world onto the living space, consisting of certain landscapes, locations, and habitations. Concepts of housing the world are implemented in the lodgings, cultic buildings, settlements, territories, and the artificial shaping of the landscape. These structures offered humans a ‘domestic’ sphere within a realm of wild nature, ensuring stability, centricity, meaning, security, familiarities, knowledge of controlling, social and power classifications. Cosmovisions of early cultures and indigenous people often address the idea of the housing as the world in miniature. Structures worked as a lively microcosm figuring the macrocosm and allowing interacting with the world by using a symbolic and ritual approach. The study points out basic principles and categories. It queries whether elements of archaic cosmovisions related architecture, ecosystems, and the mindset have survived until today and if so, why. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to unravel the genesis of fireplace in a structure of ancient dwelling-house. The work is based in archaeological findings situated in Lithuanian territory. Fireplace has been and remains one of the most essential components in the existence and in the structure of a house, but so it did not attain a special research in our architecturology so far. There is various sparse and scattered data on the fireplaces of a dwelling-houses in a works of archaeologists, historians and ethnologists. The work‘s attempt is to fill the above-mentioned gap. Time period, discussed in this article, is the earliest stage in a development of a fireplace, starting jointly with the beginning of building stationary dwelling-houses. Santrauka Nagrinėjami nuo seniausių laikų egzistavę archajinio būsto ugniakurai, kurie buvo aptikti dabartinės Lietuvos teritorijoje. Nors ugniakuras žmogaus gyvenamojoje aplinkoje buvo ir tebėra vienas esmingiausių būties komponentų ir būsto struktūros elementas, iki šiol mūsų architektūrologijoje nebuvo specialiai tiriamas. Įvairių nesusistemintų duomenų apie gyvenamojo būsto ugniakurus Lietuvoje yra archeologų, istorikų, mitologų, etnologų moksliniuose darbuose. Negausių ir gana fragmentiškų žinių šia tema esti keliuose architektūros istorijai skirtuose tekstuose. Todėl bandant užpildyti minėtą spragą, parengtas šis straipsnis. Jame aptariamas ankstyviausias būsto ugniakuro istorinės raidos etapas, prasidedantis išvien su stacionaraus būsto statybos pradžia. Raktiniai žodžiai: kultūros paveldas; būstas; ugniakuras; židinys

One aspect of Wuthering Heights that deserves critical attention is the role and function of fire throughout the narrative. Prominent among references to this element are those underlining the utility of fires, fireplaces and their appurtenances in northern domestic life all the year round. But as well as sustaining the realism of Emily's novel, some such references can be seen to be symbolically integral both to the presentation of Heathcliff and Catherine as individuals and to their problematic love story. Noteworthy, too, are some of the ways in which fireplaces play their part in the characterization of Hindley, Frances, Isabella and Linton Heathcliff. But though a reference to fire, including candlelight, tends to have a negative connotation, the author remains none the less mindful of the fireplace or hearth as a source of well-being, and nowhere more delightfully than through her delineation of the relationship between Cathy and Hareton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Particulate matter emissions from a commercially available closed fireplace were determined in terms of particle number and the size distribution, employing a dilution sampling scheme capable of providing near-real-world emission situation. The time profile of the emissions was also traced together with the main gaseous species providing insight onto the particle formation mechanisms in relation with the varying combustion conditions in the batch-wise system. An average emission factor of 1.4 × 1015 # kg−1 (7.1 × 1013 # MJ−1) was found for total number of particles. Nanoparticles (geometric mean diameter GMD = 28 nm) account for the 32% of the emissions, whereas larger particles (GMD = 127 nm) constitute the 68%. Number emissions were in strict relationship with the combustion conditions in the fireplace. The ignition phase is responsible for the 46% of the nanoparticle burden of the whole burning cycle. Larger particles are thought to be primary soot particles emitted during the flaming combustion phase and coated by condensing semivolatile organic species in the diluted and cooled flue gas. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The presence of fireplace in the traditional architecture has been exhibiting their important role during this time. The role of fireplace was not just through their location that dominant enough in such house but their presence also accompanying any tradition that still hold out until recent time.Contemporary development has brought many changes to the Sasak community on using their fireplace. Technology has an impact towards the form the fireplace, the number could be increased according to needs, and the location could be appropriated for the intended purpose and event. The changes on the using of this fireplace in fact have been influencing the shape and room on the previous Sasak's building. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Kehadiran sebuah perapian dalam arsitektur tradisional telah memperlihatkan peranan pentingnya selama ini. Peranan perapian tidak hanya ditunjukkan melalui letaknya yang cukup dominan di dalam sebuah rumah namun kehadirannya seringkali menyertai tradisi-tradisi yang sampai saat ini tetap dipertahankan. Perkembangan jaman telah membawa banyak perubahan pada masyarakat Sasak dalam memanfaatkan perapian mereka. Bentuk dapat berubah menyesuaikan dengan kemajuan teknologi, jumlah dapat bertambah sesuai dengan kebutuhan baru, dan letak juga dapat berubah menyesuaikan tujuan dan kegiatan yang menyertainya. Perubahan dalam memanfaatkan perapian ini ternyata telah mempengaruhi bentuk dan ruang pada bangunan Sasak sebelumnya. Kata kunci: sasak, perapian, ruang.

Abstract: The aim of this study is the further characterisation of PM2.5 emissions from the residential wood combustion of common woods grown in Portugal. This new research extends to eight the number of biomass fuels studied and tries to understand the differences that the burning appliance (fireplace versus woodstove) and the combustion temperature (cold and hot start) have on emissions. Pinus pinaster (Maritime pine), Eucalyptus globulus (eucalypt), Quercus suber (cork oak), Acacia longifolia (Golden wattle), Quercus faginea (Portuguese oak), Olea europea (Olive), Quercus ilex rotundifolia (Holm oak) and briquettes produced from forest biomass waste were used in the combustion tests. Determinations included fine particle emission factors, carbonaceous content (OC and EC) by a thermal–optical transmission technique and detailed identification and quantification of organic compounds by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Fine particle emission factors from the woodstove were lower than those from the fireplace. For both combustion appliances, the OC/EC ratio was higher in “cold start” tests (1.56 ± 0.95 for woodstove and 2.03 ± 1.34 for fireplace). These “cold start” OC/EC values were, respectively, for the woodstove and the fireplace, 51% and 69% higher than those obtained in “hot start” experiments. The chromatographically resolved organics included n-alkanes, n-alkenes, PAHs, n-alkanals, ketones, n-alkanols, terpenoids, triterpenoids, phenolic compounds, phytosterols, alcohols, n-alkanoic acids, n-di-acids, unsaturated acids and alkyl esters of acids. The smoke emission rate and composition varied widely depending on fuel type, burning appliance and combustion temperature. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Wood from seven species of trees grown in the Portuguese forest (Pinus pinaster, Eucalyptus globulus, Quercus suber, Acacia longifolia, Quercus faginea, Olea europea and Quercus ilex rotundifolia), and briquettes produced from forest biomass waste were burned in a fireplace and in a woodstove to determine the chemical composition of fine particle (PM2.5) emissions. Samples were analysed for organic and elemental carbon (OC/EC), water soluble ions (Na+, NH4 +, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl−, NO3 − and SO4 2−) and 67 elements. The PM2.5 emission factors (gkg−1 fuel burned, dry basis) were in the ranges 9.9–20.2 and 4.2–16.3, respectively, for the fireplace and the woodstove. Organic carbon contributed to about 50% of the fine particle mass in the emissions from every wood species studied in both burning appliances. The carbonaceous component of PM2.5 was dominated by organic carbon, accounting for more than 85% of the total carbon (TC): OC/TC ranged from 0.85 to 0.96 (avg. 0.92) for the fireplace and from 0.86 to 0.97 (avg. 0.93) for the woodstove. The water-soluble ions accounted for 0.64 to 11.3% of the PM2.5 mass emitted from the fireplace, whereas mass fractions between 0.53 and 13.6% were obtained for the woodstove. The golden wattle wood smoke showed a much higher ionic content than the emissions from the other wood types. Trace elements represented 0.4 to 2.5% and 0.2 to 2.2% of the PM2.5 mass emitted, respectively, from the fireplace and the woodstove, which corresponded to average total emissions of 132±77.3mgkg−1 and 93.4±60.8mgkg−1 of wood burned. Among these, K, Pb, Al, Mn and Sr were present in all samples. From the emission profiles of the individual experiments, composite wood combustion profiles are suggested with the aid of a cluster analysis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The contribution of residential wood combustion (RWC) to emission inventory at local level was estimated using a bottom–up approach for the Lombardy Region of North Italy. A survey, based on the CATI (Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing) method, has been undertaken through 18,000 interviews. The interviews had the objective to characterize the RWC use in this region, in term of both total and municipal wood consumption. Details on the type of appliances used in RWC were also gathered. The results of the survey were then statistically analyzed in order to allow an estimate of RWC with high spatial resolution (i.e., at municipal level) in relation to the size and altitude of the territory. The work provides new evidence of the importance of wood combustion as a key source for PM and NMVOC emissions at local level, and thus highlights the importance of technological improvements and new policies aimed at emission reduction in this sector. Considering the great differences in average PM emission factors between low efficiency appliances (fireplaces, old stoves) and high efficiency ones (new stoves, pellet burners), this work emphasizes the importance of obtaining more detailed information on the types of wood appliances used for arriving at a reliable PM emission inventory for RWC. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of this work is to unravel the genesis of fireplace in a structure of ancient dwelling-house. The work is based in archaeological findings situated in Lithuanian territory. Fireplace has been and remains one of the most essential components in the existence and in the structure of a house, but so it did not attain a special research in our architecturology so far. There is various sparse and scattered data on the fireplaces of a dwelling-houses in a works of archaeologists, historians and ethnologists. The work's attempt is to fill the above-mentioned gap. Time period, discussed in this article, is the earliest stage in a development of a fireplace, starting jointly with the beginning of building stationary dwelling-houses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Recent studies indicate a link between the risk of lung cancer and residential radon exposure. However, in France, awareness of this problem was made relatively late. Accordingly this study examines the radon concentration in a private home in Calvados. Findings show that the presence of a fireplace in a house can accelerate radon convective transfer, and that simple adjustments to interior and exterior accommodation can significantly reduce radon concentrations in the home. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Two different firewood-fueled high quality fireplaces for private homes were complemented with novel in situ gas sensors for residual oxygen and CO/HC flue gas analysis and with a catalytic converter for exhaust gas treatment. The sensitivity performance of the used CO/HC mixed-potential-type sensor is characterized. Based on these two gas sensor signals and on the combustion temperature a new general strategy for automatic control of the primary and secondary air streams for firewood combustion was developed. This enabled reduction of the (toxic) CO/HC-emissions to about 50% (central heater) and 15% (tiled stove), respectively, in comparison to the emissions measured when the firing process is controlled by the algorithm of the fireplace-producer. After implementation of a catalytic converter into the flue gas channel (central heater) and post-combustion chamber (tiled stove) and adaptation of the control algorithm parameters the CO/HC-emissions were further reduced to about 25% and less than 1%, respectively. Studies of the long-term stability of the catalyst material by temperature dependent gas conversion experiments indicated that the conversion kinetics is stabilized at an onset-temperature of about 155°C. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The shift to the early Holocene in northern Europe is strongly associated with major environmental and climatic changes that influenced hunter-gatherers' activities and occupation during the Mesolithic period. The ancient lake Duvensee (10,000–6500 cal. BCE) has been studied for almost a century, providing archaeological sites consisting of bark mats and hazelnut-roasting hearths situated on small sand banks deposited by the glacier. No method is yet available to locate these features before excavation. Therefore, a key method for understanding the living conditions of hunter-gatherer groups is to reconstruct the paleoenvironment with a focus on the identification of areas that could possibly host Mesolithic camps and well-preserved archaeological artefacts. We performed a 16-channel MALÅ Imaging Radar Array (MIRA) system survey aimed at understanding the landscape surrounding the find spot Duvensee WP10, located in a hitherto uninvestigated part of the bog. Using an integrated approach of high-resolution ground radar mapping and targeted excavations enabled us to derive a 3D spatio-temporal landscape reconstruction of the investigated sector, including paleo-bathymetry, stratigraphy, and shorelines around the Mesolithic camps. Additionally, we detected previously unknown islands as potential areas for yet unknown dwelling sites. We found that the growth rates of the islands were in the order of approximately 0.3 m2/yr to 0.7 m2/yr between the late Preboreal and the Subboreal stages. The ground-penetrating radar surveying performed excellently in all aspects of near-surface landscape reconstruction as well as in identifying potential dwellings; however, the direct identification of small-scale artefacts, such as fireplaces, was not successful because of their similarity to natural structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental sustainability has recently shifted towards biodiversity protection via governmental and intergovernmental initiatives (e.g., the UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, MA). The life cycle assessment, the widespread method for assessing environmental sustainability, was not created to evaluate impacts on biodiversity. However, several authors recognize its ability to estimate biodiversity loss drivers (impact indices on land use change and ecosystem). The study aims to apply LCA to the forest sector, precisely to the wood–energy chain of Hophornbeam, to cover suggestions of the MA for the biodiversity impact assessment. Six different scenarios for stove (3) and fireplace (3) wood production were analyzed, evaluating two baselines and four alternative scenarios, including sensitivity analyses related to transport distances for the raw materials. The functional unit is 1 MJ of energy. The fireplace combustion scenarios are relatively more sustainable than the stove ones are (2.95–3.21% less). The global warming potential (around 3 g CO2 eq/MJ) is consistent with current European directives on the sustainability of biofuels and scientific literature. The scenarios showed similarities regarding the impact of the categories related to MA drivers. Although biodiversity is protected by limiting forest management, some authors argue that for some species (e.g., Hophornbeam), a rational tree felling could produce biofuels, increasing biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results are presented from a series of source tests on the fireplace combustion of 10 wood species found in the Midwestern and Western United States: white oak, sugar maple, black oak, American beech, black cherry, white spruce, quaking aspen, douglas fir, ponderosa pine, and pinyon pine. Fine particle emission factors for total mass, organic, and elemental carbon, ionic species, elemental species including potassium, and over 250 individual organic compounds were determined. The data are intended for use in apportionment studies that utilize particulate organic compounds as specific tracers to identify the sources of ambient fine particles. The cellulose pyrolysis products levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan were quantified in each of the wood smokes studied; they act as molecular tracers for cellulose from combustion of all wood types. Differences in the emission rates of syringol- and guaiacol-type phenolic compounds from lignin and of resin acids can be used to distinguish between hardwood and softwood smoke emissions. The triterpenoid, friedelin, known to be present in the bark of white oak, is emitted in significant quantities from white oak combustion, but was not found in the emissions from any other North American wood species. Friedelin can potentially be utilized to trace particulate emissions back to specific geographic regions where white oak is used for firewood. These results, along with previously published data from the other U.S. regions, provide a complete set of emission factors of the prevalent chemical species found in wood smoke throughout the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resurgence in the use of wood in the United States for residential heating has been accompanied by a dramatic increase in deaths and injuries from residential fires. Toxic materials present in woodsmoke also appear to present a significant public health hazard. As a result of these factors, production of residential wood heat can be up to two orders of magnitude more hazardous than generation of an equivalent amount of electric energy at a coal-fired power plant. Proper care in installation and operation of wood stoves, as well as technological innovations that control wood-stove emissions, can greatly reduce the health and safety hazards of residential heating with wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Household firewood use has become increasingly popular in the United States over the past few years. Significant problems remain in estimating firewood consumption. Methods of determining the amount of wood consumed vary from state to state. Units used for measuring firewood vary, but the cord remains the researcher's favorite. Factors used for converting other units, such as pickup truck loads to cords also vary. People who do not use firewood are less likely to respond to mailed surveys, resulting in potential overestimates of statewide consumption. This paper identifies some problems associated with estimating household firewood consumption and recommends methods of dealing with them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• %Corg and %N reflect significant inputs of OM in sediments during fireplace operation. • Lipids and bulk OM mark the use of wood as fuel and the involvement of animal OM. • Distinction between meat-cooking and bone-fueled fireplaces is possible. • N-compounds are characteristic of culinary use. A better understanding of the operation and use of prehistoric fires is fundamental to interpreting the organization of living spaces. Following a previous study that focused on the organic signatures of fireplaces fueled with wood and/or bones, this study targeted the completion of an experimental reference database through the addition of a wood-fueled fireplace dedicated to the cooking of meat. Different sedimentary features of this experimental fireplace were visually identified (e.g. darkening, reddening), sampled, and subjected to geochemical analysis. Corg and N contents were quantified, samples were extracted with organic solvents and analyzed through GC–MS and bulk organic matter was characterized through py(TMAH)-GC–MS. Five different samples were studied and compared with a control sample, representative of the local background. A significant increase of Corg and N contents was measured for the three samples presenting darkened or charred caracteristics. The meat-cooking fireplace seems to be characterized by the strong contribution of nitrogen, which was visible in elementary analyses as well as in the molecular composition of solvent extracts, and bulk organic matter. More specifically, compounds containing nitrile functions, amides, N-heterocyclic and N-aromatic compounds could be detected in solvent extracts. Amines, amides, N-heterocyclic and N-aromatic compounds could be identified in py(TMAH)-GC–MS. Some of these compounds present a relative stability in soils and could therefore aid in our comprehension and functional interpretations of archaeological fireplaces, and may, more particularly, make it possible to highlight the use of fireplaces for the cooking of meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An awareness of increasing climate and health problems has driven the development of new functional and affordable soot-oxidation catalysts for stationary sources, such as fireplaces. In this study, Al(OH)3, water glass and acidic aluminium phosphate binder materials were mixed with soot-oxidation catalysts. The effect of the binder on the performance of the Ag/La-Al2O3 catalyst was examined, while the Pt/La-Al2O3 catalyst bound with Al(OH)3 was used as a reference. Soot was oxidised above 340 °C on the Ag/La-Al2O3 catalyst, but at 310 °C with same catalyst bound with Al(OH)3. The addition of water glass decreased the catalytic performance because large silver crystals and agglomeration resulted in a blockage of the support material's pores. Pt/La-Al2O3 bound with Al(OH)3 was ineffective in a fireplace environment. We believe that AgOx is the active form of silver in the catalyst. Hence, Ag/La-Al2O3 was shown to be compatible with the Al(OH)3 binder as an effective catalyst for fireplace soot oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]