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Abstract Introduction The purpose of this study is to establish the efficacy of Yonsei point in the treatment of a gummy smile in a White South African population. The accurate surface anatomy criteria in relation to the underlying musculature for the administration of Botulinum toxin injections in the treatment of gummy smile was determined. Materials and Methods Nineteen (10 males and 9 females) cadavers were selected for facial dissection. Facial profile photographs were taken before and after dissection. The before and after photographs were overlayed to determine where the pin positions should be on the dissected cadaver to determine the Yonsei point. The levator labii superioris (LLS), LLS alaeque nasi (LLSAN), zygomaticus minor, and zygomaticus major muscles were measured using a protractor and ruler, which accounted for the manual measurements. Digital measurements were measured by importing dissected images into ImageJ. Circles with a 2 cm diameter (1 cm radius) were constructed to determine whether the Yonsei point could successfully influence muscles fibers. Results Digital and manual measurements show comparable results with high correlation and reliability. Results showed that the White South African population had narrower facial musculature angles as compared with the Korean population. Conclusion Based on the selected sample, the Yonsei point is an ineffective injection site for the successful treatment of gummy smile in a White South African population.

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to establish the efficacy of Yonsei point in the treatment of a gummy smile in a White South African population. The accurate surface anatomy criteria in relation to the underlying musculature for the administration of Botulinum toxin injections in the treatment of gummy smile was determined. Materials and Methods: Nineteen (10 males and 9 females) cadavers were selected for facial dissection. Facial profile photographs were taken before and after dissection. The before and after photographs were overlayed to determine where the pin positions should be on the dissected cadaver to determine the Yonsei point. The levator labii superioris (LLS), LLS alaeque nasi (LLSAN), zygomaticus minor, and zygomaticus major muscles were measured using a protractor and ruler, which accounted for the manual measurements. Digital measurements were measured by importing dissected images into ImageJ. Circles with a 2 cm diameter (1 cm radius) were constructed to determine whether the Yonsei point could successfully influence muscles fibers. Results: Digital and manual measurements show comparable results with high correlation and reliability. Results showed that the White South African population had narrower facial musculature angles as compared with the Korean population. Conclusion: Based on the selected sample, the Yonsei point is an ineffective injection site for the successful treatment of gummy smile in a White South African population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Non-Surgical Facial Aesthetics (NSFA) encompasses a range of minimally invasive procedures. Complications associated with NSFA often present to local Emergency Departments. There is no representation of NSFA in the undergraduate curriculum. Medical students appear to have little to no exposure to NSFA during their training.The main aims of this study were to gain an insight into the views of final year medical students in pursuing a career in NSFA and assessing their understanding of NSFA competence and complications of common procedures. Method: ology: An online survey was completed by 148 medical students across two English Universities. 106/148 (71.6%) of students were from University A and 42/148 (28.4%) were from University B. Results: 47.6% (70/148) of medical students would consider pursuing a career in NSFA after graduating from medical school. 76.3% (87/148) and 80.7% (92/148) of students were not aware of the complications associated with the administration of dermal fillers and Botox injections respectively. Most medical students felt a single day training program in NSFA was sufficient to administer non-surgical rhinoplasty 67.8% (99/148) dermal fillers 67.1% (98/148) and Botox injections 68.5% (100/148). Conclusion: Despite a large proportion of medical students considering a career in NSFA the majority were unaware of the common complications. Incorporation of NSFA into undergraduate curriculum should improve enhance patient safety, effective management of complications and augment future learning and career progression. This may be achieved by through signposting, student-selected components and as part of structured head and neck teaching.