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Male alpacas have reproductive peculiarities that can influence the breeding soundness evaluation (BSE). This study was aimed to analyse the frequency of epididymal and testicular cystic lesions in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) retrospectively during different environmental temperatures. A total of 45 subject from 120 males were evaluated with linear probe (10 MHz; MyLab VetONE) between at 5 different alpaca farms in Italy. Semen was collected via artificial vagina and semen parameters were evaluated. Twenty % (9/45) of the males demonstrated the presence of abnormal testicular and epididymal cyst. Those cystic lesions could represent a simple result of drainage defect of the fluid produced (ectasia of the rete testis), congenitally derived from a probable hereditary pattern (2/9) or affecting epididymal structures (3/9). Cystic lesions can increase the scrotal volumetric asymmetry due to the most common mono)lateral lesions (P<0.05). Some diagnostic biochemical parameters such as the seminal plasma alkaline phosphatase was higher in affected males (P<0.05). Besides, environmental temperature can influence scrotal swelling independently by the presence of cystic lesions thus alter the scrotal volume. The ultrasonography can provide more specific information about the presence of epididymal and testicular anomalies influencing the BSE results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpaca domestication took place more than 6000 years ago. The Indians of Peru discerned the potential in these animals, tamed them and began to breed. In the past, alpacas were called the "Inca gold": they could provide people with all the necessary resources for living. People dressed in skins, ate meat, spun wool and made clothes, and used manure as fuel. An increase in the number of livestock on the Russian Alpaca and Capri farms favorably affects the further distribution of alpaca as a species in Russia. The possibility of recognition of alpaca as an agricultural animal will be the sale of wool, its processing, as well as the rejection of imported raw materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study on the cell specific expression of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, COX1 and COX2, in the ductuli efferentes and epididymis of prepubertal and adult alpaca. Topics discussed include an increase in the immunsignals for COX1 in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells and immunoreactivity for COX2 in prepubertal alpaca in adult animals. The role of COXs in the pubertal development of the excurrent duct system of the alpaca is noted.