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Hydrogen energy has an advantage over conventional fossil energy because of its clean and low-carbon features, while its stability gives it an advantage over renewable energy sources such as hydropower, photovoltaic (PV) power, and wind power. Using hydrogen as a fuel can achieve zero carbon emissions or even net zero emissions at the end of energy conversion. Moreover, with hydrogen as the carrier, an energy system of multi-energy complementarity will be established by coupling multiple energy systems such as power grids, gas grids and heat networks, which can realize the comprehensive utilization of renewable energy sources in an efficient, stable, and flexible manner. Based on the “dual carbon” goals, this paper targets sectors with high carbon emissions represented by electric power, steel and transportation, analyzes the feasible path of using hydrogen energy to promote deep carbon reduction, and points out the obstacles faced by hydrogen energy development in various sectors. On account of the current development and expected prospects, this paper proposes that the current focus of hydrogen energy industry is to coordinate the development of industrial sectors and regions, build a pattern that can facilitate the industry’s systematic and concerted development, address key technical challenges (such as green hydrogen production or hydrogen storage and transportation via pipeline), improve industrial standards, and promote the industry’s development in a balanced, coordinated and orderly way.

It has been generally accepted that the Permian shale is an important target for shale oil and gas exploration. In order to precisely predict the distribution of potential excellent source rocks of shale oil and gas, it is necessary to reveal the forming process and mechanism of high-quality source rocks, such as the Dalong Formation in the Scihuan Basin. In this study, 17 samples were collected from the Dalong Formation in Longfeng Quarry, Northwest Guangyuan City, Sichuan Province. The lithofacies, organic geochemistry, and pyrolysis of these samples were analyzed to evaluate the main factors controllingthe source rock formation. In particular, the influences of hydrothermal and paleoenvironmental conditions on the accumulation of organic matter were analyzed. The total organic carbon (TOC) content of the samples, which ranges from 0.05% to 12.21%, is closely related to the lithology. High TOC has been generally observed in rock intervals developed in a deep-water sedimentary environment, including siliceous rock, dark shale, and siliceous shale. The peak pyrolysis temperature of the samples ranges from 444°C to 462°C, indicating a mature stage. Thin-section observation, combined with the results of previous studies, has confirmed that the source of the organic matter is mainly marine phytoplankton, such as algae and radiolarians, ostracods, and other marine organisms, which consist of these high-quality source rocks. The ratio of trace elements, such as Ni/Co, V/Cr, U/Th, and V/(V + Ni) indicate that high-quality source rocks are mainly formed in anoxic restricted environments. The hydrothermal activity of submarine volcanoes provided many nutrients and compounds, resulting biological prosperity and improving primary productivity. This is simultaneously conducive to the formation of anoxic environments and the preservation of organic matter.

Hydrocarbon-generating material determines the elemental composition and hydrocarbon-generating potential of kerogens in a source rock, and it is the key material basis to control the hydrocarbon-generating capacity of the source rock. Previous studies have shown that many intervals of high-quality source rocks generally contain a varying number of volcanic ash layers. The impact of these volcanic ash layers on the development of high-quality source rocks has attracted extensive attention. However, these studies mainly focused on the development of hydrocarbon-forming organisms and the preservation of organic matters but rarely dealt with the differential development of hydrocarbon-forming organisms between multiple volcanic ash layers. The Permian Dalong Formation in the northwestern Sichuan Basin, China, is a set of high-quality source rocks with multiple volcanic sedimentary layers. To understand the differential development of hydrocarbon-forming organisms between volcanic ash layers, with the Dalong Formation in the Longfeng quarry section, Guangyuan, the Sichuan Basin as an example, this study analyzes the types of hydrocarbon-generating materials of high-quality source rocks of the Dalong Formation and the reasons why volcanic activities affected the growth of hydrocarbon-forming organisms and explores the impact of volcanic activities on the development of different types of hydrocarbon-forming organisms. The results show that the TOC of the Longfeng quarry section is 0.05%–15.46%, with an average of 4.76%, and the average TOC of the Dalong Formation is as high as 5.16%, which belongs to high-quality source rocks. The hydrocarbon-forming organism association in the Dalong Formation source rocks is mainly composed of floating algae and benthic algae and vertically divided into three parts: a few radiolarians and trace fossils occasionally in the lower part; a large number of radiolarians, calcium spheres, and algal debris in the middle part; and mainly foraminifera and gastropods in the upper part. There are 36 volcanic ash layers in the Dalong Formation of the study area. In the process of volcanic activity, the “fertilization” effect of volcanic ash made the nutrient elements in the volcanic ash enter water, increasing the number of hydrocarbon-forming organisms, causing the differential development of various hydrocarbon-forming organisms, and promoting the formation of reducing water to support the preservation of organic matters. The development of hydrocarbon-forming organisms is controlled by the changes of element types and abundances caused by magmatic properties. The time interval of volcanic activities also has an important impact on the development of hydrocarbon-forming organisms.

Control algorithms are the most critical aspects in the successful control of civil structures subjected to earthquake and wind forces. In recent years, adaptive intelligent control algorithms are emerging as an acceptable substitute method to conventional model-based control algorithms. These algorithms mainly work on the principles of artificial intelligence (AI) and soft computing (SC) methods that make them highly efficient in controlling highly nonlinear, time-varying, and time-delayed complex civil structures. The current research probes to control algorithms, that this article set forth an inclusive state-of-the-art review of adaptive intelligent control (AIC) algorithms for vibration control of smart civil structures. First, a general introduction to adaptive intelligent control is presented along with its advantages over conventional control algorithms. Second, their classification concerning artificial intelligence and soft computing methods is provided that mainly consists of artificial neural network-based controller, brain emotional learning-based intelligent controller, replicator dynamics-based controller, multi-agent system-based controller, support vector machine-based controller, fuzzy logic control, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system-based controller, adaptive filters-base controller, and meta-heuristic algorithms-based hybrid controllers. Third, a brief review of these algorithms with their developments on the theory and applications is provided. Fourth, we demonstrate a summarized overview of the cited literature with a brief trend analysis is presented. Finally, this study presents an overview of these innovative AIC methods that can demonstrate future directions. The contribution of this article is the anticipation of detailed and in-depth discussion into the perspective of AI and SC-based AIC method advances that enabled practical applications in attenuating vibration response of smart civil structures. Moreover, the review demonstrates the computing advantages of AIC over conventional controllers that are important in creating the next generation of smart civil structures.

Thin-walled tubes are widely used as energy-absorbing components in traffic vehicles, which can absorb part of the energy in time by using the plastic deformation of the components during collision so as to reduce the damage of the vehicle body and improve the overall safety and reliability of traffic vehicles. The prefolded design of thin-walled tube components can guide it to achieve the ideal energy dissipation performance according to the preset damage path, so the related research based on origami tubes has attracted a lot of attention. Since the geometry of the origami tubes is controlled by many parameters and stress and deformation is a complex nonlinear damage process, most of the previous studies adopted the method of case analysis to carry out numerical simulation and experimental verification of the relevant influence parameters. This paper makes a new exploration of this kind of problem and focuses on solving the related technical problems in three aspects: 1. The automatic model modeling and 3D display based on parameters are proposed; 2. System integration using Python programming to automatically generate the data files of ABAQUS for finite element simulation was realized, and we sorted the finite element analysis results into an artificial intelligence analysis data set; 3. Clustering analysis of the energy consumption history of the data set is carried out using a machine learning algorithm, and the key design parameters that affect the energy consumption history are studied in depth. The sensitivity of the energy absorption performance of the origami tubes with multi-morphology patterns to the crease spacing is studied, and it is shown that the concave–convex crease spacing distribution with a distance larger than 18 mm could be used to activate specific crushing modes. In the optimal case, its initial peak force is reduced by 66.6% compared to uniformly spaced creases, while the average crushing force is essentially the same. Furthermore, this paper finds a new path to optimizing the design of parameters for origami tubes including a multi-morphology origami pattern from the perspective of energy dissipation.

The origin of the largest modern vertebrate group, the Teleostei, saw major refinements in the last decades, thanks to newly discovered and stratigraphically closely spaced Triassic Lagerstätten. Here we report the oldest Pholidophoriformes (stem teleosts) that were collected during a large scale yet detailed excavation of Upper Ladinian (Middle Triassic) marine deposits in Xingyi City, Guizhou Province, China. Taxonomic comparisons support the erection of a new pholidophorid genus, Malingichthys gen. nov., with two species. The new genus shows a partially fused skull roof, a preopercular bone with a hockey-stick shape and, for the first time in Pholidophoridae, supraneural elements. Most Triassic marine vertebrate clades (fishes and reptiles, Malingichthys included) first emerged in the South China Block, with Late Ladinian most showing an important faunal transformation that was strengthened by our last findings. The material here described is about 2 million years older than the previous records for pholidophorids.

A new actinopterygian genus and species, Chaohuperleidus primus gen. n. n. sp., is described from the Upper Member of the Nanlinghu Formation (Spathian, Olenekian, Early Triassic) at Majiashan (Majia Hill), Chaohu City, Anhui Province, Southeast China. The new taxon is assigned to the order Perleidiformes on the base of a combination of features: large wedge-like preoperculum with expanded infraorbital process and sensory canal running almost vertical along the posterior margin of the preoperculum itself, flank scalessomewhat higher than longer in the trunk region and presence of epaxial rays in the caudal fin.AmongPerleidiformes, the new taxonbelongsto thePerleididae, being very similar to Perleidus in the general body shape, pattern of the skull bones, the dentitionmade of peg-like marginal teeth,and number of epaxial rays. The new genus is characterized by the presence of a very large antero-dorsal process on the suboperculum, a high number (about 55) of transversal scale rows and dorsal and anal fin quite posterior. Chaohuperleidus gen. n., beingSpathianin age,represents the oldest record of the order Perleidiformes.

Two well preserved specimens of Fuyuanperleidus dengi Geng et al., 2012 are described from the Upper Member of the Guanling Formation (Pelsonian, Anisian, Middle Triassic) in Luoping County, Yunnan Province, South China. The attribution to Perleidiformes is confirmed according to a combination of features such as the general skull pattern, with the large preoperculum showing a prominent infraorbital process, the maxilla with deep posterior region and a dentition made of long and stout peg-like teeth with an acuminate apex, the deep mid-lateral flank scales and the caudal fin with epaxial fin rays. However, this taxon shows an unique arrangement of the squamation (here considered as autapomorphy) given by the insertion of several scales in each vertical row posterior to the pelvic fin, just below the scales carrying the lateral line, when their depth decreases abruptly. Owing to this unique character, and in spite of the very recent description of this genus, the authors considered necessary the erection of a new family, Fuyuanperleididae offering also new insights on the evolutionary trends and morphological specializations of the “subholosteans”. A cladistic analysis of the well known perleidiformes, with this taxon included, supports a possible monophyly of the order, and matches well the paleobiogeographic relationships of the Gondwana fresh-water taxa. The specialized deep-bodied Gondwana and Tethyan perleidiformes are independently evolved, ascertained by the parsimony analysis.

The halecomorph fishPanxianichthys imparilis, from the Pelsonian (Anisian, Middle Triassic) of Panxian County, Guizhou Province, South China, was recently described in brief. Here we present a thorough revision of this taxon based on 22 specimens, which allows a much better understanding of its anatomy and, consequently, its phylogenetic relationships. Newly recognized anatomical features include a flat quadratojugal, a symplectic articulating with the lower jaw ventral to the quadrate articulation, five infraorbitals, up to three suborbitals, and a large tail body lobe.Panxianichthysrepresents the oldest known non-parasemionotiform halecomorph and has a crescent-shaped preopercle and a maxillary branch of infraorbital sensory canal, but it is excluded from the ‘Ionoscopiformes–Amiiformes’ clade mainly by the presence of a quadratojugal, a dermosphenotic hinged to the side of the skull roof with a smooth innerorbital flange bearing no sensory canal, and a symplectic articulation much more ventral than that of the quadrate. A comparison with other Triassic non-parasemionotiform halecomorphs, together with the phylogenetic analysis, supports the erection of a new halecomorph order, Panxianichthyiformes, which is the sister group to the post-Triassic ‘Ionoscopiformes–Amiiformes’ clade. In addition,Robustichthys, also from the Anisian and previously ascribed to Ionoscopiformes, is recognized here as a new stem-group Ginglymodi. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5594E962-985F-466D-AC52-2E9A5AC07787 [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Keichousaurus hui is a small pachypleurosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Triassic of China. Many specimens of various growth stages are known, making them ideal for ontogenetic research. We report 22 new specimens from the Middle Triassic of Xingyi (Guizhou, south China), and combined their skeletal measurements with those from 85 published specimens to analyze the ontogenetic trajectory of sexual dimorphism. An Exploratory Factor Analysis suggests that the largest factors behind morphological disparity within the species are body size followed by gender. Sexual dimorphism is most clearly reflected in selected skeletal ratios that are more pronounced in males than in females. We found that the relative length of femur to body size was useful in gender identification, in addition to three ratios that are traditionally used, namely a distal expansion of the humerus relative to its shaft, humerus length relative to body size, and humerus length relative to femur length. Two distinctive patterns exist in allometric changes of these four ratios. The distal expansion of the humerus is exceptional in that it is equally pronounced in juvenile and adult males and therefore must have been fully established during embryonic growth. The other three features are not pronounced at birth size and subsequently become pronounced during postembryonic growth. However, males and females already show different growth trajectories at birth size even in these three. Therefore, the fate of sexually dimorphic features seems to have already been set during embryonic growth in K. hui. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The early Ladinian lacustrine ecosystem of the Chang 7 Member in the Ordos Basin was proposed as the earliest known Mesozoic-type, trophically multileveled lacustrine ecosystem after the end-Permian mass extinction (EPME). However, limited evidence of higher-order trophic levels represented by predatory fish has made this conclusion elusive. In this study, we investigated the external morphology, food inclusions, and geochemical composition of 54 vertebrate coprolites from organic-rich lacustrine sediments of Chang 7 Member, Yanchang Formation, in the Bawangzhuang section, Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province, China. These coprolites were identified as seven morphotypes in three groups: three heteropolar spiral forms, two amphipolar spiral forms, and two non-spiral forms. Preserved inclusions (fish scales, bone fragments, teeth) indicated that the producers of these coprolites were piscivorous animals. Compared with coprolites previously researched, all coprolites described herein were inferred to be produced by fish: three heteropolar types of spiral coprolites derived from three types of hybodonts, two amphipolar spiral coprolites from coelacanth or Saurichthys with simple spiral valves, and non-spiral coprolites from at least two predatory actinopterygians. Thus, the biodiversity of the lacustrine paleoecosystem, particularly that of predators with upper trophic levels, was substantially enriched. The existence of large carnivorous predators of different taxa as apex predators in a trophically multileveled (at least six levels) lacustrine ecosystem indicates that the early Ladinian lacustrine ecosystem of the Ordos Basin marks the rebuilding of the top-predator trophic structure in the lacustrine ecosystem after the EPME. • The most detailed coprolite record from the early Ladinian of Ordos Basin, China. • Diverse large carnivorous predators with varying dietary habits are retrieved. • The first Mesozoic-type, trophically multileveled (> 6) lacustrine ecosystem. • Rebuilding the top-predator trophic structure in the paleolake after the EPME. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to make full use of the air in the chamber, improve the mixing process, and reduce raw emissions and fuel consumption of diesel engine, we introduce the the concept of a new combustion system—the Double Swirl Combustion System (DSCS)—and introduce their hypothesis regarding the fuel-air mixing mechanism under DSCS. For validating the hypothesis, we made a series of actual diesel engine tests on DSCS. The engine tests were based on a 150-mm diesel engine, and both single-cylinder and multicylinder engines were tested under natural aspirated intake condition and boost intake condition. The results indicate that DSCS is suitable for improving a big bore diesel engine. Later, we made a series of spray experimental researches in order to investigate DSCS and whether it can be used under different load conditions. In addition, we investigated how the structural parameters of the DS chamber affect the fuel-air mixing process in order to establish an optimum design method of the DS chamber. In order to verify whether DSCS can be used in different types of diesel engines, we made a series of engine tests on a 132-mm diesel engine. Results indicated that DSCS also can present a wonderful performance on medium bore diesel engine. For phenomena of 150- and 132-mm diesel engines' performance by matched DSCS, we suppose there exists necessary to make a further research on DSCS from the microcosmic level. Therefore, we made a series of simulations on 132-mm DS and the 132-mm original chambers. From the simulation results, they obtained meaningful results from the velocity field and temperature distribution comparisons. The results we obtained validate that DSCS has many advantages, such as a diesel engine with an ideal heat release rate, a better fuel economy, a lower emission, and a lower thermal load, all showing potential and a bright future for DSCS owing to the wide application of electronic-controlled fuel injection systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]