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Copyright of Animal Genetic Resources is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Browsing ruminants have access to different biomass, depending on how high they can reach. Foliage consisting of leaves and green pods from Acacia senegal, Pterocarpus lucens and Guiera senegalensis, was collected according to height above ground accessible to either sheep (0.90m), goats (1.65m) or cattle (1.50m). There was a significant variation in the chemical composition of the biomass between species. The crude protein (CP) content was 114, 157 and 217g/kg dry matter (DM) and the neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) content 604, 534 and 412g/kg DM for G. senegalensis, P. lucens and A. senegal, respectively. There was no significant variation in chemical composition according to the height accessible by cattle, sheep or goats. The voluntary intake was studied using eight goats per diet. The six diets consisted of the three browse leaves and two pods (A. senegal and P. lucens) and a control. The leaves were fed combined with hay of Schoenefeldia gracilis (maximum 30%) and the control was pure hay. Apparent digestibilities of the same diets, with the exception of G. senegalensis, were measured using five goats per diet. All browse fodders used in the feeding and digestibility trials were high in CP (105–170g/kg DM) and lignin (164–234g/kg DM except A. senegal leaves) and low in fiber (322–590g/kg DM of NDF) compared to the hay (31g/kg DM of CP and 755g/kg DM of NDF). The highest intake was of the P. lucens diet (864g) and the lowest of the G. senegalensis diet (397g). The intake of pods from A. senegal was higher (1033g) than from P. lucens pods (691g). The apparent digestibility of OM and CP in the browse leaves was 0.63 and 0.57 and 0.63 and 0.64 for A. senegal and P. lucens, respectively, higher than for the hay, which showed higher digestibility of NDF. A. senegal pods had higher digestibility for all nutrients than P. lucens pods. Based on the high CP content and the intake and digestibility characteristics, P. lucens leaves and A. senegal leaves and pods can be recommended as protein supplements to low quality diets. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Mali Médical is the property of Mali Medical, Faculte de Medecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odonto-stomatologie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tests were carried out to demonstrate the effects of remineralization on biological treatment performances. Chlorine demand and the potential for the formation of trihalomethanes, haloacetic acid, haloacetonitriles and chloropicrin were monitored. An increase in alkalinity of the waters results in a better removal of many disinfection by-products, both by ozonation and biodegradation. For example, the reduction in the precursors of the trihalomethanes, haloacetonitriles and acetic acids was 21, 50 and 28%, respectively, in the non-remineralized waters (alkalinity of 25 mg/L CaCO3). In the waters remineralized at 250 mg/L CaCO3, these reductions were even greater: 30, 68 and 50%. A similar effect is observed with biodegradation: in non-remineralized waters, the reductions are 54, 77 and 69%, andin remineralized waters, 67, 86 and 80%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was observed that biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC), measured by a fixed biomass method, in samples recarbonated with sodium bicarbonate, were always lower than those obtained in similar non-recarbonated samples. Biomass used for all measurement was developed and sustained with non-recarbonated water (base water). The increase of alkalinity, pH and sodium concentration resulting from recarbonation seems to affect BDOC values. Results have shown little variation of BDOC (0.1 to 0.2 mg l-1 C) when the sodium concentrationis raised from 3 mg l-1 (base water; alkalinity = 25 mg l-1 as CaCO3) to 40 mg l-1 (recarbonated water, alkalinity = 100 Mg l-1 as CaCO3). However, when sodium concentration was increased to 109 mg l-1 (recarbonated water, alkalinity = 250 mg l-1 as CaCO3) important underestimation of BDOC (0.4 mg l-1 C to 0.6 mg l-1 C) occurred. In order to obtain better results, it was decided to adapt the biomass to the physico-chemical characteristics of each water for 45 days, 80 days and 120 days. BDOC results obtained with biomass adapted for 80 or 120 days reached those obtained without changing pH or alkalinity. So, for the water used (Mille-Iles river) the minimal adaptation period seems to be between 45and 80 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To determine why patients attend dental-care facilities in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso and to improve understanding of the capacity of oral health-care services in urban west Africa. METHODS: We studied a randomly selected sample of patients attending 15 dental-care facilities in Ouagadougou over a 1-year period in 2004. Data were collected using a simple daily record form. FINDINGS: From a total of 44,975 patients, the final sample was established at 14,591 patients, of whom 55.4% were new patients and 44.6% were 'booking patients'. Most patients seeking care (71.9%) were aged 15-44 years. Nongovernmental not-for-profit dental services were used by 41.5% of all patients, 36% attended private dental-care services, and 22.5% of patients visited public services. The most common complaint causing the patient to seek dental-care services was caries with pulpal involvement (52.4%), and 60% of all complaints were associated with pain. The patients' dental-care requirements were found to differ significantly according to sex, health insurance coverage and occupation. CONCLUSION: Urban district health authorities should ensure provision of primary health-care services, at the patients' first point of contact, which are directed towards the relief of pain. In addition to the strengthening of outreach emergency care, health centres should also contribute to the implementation of community-based programmes for the prevention of oral disease and the promotion of oral health. Exchange of experiences from alternative oral health-care systems relevant to developing countries is urgently needed for tackling the growing burden of oral disease. Copyright © 2005 World Health Organization [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malaria control remains a challenge in many parts of the Sahel and sub-Sahel regions of Africa.Methods: We conducted an individually randomized, controlled trial to assess whether seasonal vaccination with RTS,S/AS01E was noninferior to chemoprevention in preventing uncomplicated malaria and whether the two interventions combined were superior to either one alone in preventing uncomplicated malaria and severe malaria-related outcomes.Results: We randomly assigned 6861 children 5 to 17 months of age to receive sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and amodiaquine (2287 children [chemoprevention-alone group]), RTS,S/AS01E (2288 children [vaccine-alone group]), or chemoprevention and RTS,S/AS01E (2286 children [combination group]). Of these, 1965, 1988, and 1967 children in the three groups, respectively, received the first dose of the assigned intervention and were followed for 3 years. Febrile seizure developed in 5 children the day after receipt of the vaccine, but the children recovered and had no sequelae. There were 305 events of uncomplicated clinical malaria per 1000 person-years at risk in the chemoprevention-alone group, 278 events per 1000 person-years in the vaccine-alone group, and 113 events per 1000 person-years in the combination group. The hazard ratio for the protective efficacy of RTS,S/AS01E as compared with chemoprevention was 0.92 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84 to 1.01), which excluded the prespecified noninferiority margin of 1.20. The protective efficacy of the combination as compared with chemoprevention alone was 62.8% (95% CI, 58.4 to 66.8) against clinical malaria, 70.5% (95% CI, 41.9 to 85.0) against hospital admission with severe malaria according to the World Health Organization definition, and 72.9% (95% CI, 2.9 to 92.4) against death from malaria. The protective efficacy of the combination as compared with the vaccine alone against these outcomes was 59.6% (95% CI, 54.7 to 64.0), 70.6% (95% CI, 42.3 to 85.0), and 75.3% (95% CI, 12.5 to 93.0), respectively.Conclusions: Administration of RTS,S/AS01E was noninferior to chemoprevention in preventing uncomplicated malaria. The combination of these interventions resulted in a substantially lower incidence of uncomplicated malaria, severe malaria, and death from malaria than either intervention alone. (Funded by the Joint Global Health Trials and PATH; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03143218.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]