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BackgroundHigher sedentary behavior (SB) and lower physical activity (PA) are associated with negative physical and mental health outcomes. SB and PA can be objectively assessed using inertial sensors to evaluate body movements. This study aimed to quantify the association between instrumented measures of SB (i-SB) and PA (i-PA) and depression among children and adolescents using a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.MethodsAn electronic search was conducted on six databases up to May 12, 2024. A dose–response meta-analysis was conducted to determine the association between i-SB and i-PA and depression, expressed as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsFive cross-sectional and 11 longitudinal studies comprising 26,109 participants met the inclusion criteria. Comparing the most sedentary with the least sedentary groups of participants resulted in a pooled ORs of 1.05 (95% CI 0.94–1.16). Comparing the least active with the most active groups of participants resulted in pooled ORs of 0.93 (95% CI 0.84–1.07), 0.89 (95% CI 0.79–1.00), 0.83 (95% CI 0.66–0.99), and 0.73 (95% CI 0.58–0.89) for light, moderate-to-vigorous (MV), vigorous, and total PA, respectively. Robust error meta-regression analyses showed clear dose–response relationships between i-SB and i-MVPA and depression.ConclusionBoth i-SB and i-PA were significantly associated with risk of depression in children and adolescents, which may become non-significant after mutual adjustment for i-PA and i-SB.Systematic review registration[https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=546666], identifier [CRD42024546666].

Abstract Superhydrophobic materials can be used in various fields to optimize production and life due to their unique surface wetting properties. However, under certain pressure and perturbation conditions, the droplets deposited on superhydrophobic materials are prone to change from Cassie state to Wenzel state, which limits the practical applications of the materials. In recent years, a large number of works have investigated the transition behavior, transition mechanism, and influencing factors of the wetting transition that occurs when a superhydrophobic surface is under a series of external environments. Based on these works, in this paper, the phenomenon and kinetic behavior of the destruction of the Cassie state and the mechanism of the wetting transition are systematically summarized under external conditions that promote the wetting transition on the material surface, including pressure, impact, evaporation, vibration, and electric wetting. In addition, superhydrophobic surface morphology has been shown to directly affect the duration of the Cassie state. Based on the published work the effects of specific morphology on the Cassie state, including structural size, structural shape, and structural level, are summarized in this paper from theoretical analyses and experimental data.

Untethered and self-transformable miniature robots are capable of performing reconfigurable deformation and on-demand locomotion, which aid the traversal toward various lumens, and bring revolutionary changes for targeted delivery in gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, the viscous non-Newtonian liquid environment and plicae gastricae obstacles severely hamper high-precision actuation and payload delivery. Here, we developed a low-friction soft robot by assembly of densely arranged cone structures and grafting of hydrophobic monolayers. The magnetic orientation encoded robot can move in multiple modes, with a substantially reduced drag, terrain adaptability, and improved motion velocity across the non-Newtonian liquids. Notably, the robot stiffness can be reversibly controlled with magnetically induced hardening, enabling on-site scratching and destruction of antibiotic-ineradicable polymeric matrix in biofilms with a low-frequency magnetic field. Furthermore, the magnetocaloric effect can be utilized to eradicate the bacteria by magnetocaloric effect under high-frequency alternating field. To verify the potential applications inside the body, the clinical imaging-guided actuation platforms were developed for vision-based control and delivery of the robots. The developed low-friction robots and clinical imaging-guided actuation platforms show their high potential to perform bacterial infection therapy in various lumens inside the body.

BackgroundLong noncoding RNA (lncRNA)-mediated posttranscriptional and epigenetic landscapes of gene regulation are associated with numerous human diseases. However, the regulatory mechanisms governing human β-cell function and survival remain unknown. Owing to technical and ethical constraints, studying the direct role of lncRNAs in β-cell function and survival in humans in vivo is difficult. Therefore, we utilized humanized mice with human islets to investigate lncRNA expression using whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing. Our study aimed to characterize lncRNAs that may be crucial for human islet cell function and survival.MethodsHuman β-cell death was induced in humanized mice engrafted with functional human islets. Using these humanized mice harboring human islets with induced β-cell death, we investigated lncRNA expression through whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing. Additionally, we systematically identified, characterized, and explored the regulatory functions of lncRNAs that are potentially important for human pancreatic islet cell function and survival.ResultsHuman islet cell death was induced in humanized mice engrafted with functional human islets. RNA sequencing analysis of isolated human islets, islet grafts from humanized mice with and without induced cell death, revealed aberrant expression of a distinct set of lncRNAs that are associated with the deregulated mRNAs important for cellular processes and molecular pathways related to β-cell function and survival. A total of 10 lncRNA isoforms (SCYL1-1:22, POLG2-1:1, CTRB1-1:1, SRPK1-1:1, GTF3C5-1:1, PPY-1:1, CTRB1-1:5, CPA5-1:1, BCAR1-2:1, and CTRB1-1:4) were identified as highly enriched and specific to human islets. These lncRNAs were deregulated in human islets from donors with different BMIs and with type 2 diabetes (T2D), as well as in cultured human islets with glucose stimulation and induced cell death induced by cytokines. Aberrant expression of these lncRNAs was detected in the exosomes from the medium used to culture islets with cytokines.ConclusionIslet-enriched and specific human lncRNAs are deregulated in human islet grafts and cultured human islets with induced cell death. These lncRNAs may be crucial for human β-cell function and survival and could have an impact on identifying biomarkers for β-cell loss and discovering novel therapeutic targets to enhance β-cell function and survival.

Abstract Lubricants are often contaminated by water in different ways. Water-polluted lubricants extremely accelerate wear corrosion, leading to the deterioration of lubricity performance. Recently, multiphase media superwettability has been developed to endow one surface with compatible functions, such as on-demand separation of oily wastewater. However, realizing the robustness of the dual superlyophobic surface to solve water-caused lubricant deterioration and water contamination as needed remains challenges. Herein, a robust dual superlyophobic membrane is presented to realize on-demand separation for various lubricant—water emulsions. Compared to pure lubricants, the purified lubricants have equivalent tribology performance, which are much better than that of water-polluted lubricants. The as-prepared membrane maintains dual superlyophobicity, high-efficient for water or lubricant purification, and excellent tribology performance of the purified lubricant, even after immersion in hot liquids for 24 h, multicycle separation, and sandpaper abrasion for 50 cycles. Water-polluted lubricant extremely accelerates wear corrosion to promote catalytic dehydrogenation of lubricants, generating too much harmful carbon-based debris. This work shows great guiding significance for recovering the tribology performance of water-polluted lubricants and purifying water by the dual superlyophobic membrane.

Abstract Special wettability fibrous materials have received a lot of attention because of their good connectivity, mechanical flexibility, large specific surface area, and ease of shape manipulation. Their outstanding performance paves the way toward efficient oil/water separation in a variety of environments and for separation requirements. This paper discusses the distinct advantages, challenges, and future research directions of various substrates for fibrous materials, such as nonwoven natural biomass fibers, fabrics, electrospinning fibers, metallic fibers, and inorganic nonmetallic fibers. The special wettability fibrous filter materials and fibrous adsorbents are summarized based on the different separation methods. The principles of preparation of various special wettabilities are introduced, and the unique advantages of fibrous adsorbents are emphasized. The preparation strategy of fibrous filter materials is discussed, as well as some representative work and research progress. The benefits, drawbacks, and research directions in terms of various materials are examined. This article emphasizes the pollution resistance of fibrous filter materials and the elasticity of fibrous adsorbents. Finally, the prospects in terms of the problems, challenges, and future development of special wettability fibrous materials used in oil/water separation are discussed.

Abstract The issues regarding energy dissipation and component damage caused by the interface friction between a friction pair attract enormous attention to friction reduction. The key-enabling technique to realize friction reduction is the use of lubricants. The lubricants smooth the contact interfaces, achieving an ultralow friction contact, which is called superslippery or superlubricity. At present, superslippery and superlubricity are two isolated research topics. There is a lack of unified definition on superslippery and superlubricity from the viewpoint of tribology. Herein, this review aims at exploring the differences and relations between superslippery and superlubricity from their origin and application scenarios. Meanwhile, the challenges for developing superslippery surface and superlubricity surface are discussed. In addition, perspectives on the interactive development of these two surfaces are presented. We hope that our discussion can provide guidance for designing superslippery or superlubricity surfaces by using varies drag-reduction technologies.

Abstract Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) based on triboelectrification has attracted wide attention due to its effective utilization of green energy sources such as marine energy. However, researches about liquid-liquid triboelectrification are still scanty as solid—liquid triboelectrification has been widely studied. Herein, this work focuses on the hydrophobic/slippery substrate—water interfacial triboelectrification based on the solid friction materials of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) nanoparticles. The hydrophobic/slippery substrate—water interfacial triboelectrification are studied by assembling PTFE coated Al sheets and perfluoropolyether (PFPE) infused PTFE coated Al sheets (formed the slippery lubricant-infused surfaces (SLIPSs)) as the friction electrode, and water as liquid friction materials, respectively. The results show that the hydrophobic TENG output performances improved as the PTFE nanoparticles cumulating, and the SLIPSs TENG output performances increased with the thinner PFPE thickness. Both the triboelectrification behavior of hydrophobic/SLIPSs TENG assembled in this work are dominated by the electron transfer. Thanks to the introduction of SLIPSs, the SLIPSs TENG exhibits superior stability and durability than the hydrophobic TENG. The investigation of hydrophobic/slippery substrate—water interfacial triboelectrification contributes to optimize the TENG performances, and expands the application in harsh environments including low temperature and high humidity on the ocean.

To provide a scientific basis for improved exercise-based immunity, a meta-analysis was used to explore the dose–response relationship between physical activity (PA) and the risk of severe illness and mortality related to COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). To this end, we searched PubMed, Web of Science databases from January 2020 through April 2022. 14 observational studies met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis, including 2840 cases of severe illness and death from COVID-19. Categorical dose–relationship analysis showed that the risks of severe illness and mortality from COVID-19 were, respectively, 46% (risk ratio (RR): 0.54; confidence intervals (CIs): 0.41–0.68) and 59% (RR = 0.41; 95%CI: 0.23–0.58) lower for the highest dose of PA compared with the lowest dose of PA. The results of the continuous dose–response analysis show an inverse nonlinear relationship (Pnon-linearity

Abstract Slippery liquid infused porous surface (SLIPS) inspired by the microstructure of carnivorous Nepenthes has the potential to be used in a wide range of fields, including nautical, industrial, medical, etc. Due to their excellent optical transparency, self‐healing after mechanical injury and controllable wetting properties, SLIPS has attracted extensive research interest. With appropriate lubricants, sufficient performance will be armed to the surface so as to adapt for further requirements. In this review, the first part focuses on the basic theory of the different wettable models explaining the physical phenomena of these surfaces and their wettability. Then various representative fabrication methods are listed such as lithography, layer‐by‐layer assembly, and electrochemical anodic oxidation. There are three steps including in the process of SLIPS preparation:fabrication of rough substrate, chemical modification of rough substrate and infusion of low surface energy lubricating oil. Furthermore, recent applications and researches of SLIPS are introduced, mainly about drag reduction, anticorrosion, anti‐icing, medical treatment, and droplet manipulation. Finally, make a prospection to the limitations of practical application and future development direction of the technology.

Abstract With the decrease in fresh water resources, fog collection has become a promising way to obtain fresh water. This paper presents an efficient fog collector that combines wettability and spokes geometry. Water droplets move along a fixed route on the mist collector and can easily overcome the pinning effect at the end of the structure to detach from the surface and then be collected. Its fog collecting efficiency can be 1.82 times that of a planar zinc sheet, which provides a new idea for the design of subsequent fog collectors.

Abstract In recent decades, the development of biomimetic superhydrophobic surface structures has allowed several properties of superhydrophobic materials to be increasingly developed. This review addresses mainly three aspects. First, two kinds of structures with superhydrophobic properties: binary structures and unitary structures, are analyzed and compared. The binary structure, which includes micro‐ and nanostructures, is responsible for the development of superhydrophobicity in most natural creatures and artificial materials. And hierarchical binary structures, which combine micro‐ and nanoscale structures, actually perform better at superhydrophobic. Second, various properties of superhydrophobic materials achieved through binary structures, including self‐cleaning, antireflection, drag‐reduction, and mechanically robust and durable superhydrophobic surfaces are summarized. Each structure possesses both superiority and vulnerability. The combination of various structures can help develop adaptable and practical materials. Finally, the combinations of different properties in superhydrophobic via using a binary structure are enumerated. Materials with various properties can adapt to different working environments.

A modified VG model considering both pore ratio and temperature effect is constructed. Based on the wet-thermal elasticity theory and mixture theory, coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) equations for moisture migration, heat transfer, and deformation in unsaturated soil are derived. The numerical implementation of the coupled theory was implemented by secondary development in the finite element platform. The validity of the established theoretical equation was verified by comparing it with the experimental data. Then the THM coupling response characteristics and internal mechanism of axisymmetric soil samples were numerically analyzed. Study shows that the water in unsaturated soil migrates from high-temperature zone to low-temperature zone under temperature load, and the permeability will change during the process of moisture absorption and dehydration. Particular attention should pay to the reasonable determination of the parameters in the modified VG model for the warming and cooling process of different measurement points during the numerical calculation. The higher the heat source temperature, the greater the saturation at the specific measurement point of the soil sample at thermal stability. The lower the heat source temperature, the shorter the time required for the saturation to stabilize at the specific measuring point. The volumetric strain of unsaturated soil results from a combination of wet expansion and thermal expansion, which is dominated by wet expansion near the heat source and mainly by thermal expansion far from the heat source. The change of the total displacement with time is dominated by the z-direction displacement, and its change trend along the radial direction is similar to that in the r-direction. The peak of the total displacement curve keeps moving backward with time.

Summary: The accumulation of ice will reduce the performance of the base material and lead to all kinds of damage, even a threat to people's life safety. Recent increasing studies suggest that superhydrophobic surfaces (SHSs) originating from nature can remove impacting and condensing droplets from the surface before freezing to subzero temperatures, and it can be seen that hydrophobic/SH coating has good freezing cold resistance. But such anti-icing performances and developments in practical applications are restricted by various factors. In this paper, the mechanism and process of surface icing phenomenon are introduced, as well as how to prevent surface icing on SHS. The development of SH materials in the aspect of anti-icing in recent years is described, and the existing problems in the aspect of anti-icing are analyzed, hoping to provide new research ideas and methods for the research of anti-icing materials.

Abstract In this study, the gelling ability and lubrication performance of N-octadecyl-D-gluconamides (NOG) in liquid paraffin (LP), pentaerythritol oleate (PE-OA), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) oils were systemically investigated. The NOG, which could gelate the investigated oils, was successfully synthesized by a one-step method. The prepared gel lubricants were completely thermoreversible and exhibited improved thermal stability, according to the thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) reports. Rheological tests confirmed that the NOG gelator could effectively regulate the rheological behavior of the base oils. Tribological evaluation suggested that NOG, as an additive in the three types of base oils, could remarkably reduce the friction and wear in steel contacts. A plausible mechanism for the improved performances was proposed based on the mechanical strength of the gels and the formation of the boundary-lubricating film on the worn surface. The results indicated that NOG is a potential gelator for preparing gel lubricants with excellent tribological properties and environment-friendly characteristics.

Flexible porous composites, as sorbent materials with shape recoverability and excellent adsorption capacity, have always attracted many attentions in these years. In order to endow the sponge with selective adsorption, the sponge needs to be prepared as a superhydrophobic material. In this paper, the nano-graphite flakes were adhered to the melamine sponge by polydimethylsiloxane, and then the sponge was silanized with hexadecyltrimethoxysilane to prepare a superhydrophobic conductive sponge. The prepared sponge has excellent adsorption capacity for oil and organic solvent. It can not only absorb 24–40 g of organic solvent per gram of sponge, but also absorb oil in the oil-in-water emulsion. After the emulsion separation, the COD value of the emulsion can be reduced to 260 mg/L. Even after hundreds of adsorption-extrusion cycles, it can still maintain more than 92% of the adsorption capacity for organic solvents. In addition, its electrical conductivity makes it having potential application for pressure sensors. After adsorbing different organic solvents, the composite exhibits particular current changes and can be used as a sensor for organic solvents to detect the presence of different types of organic solvents.

The lubricity and anti-wear ability of ionic liquids (ILs) were studied by a current-carrying friction test on IL-lubricated carbon brushes. The results indicated that the conductivity and wear resistance of different ILs are different, and may vary for different carbon brushes. The E468e carbon brush was found to be more sensitive to IL lubrication than D172 carbon brush. Importantly, an analysis of the wear surfaces of the D172 and E468e carbon brushes revealed that, due to the different materials of the two carbon brushes and the composition of the IL, the lubrication effect on the carbon brushes was different. The viscosity of the IL will affect its wettability on the carbon brush surface. The better the wettability, the easier the movement of ions on the surface, which makes it easier to form a conductive physical adsorption film. Therefore, in practice, a better IL must be selected by considering the wettability of IL and carbon brushes.

Preparing super-hydrophobic surfaces with additive manufacturing (AM) and multi-step processes improves corrosion resistance of Al alloys. But the incorporation of dissimilar metals accelerates matrix corrosion, additive polymers cannot offer a long-term structural stability, and multi-step methods are complicated and costly. Hereon, stable micro-craters and nano-terraces on AA5052 sheet with enhanced water repellence and durable corrosion resistance are fabricated via low-cost subtractive manufacturing (SM) strategy. After fluoridation process, as-fabricated hierarchical structures possess highlighted self-cleaning and anti-adhesion capabilities. The following electrochemical test shows that the resultant surface effectively acts as a barrier against seawater infiltration suggesting superior anti-corrosion capacity. Meanwhile, the bacterial colony count test shows that the surface also possesses excellent resistance to microbiological adhesion. Such economic, efficient and environmental SM process is of great potential in fabricating multifunctional Al alloys with durable anti-corrosion, super-hydrophobic and bacteriostatic behaviors. Keywords: Subtractive manufacturing, Structural stability, Water repellence, Corrosion resistance, Bacteria inhibition

Herein, a low cost, durable, and stable conductive superhydrophobic composite coating (CSC coating) was fabricated on a Q345 steel surface by simple double-layer spray coating. The water contact angle (WCA) of the CSC coating was 160° and the sliding angle (SA) was 3°. In addition to its excellent conductivity (3.10 × 103 Ω), the fabricated composite coating had good durability and wear resistance. After 10 sand-washing cycles, the CSC coating surface still exhibited stable superhydrophobicity (149° WCA, 9.5° SA). At 200 g pressure, the surface of the optimized CSC coating still maintained fine superhydrophobicity (150° WCA, 9.2° SA) and conductivity (1.86 × 104 Ω) after 10 abrasion cycles. In addition, it also exhibited fine adhesion (0.307 MPa) between the composite coating and the substrate. This functional superhydrophobic surface can be applied in specialty fields with harsh conditions such as coal mining and petrochemical activities. This new coating may also expand the application fields of superhydrophobic surfaces and have broad practical application prospects.

Abstract Lamellar compounds such as the disulfides of molybdenum and tungsten are widely used as additives in lubricant oils or as solid lubricants in aerospace industries. The dioxides of these two transition metals have identical microstructures with those of the disulfides. The differences in the lubrication behaviors of disulfide and dioxides were investigated theoretically. Tungsten dioxide and molybdenum dioxide exhibit higher bond strengths at the interface and lower interlayer interactions than those of the disulfides which indicates their superlubricity. Furthermore, the topography of the electron density of the single layer nanostructure determined their sliding potential barrier; the dioxides showed a weaker electronic cloud distribution between the two neighboring oxygen atoms, which facilitated the oxygen atoms of the counterpart to go through. For commensurate friction, the dioxides exhibited nearly the same value of friction work, and same was the case for the disulfides. The lower positive value of friction work for the dioxides confirmed their improved lubricity than the disulfides and the higher mechanical strength of the bulk dioxides demonstrated that they are excellent solid lubricants in vacuum.

Abstract Coalescence and splitting of liquid marbles (LMs) are critical for the mixture of precise amount precursors and removal of the wastes in the microliter range. Here, the coalescence and splitting of LMs are realized by a simple gravity‐driven impact method and the two processes are systematically investigated to obtain the optimal parameters. The formation, coalescence, and splitting of LMs can be realized on‐demand with a designed channel box. By selecting the functional channels on the device, gravity‐based fusion and splitting of LMs are performed to mix medium/drugs and remove spent culture medium in a precise manner, thus ensuring that the microenvironment of the cells is maintained under optimal conditions. The LM‐based 3D stem cell spheroids are demonstrated to possess an approximately threefold of cell viability compared with the conventional spheroid obtained from nonadhesive plates. Delivery of the cell spheroid to a hydrophilic surface results in the in situ respreading of cells and gradual formation of typical 2D cell morphology, which offers the possibility for such spheroid‐based stem cell delivery in regenerative medicine.

Inspired by nature’s water-repellent plants, the superhydrophobic surface (SHS) and the lubricant-infused surface (LIS) possess potentials in various fields of application. In particular, the edible SHS and the edible LIS (ELIS) are suitable for the role of high-valued liquid food residue reduction. In this study, the ELIS was introduced through a facile spray method and direct lubricant infusion. Four types of ELISs were fabricated: carnauba wax with ethyl oleate infusion, carnauba wax with cooking oil infusion, beeswax with ethyl oleate infusion, and beeswax with cooking oil infusion. The carnauba wax-coated ELIS has better slipperiness, while the beeswax-coated ELIS has better transparency. The ethyl oleate-infused ELIS possesses ELIS to SHS transformable ability, and the cooking oil-infused ELIS also possesses better slipperiness and has the affordable advantage. Moreover, the material selection of ELIS is accessible, renewable, green, recyclable, and edible. The results illustrated that ELIS has advantages of long-term effectiveness and impact resistance over edible SHS and indicated that the ELIS can be facilitated for the manufacture of a multifunctional liquid residue reduction surface with food safety assurance.

Directional manipulation of underwater bubbles on a solid surface has attracted much attention due to its large-scale applications such as electrocatalytic gas evolution reactions, wastewater remediation, and solar energy harvesting. In this work, the patterned slippery surface (PSS) is fabricated via a facile method where the patterned pathways are fabricated by means of etching the pristine copper sheet. These patterned surfaces consisted of pristine copper and modified oxide copper which exhibit different wettability for bubble and water. The superhydrophobic and aerophilic surface can efficiently capture bubbles, and the infused oil layer is beneficial for reducing the resistance during transportation. Furthermore, the bubble can move upward, downward, and horizontally. Hence, it is easy to realize the bubble’s transportation and collection on the functional surfaces.

A kind of silicon-and-boron-modified phenolic–formaldehyde resin (SBPF) with excellent thermal stability was fabricated via a simple two-step method and used for the matrix of ablation materials. The structure and thermal stability of the modified phenolic–formaldehyde resins (PFs) were characterised. The results showed that boron and silicon elements have been incorporated into SBPF in the form of a chemical bond. Meanwhile, the cured products showed an increase in graphite structure and a decrease in disordered structure due to the incorporation of boron and silicon. Compared with the ordinary phenolic resin, the initial thermal degradation temperature and charring yield at 800°C of SBPF increased by 73°C and 15 wt%, respectively. Further, the modified PFs, nano-Al(2)O(3) powders, glass powders and vitreous silica fibres were used to obtain a novel ceramizable phenolic moulding composite. The morphology, chemical composition and ablative characteristics of the composites were explored. The results showed that a compact and homogeneous SiO(2)–Al(2)O(3) layer formed on the ablated surface and protected the carbonised matrix and fibres from further oxidation. Compared with the ordinary PF composites, the SBPF composites showed a highly decreased linear/mass ablation rates, indicating the synergistic effect of boron and silicon modification on the enhanced ablation property.

In this study, epoxy resin (EP) composites were prepared by using molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and helical carbon nanotubes (H-CNTs) as the antifriction and reinforcing phases, respectively. The effects of MoS2 and H-CNTs on the friction coefficient, wear amount, hardness, and elastic modulus of the composites were investigated. The tribological properties of the composites were tested using the UMT-3MT friction testing machine, non-contact three-dimensional surface profilometers, and nanoindenters. The analytical results showed that the friction coefficient of the composites initially decreased and then increased with the increase in the MoS2 content. The friction coefficient was the smallest when the MoS2 content in the EP was 6%, and the wear amount increased gradually. With the increasing content of H-CNTs, the friction coefficient of the composite material did not change significantly, although the wear amount decreased gradually. When the MoS2 and H-CNTs contents were 6% and 4%, respectively, the composite exhibited the minimum friction coefficient and a small amount of wear. Moreover, the addition of H-CNTs significantly enhanced the hardness and elastic modulus of the composites, which could be applied as materials in high-temperature and high-pressure environments where lubricants and greases do not work.

Using humanized mice with functional human islets, we investigated whether activating GPR119 by PSN632408, a small molecular agonist, can stimulate human β-cell regeneration in vivo. Human islets were transplanted under the left kidney capsule of immunodeficient mice with streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetes. The recipient mice were treated with PSN632408 or vehicle and BrdU daily. Human islet graft function in the mice was evaluated by nonfasting glucose levels, oral glucose tolerance, and removal of the grafts. Immunostaining for insulin, glucagon, and BrdU or Ki67 was performed in islet grafts to evaluate α- and β-cell replication. Insulin and CK19 immunostaining was performed to evaluate β-cell neogenesis. Four weeks after human islet transplantation, 71% of PSN632408-treated mice achieved normoglycaemia compared with 24% of vehicle-treated mice. Also, oral glucose tolerance was significantly improved in the PSN632408-treated mice. PSN632408 treatment significantly increased both human α- and β-cell areas in islet grafts and stimulated α- and β-cell replication. In addition, β-cell neogenesis was induced from pancreatic duct cells in the islet grafts. Our results demonstrated that activation of GPR119 increases β-cell mass by stimulating human β-cell replication and neogenesis. Therefore, GPR119 activators may qualify as therapeutic agents to increase human β-cell mass in patients with diabetes.

Ni-Ti coatings were fabricated by the electrodeposition in a Ni plating bath containing Ti power and heat treatment in nitrogen atmosphere. The surface morphology and microstructure of the Ni-Ti coating before and after heat treatment were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The friction and wear behaviors of two different coatings were evaluated on a ball-on-disk UMT-2MT test rig. It was found that the phase structure of Ni-Ti coating heated in nitrogen was much different from that of the as-deposited Ni-Ti coating. Namely, the new intermetallic compounds, including Ni3Ti, NiTi, and NiTi2, and TiN were detected in the coating after heat treatment by the XRD analysis and contributed to greatly increasing the hardness and tribological property of the Ni-Ti coating, owing to the strengthening effect of the hard intermetallic compounds and TiN phase. At the same time, a small amount of intermetallic compounds and TiN was transferred from the composite coating to the rubbing surface of the counterpart steel ball during the sliding, which also contributed to decreasing the friction coefficient and increasing the wear resistance.

BACKGROUND: Activating G-protein coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) by its agonists can stimulate glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) release. GLP-1 is rapidly degraded and inactivated by dipeptidylpeptidase-IV (DPP-IV). We studied the efficiency of combining PSN632408, a GPR119 agonist, with sitagliptin, a DPP-IV inhibitor, on β-cell regeneration in diabetic mice. MATERIALS & METHODS: Diabetes in C57BL/6 mice was induced by streptozotocin. PSN632408 and sitagliptin alone or in combination were administered to diabetic mice for 7 weeks along with BrdU daily. Nonfasting blood glucose levels were monitored. After treatment, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), plasma active GLP-1 levels, β-cell mass along with α- and β-cell replication, and β-cell neogenesis were evaluated. RESULTS: Normoglycemia was not achieved in vehicle-treated mice. By contrast, 32% (6 of 19) of PSN632408-treated diabetic mice, 36% (5 of 14) sitagliptin-treated diabetic mice, and 59% (13 of 22) diabetic mice treated with PSN632408 and sitagliptin combination achieved normoglycemia after 7 weeks treatment. Combination therapy significantly increased plasma active GLP-1 levels, improved glucose clearance, stimulated both α- and β-cell replication, and augmented β-cell mass. Furthermore, treatment with combination therapy induced β-cell neogenesis from pancreatic duct-derived cells. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that combining a GPR119 agonist with a DPP-IV inhibitor may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for stimulating β-cell regeneration and reversing diabetes.

Recently we showed that donor-specific tolerance to MHC-matched islet allografts in diabetic NOD mice could be induced by simultaneous islet and bone marrow transplantation. Mononuclear cell infiltration surrounding the islets was also found in tolerated grafts. In this study, we compared gene expression in the tolerated and rejected islet grafts by using Affymetrix Murine U74A oligonucleotide arrays. To confirm the results of microarray analysis, we performed real-time PCR and RNase protection assay on selected genes. Of over 12,000 genes studied, 57 genes were expressed at consistently higher levels in tolerated islet grafts, and 524 genes in rejected islet grafts. Genes from a variety of functional clusters were found to be different between rejected and tolerated grafts. In the rejected islet grafts, a number of T-cell surface markers and of cytotoxicity-related genes were highly expressed. Also in the rejected grafts, a number of cytokines and chemokines and their receptors were highly expressed. The differential expression of selected genes found by microarray analysis was also confirmed by real-time PCR and RNase protection assay. Our results indicated that gene microarray analysis can help us to detect gene expression differences representative of the biologic mechanisms of tolerance and rejection.

Although adenoviral vector-mediated gene transfer has significant potential for gene therapy, host immune responses to virally expressed proteins and small insert capacity may limit its clinical application. In order to overcome these disadvantages, a new adenoviral vector that lacks all viral genes has been developed. Using the green fluorescent (GFP) gene as a reporter gene, we investigated the efficiency of gene transfer by this all-viral-genes-deleted and minimal cis-element remaining adenoviral vector (miniAd-GFP) in islets in vitro and ex vivo, and compared it with the E1-deleted adenoviral vector (E1-GFP). One day after in vitro infection, GFP was expressed in both miniAd-GFP- and E1-GFP-infected islets. The percentage of GFP-positive single cells was not significantly different between miniAd-GFP-infected islets and E1-GFP-infected islets. When these islets were transplanted into syngeneic diabetic mice, both miniAd-GFP- and E1-GFP-infected islet grafts reversed diabetes, and normal blood glucose levels were maintained for over 20 weeks posttransplantation. Mild lymphocyte infiltration was found in all E1-GFP-infected islet grafts at all time points. However, this was not seen in most miniAd-GFP-infected islet grafts. Our results indicate that gene transfer by an adenoviral vector that lacks all viral genes is as efficient as E1-deleted adenoviral vector-mediated gene transfer in islets. Furthermore, this adenoviral vector might be less immunogeneic than the E1-deleted adenoviral vector.

With the development of the economy and the progress of industrialization, the problem of water pollution has become very serious. Crude oil leakage at sea, petroleum industry wastewater, and domestic grease wastewater have all caused serious oily wastewater, which has seriously affected the ecological environment and caused huge economic losses. The development of materials for the effective treatment of oily wastewater is a significant means to handle this problem. In recent years, various types of aerogels have been prepared and used in the field of oil--water separation. Natural polysaccharide-based composite aerogels have attracted widespread attention due to its wide range of raw materials, low cost, environmental protection, and microbial degradation. Its excellent performance also provides new ideas and directions for the manufacture of efficient, green, and cheap oil--water separation materials. In this article, polysaccharide-based composite aerogels and their applications in the field of oil--water separation in recent years are reviewed. The article mainly includes the summary of aerogels, preparation of polysaccharide-based aerogel materials and technology, performance evaluation, and application in the field of oil--water separation. Finally, the challenges faced by polysaccharide-based aerogels in practical applications are briefly discussed and the future development direction of aerogels has been presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study describes the synthesis of nonmetallate structures of CaTi[O.sub.3] using an in situ hydrothermal synthesis technique. These structures are found to have extremely controllable structures and excellent wettability.

A simple and inexpensive method to create super-hydrophobic surfaces on aluminum and its alloy is demonstrated. These surfaces show long-term stability over a wide pH range, that is, not only for pure water but also for corrosive liquids including acidic and basic solutions.

In this paper, a theoretical model to describe the non-linear adsorption-desorption behavior of contaminant transport is proposed basing on the experiment of suspended particles penetrating soil column. The model takes into account the non-linear variation of the adsorption concentration with the solute concentration during the migration of pollutants. A numerical examples is given to demonstrate the correctness of the model, which shows that the amount of contaminant adsorbed and the peak value of the breakthrough increases with the decrease of desorption equilibrium constant, however, the peak value occurrence time is relatively lagged. The fitting results obtained by the least squares method are in good agreement with the results of soil column penetration test. Results show that when the seepage velocity becomes smaller, the desorption equilibrium coefficient gradually decreases and the adsorption capacity increases gradually, while the adsorption equilibrium coefficient changes little, at about 0.09 cm3/g. In addition, the concentration of injection and the velocity of the percolation have little effect on the dispersion. The dispersion of suspended particles in saturated porous media is about 0.5 cm in the case of short time injection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the most important parts in the surface and interface science, superhydrophobic surfaces play a significant role in both the fundamental research of functional materials and various applications. Therefore, this research field attracts more and more researchers' attention from all over the world. In the past decades, a large number of biomimetic functional superhydrophobic surfaces have been fabricated inspired from the natural superhydrophobic phenomenon. In this paper, we reviewed the recent advances in the research field of superhydrophobic surfaces, mainly including basic principles, fabrication methods, and applications three aspects. In order to facilitate the comparison, fabrication methods have been divided into three classes at first: coating methods, deposition methods, and the method of direct reproduce (template method). Further, each method is subdivided into several more specific sections such as coatings covering self-assembly coating, grafting coating, electrodeposition, electroless deposition, and so on, according to the theory of the coatings bonding with substrates. For each subsection, the corresponding comments of advantages and partly drawbacks have been summarized. In addition, the peculiar applications of superhydrophobic surfaces, such as waterproof function, antibacterial, antibiofouling, antiscaling, anti-icing, and so on, are also mentioned briefly. Finally, current challenges for this research field are also proposed. The aim of this review is to give a brief and crucial overview of the recent advances in the fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With industrial development and population expansion, the problem of water pollution has intensified. The purification of oily water, especially oil-water emulsions, is one of the important topics of environment protection. Traditional filter membranes, to some extent, are useful for the separations of oil-water mixtures but suffer from many limitations and there is no effective way to achieve emulsified oil-water separation. Superwetting materials, based on bionics, have opened a brand-new door to membrane separation techniques. The rise and maturation of nanometer-scale materials also injects new vigor into this research area. In this paper, we review the contributions to oil-water emulsion separation in recent literatures. The principles of superwetting materials in separation of oil-water mixtures have been briefly stated at first. Some classical and latest examples, as well as some great work by our group, have been emphasized. Section 3 is the key point of this article. It covers the most valuable of recent progresses in advanced materials for oil-water emulsion separation, from novel polymer membranes to nanomaterial-based membranes. Of course, special-wettability materials and non-two-dimensional separation methods have also been instructive. The aim of the optimal design of superwetting membranes is to make future researches theoretical, instructive, and practical. Finally, some challenges and the potential promising breakthroughs in this field are also succinctly highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hierarchical hydroxyapatite microspheres composed of two porous hemispherulites have been synthesized hydrothermally at 80°C. A possible formation mechanism was proposed. The drug loading and release properties were further investigated. 3D hierarchical microspheric hydroxyapatite (HAp) composed of two porous hemispherulites was hydrothermally fabricated at low temperature with the aid of urea and NaNO3, (MgNO3)2, KNO3, NH4Cl and NH4F as the homogeneous precipitation reagent and substituted ion sources. In this novel strategy, the element-substitutions serve as regulating agents for the self-assembly of porous HAp microspheres from the dumbbell-like particles to two hemispheres with radius of about 10 μm. Furthermore, the as-prepared hierarchical HAp microspheres exhibit high drug-loading capability and superior sustained release properties, which make it a promising carrier for pH responsive drug delivery system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil spills and industrial organic pollutants have induced severe water pollution and threatened every species in the ecological system. To deal with oily water, special wettability stimulated materials have been developed over the past decade to separate oil-and-water mixtures. Basically, synergy between the surface chemical composition and surface topography are commonly known as the key factors to realize the opposite wettability to oils and water and dominate the selective wetting or absorption of oils/water. In this review, we mainly focus on the development of materials with either super-lyophobicity or superlyophilicity properties in oil/water separation applications where they can be classified into four kinds as follows (in terms of the surface wettability of water and oils): (i) superhydrophobic and superoleophilic materials, (ii) superhydrophilic and under water superoleophobic materials, (iii) superhydrophilic and superoleophobic materials, and (iv) smart oil/water separation materials with switchable wettability. These materials have already been applied to the separation of oil-and-water mixtures: from simple oil/water layered mixtures to oil/water emulsions (including oil-in-water emulsions and water-in-oil emulsions), and from non-intelligent materials to intelligent materials. Moreover, they also exhibit high absorption capacity or separation efficiency and selectivity, simple and fast separation/absorption ability, excellent recyclability, economical efficiency and outstanding durability under harsh conditions. Then, related theories are proposed to understand the physical mechanisms that occur during the oil/water separation process. Finally, some challenges and promising breakthroughs in this field are also discussed. It is expected that special wettability stimulated oil/water separation materials can achieve industrial scale production and be put into use for oil spills and industrial oily wastewater treatment in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-cleaning properties inspired by the structures and functions of some creatures are of great interest since the late 20th century. In this paper, TiO2 coatings with hierarchical rutile TiO2 flowers on fluorine-doped tin oxide substrate are fabricated through a simple one-step hydrothermal method. The flower-like coatings exhibit superhydrophilicity in air and superoleophobicity underwater with a contact angle as high as 157℃, presenting good underwater self-cleaning performance. In addition, when contaminated by oleic acid, the as-prepared TiO2 coatings also exhibit excellent photocatalytic capability under ultraviolet irradiation, which demonstrated self-cleaning properties in a different way. This self-cleaning film provides a good strategy for some industrial and ocean applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel pH-responsive liquid marble covered by thiol-modified copper powders has been demonstrated via a facile one-step self-assemble method. The wettability of the modified copper powders can change with the outside environment pH. This multifunctional liquid marble can be applied to act as a micro-gas responder and microfluidic controllable-release system with high sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through controlling the pH of the precursor, we have achieved creatively controllable growth of tungsten oxide on stainless steel meshes with different morphologies via a simple hydrothermal method. Consequently, under the synergistic action of micro/nanostructures and the intrinsic hydrophilic property, the underwater superoleophobicity of tungsten oxide films can also be regulated successfully, which is helpful in the design of functional nanomaterials with various morphologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]