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Scleroglucan is widely used in the food and chemical industries because of its good rheological property, stability, and emulsification activity. To investigate the influence of different carbon sources on the properties and synthesis of exopolysaccharides (EPS), the three EPSs (GEPS, glucose was used as the carbon source; LEPS, lactose was used as the carbon source; and SEPS, sucrose was used as the carbon source) were determined, respectively. It was found that the yield and viscosity of exopolysaccharides were different. When sucrose and glucose were used as the carbon sources, the viscosity and yield of EPS were both higher than lactose. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the three EPSs had different morphologies, but the monosaccharide analysis showed that they were all composed of glucose units. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) proved that there were no additional substituents for the three EPSs. Furthermore, the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results showed that SEPS and LEPS had two fractions. Through the analysis of proteomics data, there were few differences in the metabolic pathways between GEPS and SEPS, but a significant difference between LEPS and SEPS. Our study provides a theoretical basis and reference for understanding the biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides and the development of different types of EPS products.