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Energy generation systems based on FC (fuel cell) are viewed as a viable substitute for those that simply rely on thermodynamic cycles in the power production field. In this paper, a 10-stack SOFC systems performance and optimization of that utilizing a newly improved optimizer known as the Fractional-order Kho-Kho optimization method will be presented in this paper. The multi-objective optimization approach is applied in the optimization phase to achieve the desired performance goals for the SOFC system. With the help of this technique, the desired system can be optimized in accordance with two objective functions: first, the electric power of the system can be maximized, while the equalized price of the electricity produced is minimized. Then, the electrical efficiency of the system can be maximized, while the equalized price of the electricity produced is minimized. The results show that, by reducing the coefficient and increasing efficiency, optimal solutions were achieved with higher electricity prices. It is observed that an increase in energy prices led to a 9% increase in productivity, whereas a 15% increase resulted in only a 2% increase. The findings demonstrate that multi-objective optimization may be used as a sophisticated analytical tool as well as a guiding element for decision-makers utilizing such a system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance the utilization of renewable energy and the economic efficiency of energy system's planning and operation, this study proposes a hybrid optimization configuration method for battery/pumped hydro energy storage considering battery‐lifespan attenuation in the regionally integrated energy system (RIES). Moreover, a two‐layer optimization model was established for integrated energy system planning and operation based on the combination of the Salp Swarm algorithm and mixed‐integer linear programming. Considering wind and solar energies and multiple loads, such as electricity, cooling, and heating, the first step in this paper involved the construction of a model for the RIES incorporating hybrid energy storage and various energy‐conversion devices. Then, given a synergy among different energy sources in the system, the long‐term impact of battery‐lifespan attenuation is introduced by including battery‐replacement costs. Based on the optimization results obtained from daily operations, a hybrid energy storage‐based optimization configuration model is established to minimize the annual operational and energy‐storage investment costs. The results show that, compared to the systems with a single pumped hydro storage or battery energy storage, the system with the hybrid energy storage reduces the total system cost by 0.33% and 0.88%, respectively. Additionally, the validity of the proposed method in enhancing the economic efficiency of system planning and operation is confirmed. Furthermore, a comparative analysis is conducted of the impact of battery‐lifespan degradation on the system's economic efficiency. The results show that during the system's operation phase, the total system cost is reduced by 9.97% considering battery‐lifespan degradation than that without considering the degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of the current integrated energy system (IES) transactions, the interaction between the supply and demand sides is not fully considered. With the overall development of the carbon trading market, there is a need to deeply explore the interests of multiple entities in energy trading under the step-by-step carbon trading mechanism. Therefore, research on the optimization and scheduling of multicomprehensive energy systems based on step-by-step carbon trading and hybrid games is proposed. Firstly, the interests and demands of various integrated energy systems and users in multi-integrated energy system energy trading should be comprehensively considered. Based on the master-slave game and Nash bargaining theory, an optimization model of multiple integrated energy systems is built under the step-by-step carbon trading mechanism and load aggregation, representing the interests of the entire user side. Secondly, the proposed game optimization model has been established to prove it can maximize social benefits. IES and user game optimization models have been established, with multi-IES being leaders with the goal of maximizing their own benefits, guiding the optimization between IES and load by formulating energy prices. Users are followers who aim to maximize comprehensive benefits and respond to IES's decisions through cooperation. Finally, using the improved gray wolf algorithm to solve the built model, it has been proven through comparison of calculation examples that the proposed method can reduce carbon emissions, effectively coordinate the optimization scheduling of multi-IES, and achieve the fair distribution of multi-IES cooperation benefits. This improves the effectiveness of individual and social benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reported here is a molecule‐Lego synthetic strategy for macrocycles with functional skeletons, involving one‐pot and high‐yielding condensation between bis(2,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)arene monomers and paraformaldehyde. By changing the blocks, variously functional units (naphthalene, pyrene, anthraquinone, porphyrin, etc.) can be conveniently introduced into the backbone of macrocycles. Interestingly, the macrocyclization can be tuned by the geometrical configuration of monomeric blocks. Linear (180°) monomer yield cyclic trimers and pentamers, while V‐shaped (120°, 90° and 60°) monomers tend to form dimers. More significantly, even heterogeneous macrocycles are obtained in moderate yield by co‐oligomerization of different monomers. This series of macrocycles have the potential to be prosperous in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new strategy for supramolecular polymerization is designed and presented, which is based on the wheel-stopper charge-transfer (CT) interactions of [2]rotaxanes containing π-electron-rich pillar[5]arene wheels and electron-deficient pyromellitic diimide (PDI) stoppers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]