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La creciente presencia de aves silvestres, especialmente palomas, en áreas urbanas ha suscitado preocupaciones sobre su impacto en la salud pública, dado que pueden actuar como vectores de bacterias que poseen genes de resistencia a los antimicrobianos y de patógenos zoonóticos. Este estudio se centró en el aislamiento, identificación y evaluación del perfil de resistencia de Escherichia coli en materia fecal de aves silvestres en plazas recreativas infantiles de Córdoba, Argentina. Se recolectaron 14 muestras de materia fecal, de las cuales se aislaron seis cepas de Escherichia coli. Se observó un 67% de cepas resistentes al florfenicol, un 50% a enrofloxacina y gentamicina, un 33% a estreptomicina, tetraciclina y trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol, y un 16% a ceftiofur. Además, el 50% de las cepas fueron resistentes a más de un antimicrobiano, y el 33% resultaron ser multirresistentes. La presencia del gen eaeA, relacionado con cepas patógenas, se confirmó en las seis cepas aisladas. Estos hallazgos sugieren que la materia fecal de aves silvestres en plazas de Córdoba podría representar un riesgo zoonótico, especialmente para los niños que utilizan estos espacios.

Aims: To perform the molecular characterization of 23 Staphylococcus aureus isolates from pigs with signs of infections recovered in Spanish farms during 2018–2019. Methods and Results: The antimicrobial resistance pattern and virulence profile were determined. The molecular typing was performed by different molecular techniques. The transferability of the cfr gene was assessed by conjugation and its genetic environment was determined by PCR mapping. In all, 21 isolates were methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA) carrying the mecA gene (SCCmecV or non‐typeable SCCmec), whereas the remaining two were methicillin‐susceptible (MSSA). All but one MRSA isolates (n = 20) belonged to the CC398, being the spa t011 the most prevalent (n = 11). The remaining MRSA and the two MSSA isolates were ascribed to ST9/CC9. The S. aureus isolates exhibited resistance to (number of resistant isolates): β‐lactamics (21), erythromycin and/or clindamycin (20), aminoglycosides (7), tetracycline (22), fluoroquinolones (14), chloramphenicol (5) and linezolid (1). The S. aureus isolates did not carry any of the virulence genes studied. One MRSA belonging to the CC398 showed linezolid resistance mediated by the cfr gene. The cfr gene was co‐located with fexA in the Tn558 variant previously reported in the S. aureus plasmid pSCFS7. Conclusions: Two major livestock‐associated genetic lineages were detected among pigs with signs of infection in Spain. The presence of the cfr gene among LA‐MRSA‐CC398 is of great concern not only for veterinary medicine, but also for humans in close contact. Significance and Impact of the Study: This work describes the molecular characterization of S. aureus isolates recovered from pigs with signs of infection and we report, as far as we know, the first description of MRSA‐CC9 from pigs in Spain. Moreover, the detection of a MRSA‐CC398 isolate carrying the multiresistance cfr gene highlights the need for continuous surveillance and awareness of LA‐MRSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To determine the Staphylococcus aureus carriage rate in wild mammals in Aragon, northern Spain, to analyse their antimicrobial resistance phenotype/genotype and to characterize the recovered isolates. Methods and Results: Nasal and rectal swabs of 103 mammals were collected in Aragón during the period 2012–2015. Antimicrobial susceptibility, the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors were investigated. Molecular characterization was carried out by spa, MLST, agr and SCCmec. Staphylococcus aureus were recovered from 23 animals (22%). Four of the 23 S. aureus were methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Three MRSA were mecC‐positive and were isolated from European rabbits and were typed as t843 (ascribed to CC130). The remaining MRSA was a mecA‐carrying isolate from European hedgehog, typed as ST1‐t386‐SCCmecIVa‐agrIII and it harboured the blaZ, erm(C), ant(6)‐Ia and aph(3´)‐IIIa resistance genes. A high diversity of spa‐types was detected among the 19 methicillin‐susceptible S. aureus isolates, which showed high susceptibility to the antimicrobials tested. The tst gene and different combinations of staphylococcal enterotoxins were found. Conclusions: Staphylococcus aureus were detected in nasal and rectal samples of wild mammals. Wild rabbits could be a reservoir of mecC‐MRSA. Significance and Impact of the Study: This work provides information on the presence and characteristics of S. aureus from mammals in a defined geographic region in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the serum pharmacokinetic behaviour and milk penetration of marbofloxacin (MFX; 5 mg/kg), after intravenous ( IV) and intramuscular ( IM) administration in lactating goats and simulate a multidose regimen on steady-state conditions, (ii) to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration ( MIC) and mutant prevention concentration ( MPC) of coagulase negative staphylococci ( CNS) isolated from caprine mastitis in Córdoba, Argentina and (iii) to make a PK/ PD analysis by Monte Carlo simulation from steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters of MFX by IV and IM routes to evaluate the efficacy and risk of the emergence of resistance. The study was carried out with six healthy, female, adult Anglo Nubian lactating goats. Marbofloxacin was administered at 5 mg/kg bw by IV and IM route. Serum and milk concentrations of MFX were determined with HPLC/uv. From 106 regional strains of CNS isolated from caprine mastitis in herds from Córdoba, Argentina, MICs and MPCs were determined. MIC90 and MPC90 were 0.4 and 6.4 μg/ml, respectively. MIC and MPC-based PK/ PD analysis by Monte Carlo simulation indicates that IV and IM administration of MFX in lactating goats may not be adequate to recommend it as an empirical therapy against CNS, because the most exigent endpoints were not reached. Moreover, this dose regimen could increase the probability of selecting mutants and resulting in emergence of resistance. Based on the results of Monte Carlo simulation, the optimal dose of MFX to achieve an adequate antimicrobial efficacy should be 10 mg/kg, but it is important take into account that fluoroquinolones are substrates of efflux pumps, and this fact may determine that assumption of linear pharmacokinetics at high doses of MFX may be incorrect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few years, different surveillances have been published in Africa, especially in northern countries, regarding antimicrobial resistance among husbandry animals. Information is still scarce, but the available data show a worrying picture. Although the highest resistance rates have been described against tetracycline, penicillins and sulphonamides, prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes and extended spectrum β-lactamase ( ESBL) are being increasingly reported. Among ESBLs, the CTX-M-1 group was dominant in most African surveys. Within this group, CTX-M-15 was the main variant both in animals and humans, except in Tunisia where CTX-M-1 was more frequently detected among Escherichia coli from poultry. Certain bla CTX-M-15-harbouring clones ( ST131/B2 or ST405/D) are mainly identified in humans, but they have also been reported in livestock species from Tanzania, Nigeria or Tunisia. Moreover, several reports suggest an inter-host circulation of specific plasmids (e.g. bla CTX-M-1-carrying IncI1/ ST3 in Tunisia, IncY- and Inc-untypeable replicons co-harbouring qnrS1 and bla CTX-M-15 in Tanzania and the worldwide distributed bla CTX-M-15-carrying IncF-type plasmids). International trade of poultry meat seems to have contributed to the spread of other ESBL variants, such as CTX-M-14, and clones. Furthermore, first descriptions of OXA-48- and OXA-181-producing E. coli have been recently documented in cattle from Egypt, and the emergent plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mcr-1 gene has been also identified in chickens from Algeria, Tunisia and South Africa. These data reflect the urgent need of a larger regulation in the use of veterinary drugs and the implementation of surveillance programmes in order to decelerate the advance of antimicrobial resistance in this continent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reasons for performing study Staphylococcus intermedius group ( SIG) bacteria can colonise the nares of some animals but are also emerging pathogens in humans and animals. Objectives To analyse SIG nasal carriage in healthy donkeys destined for food consumption in Tunisia and to characterise recovered isolates. Methods Nasal swabs from 100 healthy donkeys were tested for SIG recovery, and isolates were identified by biochemical and molecular methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates was tested and detection of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes was performed. Isolates were typed at the clonal level by multilocus sequence typing and SmaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Results Staphylococcus delphini and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (included in SIG) were obtained in 19% and 2% of the tested samples, respectively, and one isolate per sample was characterised. All isolates were meticillin susceptible and mecA negative. Most S. delphini and S. pseudintermedius isolates showed susceptibility to all antimicrobials tested, with the exception of 2 isolates resistant to tetracycline ( tet( M) gene) or fusidic acid. The following toxin genes were identified (percentage of isolates): lukS- I (100%), lukF- I (9.5%), siet (100%), se-int (90%), seccanine (19%) and expA (9.5%). Thirteen different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles were identified among the 21 SIG isolates. Additionally, the following 9 different sequence types ( STs) were detected by multilocus sequence typing, 6 of them new: ST219 (6 isolates), ST12 (5 isolates), ST220 (3 isolates), ST13, ST50, ST193, ST196, ST218 and ST221 (one isolate each). Conclusions Staphylococcus delphini and S. pseudintermedius are common nasal colonisers of donkeys, generally susceptible to the antimicrobials tested; nevertheless, these SIG isolates contain virulence genes, including the recently described exfoliative gene ( expA) and several enterotoxin genes, with potential implications for public health. This is the first description of S. delphini in Tunisia. The Summary is available in Chinese - see . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eight coagulase-positive staphylococci from equines with different pathologies obtained between 2005 and 2011 were investigated. Isolates were characterized by different molecular techniques ( spa-, agr-, MLST), and clonal relatedness of strains was investigated by ApaI and SmaI PFGE. Anti-microbial resistance and virulence profiles were determined. Six isolates were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, and two as Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Of these, four isolates were methicillin-resistant S. aureus ( MRSA) ST398 and one S. pseudintermedius was mec A positive and typed as ST68. One MRSA ST398 strain was isolated in 2005 and might be one of the earliest MRSA ST398 descriptions in Spain. All 5 mec A-positive strains were multidrug resistant and were isolated from hospitalized equines. Three MRSA ST398 strains carried the recently described transposon Tn 559 within the chromosomal radC gene. The mec A-positive S. pseudintermedius ST68 strain was also multidrug resistant and harboured the erm( B)- Tn 5405-like element. This ST68 strain presented a clear susceptible phenotype to oxacillin and cefoxitin regardless of the presence of an integral and conserved mec A gene and mecA promoter, which enhances the need for testing the presence of this gene in routine analysis to avoid treatment failures. These data reflect the extended anti-microbial resistance gene acquisition capacities of both bacterial species and evidence their pathogenic properties. The first detection of MRSA ST398 and S. pseudintermedius ST68 in horses in Spain is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preimaginal stages including egg, mature larva and pupa of Pseudaspidapion botanicum Alonso- Zarazaga & Wang, 2011 were described and figured, diagnostic characters of larva and pupa were discussed, and corresponding biological information was supplied. The nomenclature of frontal setae in the larva compared with curculionid weevils, the absence of the hypopharyngeal bracon in the larva, and the metafemoral setae in the pupa were discussed. Common and different characters among the larvae of P. botanicum, Aspidapion radiolus (Marsham, 1802) and A. aeneum (Fabricius, 1775) were also provided [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudaspidapion botanicum sp. n. from China is described and figured. Its host plant is Grewia biloba G. Don var. parviflora (Bunge) Hand.-Mazz (Malvaceae: Grewioideae). The genus Harpapion Voss, 1966 is recorded as new for China and Vietnam and two comb. n. are proposed: Harpapion vietnamense (Korotyaev, 1985) (from Aspidapion) and H. coelebs (Korotyaev, 1987) (from Pseudaspidapion). A key to the known species of the genus Pseudaspidapion from China is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirty-seven Enterococcus faecium strains were screened for high-level aminoglycoside resistance with an agar diffusion test using high-content aminoglycoside disks (300 μg of streptomycin and 120 μg of gentamicin, tobramycin, kanamycin or amikacin). The inhibition zones obtained were correlated with results of time-kill penicillin-aminoglycoside synergy studies. An 11 mm breakpoint differentiated strains susceptible or resistant to the synergy of streptomycin plus penicillin. Irrespective of the inhibition zones obtained with tobramycin and kanamycin disks, Enterococcus faecium strains never showed synergy with penicillin in combination with these aminoglycosides. Penicillin-amikacin synergy cannot be predicted by the amikacin disks. Nevertheless, even though kanamycin disks do not predict penicillin-kanamycin synergy, they can be used to predict penicillinamikacin synergy. In summary, high-content streptomycin, gentamicin and kanamycin disks can be used to predict the susceptibility of Enterococcus faecium strains to the synergistic combination of penicillin plus one of the aminoglycosides (streptomycin, gentamicin or amikacin, respectively). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to determine the genetic lineages and the incidence of antibiotic resistance and virulence determinants of nasal Staphylococcus aureus isolates of healthy donkeys destined to food consumption in Tunisia. Results Nasal swabs of 100 donkeys obtained in a large slaughterhouse in 2010 were inoculated in specific media for S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) recovery. S. aureus was obtained in 50% of the samples, being all of isolates methicillin-susceptible (MSSA). Genetic lineages, toxin gene profile, and antibiotic resistance mechanisms were determined in recovered isolates. Twenty-five different spa-types were detected among the 50 MSSA with 9 novel spa-types. S. aureus isolates were ascribed to agr type I (37 isolates), III (7), II (4), and IV (2). Sixteen different sequence-types (STs) were revealed by MLST, with seven new ones. STs belonging to clonal clomplex CC133 were majority. The gene tst was detected in 6 isolates and the gene etb in one isolate. Different combinations of enterotoxin, leukocidin and haemolysin genes were identified among S. aureus isolates. The egc-cluster-like and an incomplete egc-cluster-like were detected. Isolates resistant to penicillin, erythromycin, fusidic acid, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, tetracycline, or chloramphenicol were found and the genes blaZ, erm(A), erm(C), tet(M), fusC were identified. Conclusions The nares of donkeys frequently harbor MSSA. They could be reservoirs of the ruminant-associated CC133 lineage and of toxin genes encoding TSST-1 and other virulence traits with potential implications in public health. CC133 seems to have a broader host distribution than expected.

Objective To evaluate whether maropitant (1 mg kg−1) injected subcutaneously ( SC), administered simultaneously or 30 minutes prior to intramuscular ( IM) administration of morphine (0.5 mg kg−1) and acepromazine (0.05 mg kg−1), reduces the incidence of salivation, retching and emesis in dogs. Study design Randomized, controlled, prospective clinical trial. Animals Sixty dogs scheduled for an ovariohysterectomy as part of a population control program. Methods Dogs were randomly allocated to be administered maropitant (1 mg kg−1) SC simultaneously (group M0) or 30 minutes prior to (group M30) administration of morphine (0.5 mg kg−1) and acepromazine (0.05 mg kg−1) IM. A control group was administered normal saline (C) at T-30 and T0. Dogs were observed for 30 minutes after morphine-acepromazine administration. The occurrence of vomiting, retching and salivation were recorded, as well as the time to first emesis and the number of emetic events per dog. Results The occurrence of salivation was not different between the groups. Retching and vomiting occurred significantly less frequently in M30 than in the other two groups ( p < 0.02). The number of emetic events was also significantly less for M30 than for the other two groups ( p = 0.01). When emesis occurred, the time to the first emetic event was similar among the groups. Conclusions and clinical relevance Maropitant (1 mg kg−1) SC reduced the frequency of morphine-induced emesis by as much as 70% when administered 30 minutes in advance. Simultaneous administration of maropitant and morphine-acepromazine produced no measurable effect on the frequency of retching or vomiting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objectives: To study the frequency and diversity of class 1 integrons lacking the 3′-conserved segment (CS) in intI1-positive Escherichia coli isolates of different origins. Methods: The presence of intI1 was previously detected in 84 E. coli isolates of food (21 isolates), animal (32) and healthy-human volunteer (31) origins. The qacEΔ1-sul1 genes were analyzed by PCR and those isolates that lacked these genes were included in this work. The genetic structure of class 1 integrons was determined, using the PCR and sequencing primer-walking strategy. Isolates and plasmids were typed. Results: Class 1 integrons lacking the 3′-CS were found in 13 of the 84 intI1-positive E. coli isolates (15.5%) of food, animal, and human origins. All 13 isolates showed unrelated patterns by REP-PCR. The following gene cassette arrangements were identified inside the class 1 integrons of these 13 strains: dfrA1; dfrA5; dfrA12-orfF-aadA2-cmlA1-aadA1-qacH-IS440-sul3; dfrA12-orfF-aadA2-cmlA1-aadA1-IS440-sul3; estX-psp-aadA2-cmlA1-aadA1-qacH-IS440-sul3; and a new arrangement estX-psp-aadA2-cmlA1Δ-IS1294-ΔcmlA1-aadA1-qacH-IS440-sul3 that contain the IS1294 into the cmlA1 gene (included in GenBank, number EU704128). Complete or truncated mef(B) gene was detected upstream of sul3 gene in this type of integrons. Plasmids were identified in four of the studied strains by PCR-replicon-typing, detecting different combinations of IncY, I1, FIC, FII, FIB plasmids. Non-classic integrons were located into plasmids of 100–150kb in four studied strains. Conclusions: Occurrence and diversity of class 1 integrons lacking 3′-CS among the studied intI1-positive E. coli isolates of different origins were relatively high. The sul3 gene was detected in most of class 1 integrons lacking 3′-CS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]