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As an innovative bio‐dairy product, yoghurt was enriched with Spirulina‐encapsulated aqueous/hydroalcoholic extracts of pomegranate peel (PP). Some metabolomics, antioxidative, textural and colour properties of bio‐yoghurt samples were investigated. The samples with Spirulina (YM) and PP (YPA) had the highest lactic, citric and uric acid. The aroma profile of the samples was affected encapsulation process and storage time. The values on day 1 and day 21 were 17.84–17.04 mg/kg for acetaldehyde, 0.98–0.90 mg/kg for diacetyl and 54.42–46.65 mg/kg for acetoin. The sample with encapsulated PP aqueous extract (YEPA) had the highest TPC (2.97 mg GAE/g), and the sample with PP aqueous extract (YPA) had the highest antioxidant capacity (0.36 mg TE/g). The present study describes that bio‐yoghurt enriched with Spirulina‐encapsulated PP could be considered a good alternative for consumers demanding functional dairy products and a holistic approach to a circular bioeconomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kefir‐based smoothies with kale and spinach were designed as a ready‐to‐drink and innovative functional snack. Microbiological, physicochemical, as well as pre‐ and postgastrointestinal total antioxidant capacity (TAC; CUPRAC, DPPH, and FRAP) analyses were conducted. It was determined that the kefir‐based smoothies with vegetables had higher ash, carbohydrate, and dietary fiber values. Fructose and glucose contents of smoothy with kale were high, while smoothy with spinach included high sucrose and maltose. The microbiology results revealed that kefir‐based vegetable smoothies had minimum Lactobacillaceae viability (>log 7 cfu g−1) for the required functional effect after 14‐day storage. Moreover, the addition of kale significantly increased (p <.01) the level of initial TAC (CUPRAC, DPPH, and FRAP) and total phenolic content (TPC) values. After in vitro gastric digestion analysis, smoothie with spinach demonstrated higher TAC and TPC values and the control sample had higher TAC and TPC values compared with a predigestion step. It was found that in vitro intestinal DPPH values were higher for the sample with spinach samples, while the sample with kale had the highest FRAP values. It was also found that the bioaccessibility indexes of plain kefir were determined to be the highest in both in vitro gastric and intestinal procedures. The present study provided novel insights into the in vitro digestion properties of kefir fortified with vegetables. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to identify the functional properties of the milk and plant matrices mixture using in vitro and in vivo trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of plant gel polysaccharides extracted from Aloe vera leaf on the fermentation and biotherapeutic properties of functional yoghurts. In this study, Aloe vera gel was used as a potential prebiotic, dietary fiber and stabilizing agent, stevia as a natural sweetener, and mixed probiotic starter (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus) were used as a culture. To evaluate the bio-functional activity of yoghurt, analyses of probiotic bacterial growth, the total phenolic compounds and copper-reducing antioxidant capacity were carried out. While the stabilisation of yoghurt gel was determined by the textural properties, consumer preference was evaluated by sensory hedonic scales. When the phytochemical effect was evaluated, polysaccharides and phenolic compound present in Aloe vera gel supported bacterial growth. In addition, the polysaccharide gel caused the formation of a more firm coagulum in the produced yoghurts. The addition of stevia into yoghurt accelerated fermentation most probably by the potential stimulating effect of steviol glycosides on bacterial growth. The obtained results indicate that Aloe vera gel and stevia have a synergistic effect with bioactive polysaccharides, in the production of healthy foods for special nutritional purposes by improving the properties of the product and modulating the intestinal microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to characterise the impact of mixed probiotic strains and fortification with chestnut beverage (CB) on metabolomic formation in a plant‐based dairy matrix. Bacterial growth, nutritional composition and metabolomics were investigated during the period of 21‐day storage. The amino acid score (AAS), essential amino acid index (EAAI), nutritional index (NI) and biological value (BV) of the samples were determined to characterise their nutritional quality. The fortification with CB increased the nutritional quality of samples due to high EAAI, AAS, NI and BV. Using HPLC‐DAD, GC–MS and HS‐GC/MS‐based instrumental techniques, 48 metabolomics were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotic milk-based matrices contain bioactive compounds required for the biochemical and physiological processes of metabolism as a result of fermentation. The present work aimed to evaluate the viability of probiotic bacteria in a lactic beverage fortified with probiotic milk/apple juice to understand the utilization of apple juice as a prebiotic source and investigate the organic acid profile. By monitoring the fermentation development and bacterial growth the results obtained indicated that the probiotic bacteria were viable over the predicted shelf life; the cell counts ranged from 7.48 to 12.00 log10 cfu mL-1, conferring that the beneficial health effects on the host as probiotic bacteria must be at a minimum concentration of 6.0 log10 cfu mL-1 at the moment of consumption. Lactobacillus casei exhibited higher survival than the other lactic strains, presumably due to its higher ability to tolerate low acidity. During the fermentation and storage of milk based lactic beverages containing apple juice the formation of organic acids were determined as an indirect characteristic for growth of lactic acid bacteria. Lactic, acetic, malic, tartaric and citric acids were the primary organic acids. The quantities of propionic and butyric acids as short chain fatty acids were noted to increase during fermentation, being strain-specific. In conclusion, when probiotic milk is fortified with apple juice nutraceutical components, it can be a potential source of substrate and a synbiotic matrix for the growth of probiotic bacteria without any nutritional supplement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a novel functional dairy product, yogurt was produced from mixtures of skimmed milk and chestnut milk using probiotic culture. The survival of probiotic bacteria, antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content, and gamma‐ amino butyric acid (GABA) content of the samples were determined. Results showed that sample with chestnut milk 100% contained a higher dry matter, fat, carbohydrate, and caloric value and lower vitamin C, and E contents. Samples had high K, Ca, P, Na, and Na values. Probiotic bacteria were capable of growing well and over the recommended therapeutic value in yogurt with fortified chestnut milk. The yogurt samples showed excellent 2,2′‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) and 2, 2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radicals scavenging activities as well as ferric reducing antioxidant power. However, it was found that as the chestnut milk ratio of samples increased, the antioxidant capacity values increased. GABA values of samples varied from 0.31 to 2.43 mg 100 g−1. According to hierarchical cluster analysis, the samples with 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% chestnut milk had similar compositional properties. Novelty impact statement: The objective of the present study was to compare the nutritional, microbiological, and antioxidative properties of probiotic yogurts manufactured using skimmed milk and chestnut milk. Based on the findings of this study, the fortification of chestnut milk, in general, had positive effects on the nutritional properties of probiotic yogurt. The present study describes that yogurt with chestnut milk could be considered a potential source of antioxidant compounds as well as GABA. Chestnut milk‐fortified dairy products could be contributed to ensure maximum functional benefits from these products and present a good alternative for consumers demanding healthier foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current study was to determine the growth-promoting-effect of Cordyceps militaris, known as a medicinal mushroom, on Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus. To evaluate the best growth-promoting activity of the test substrates including glucose, inulin, and at different concentrations of C. militaris (0.5%, 1%, and 2%), the cell counts, optical density (OD), prebiotic activity scores, and postbiotics (lactic, acetic, butyric, and propionic acids) were determined. The highest cell count was found for L. casei in media containing 0.5% C. militaris and for L. acidophilus in media containing 1% C. militaris. In the case of both strains, the OD values of the medium with C. militaris (1%) and (2%) increased similar to those of glucose. The prebiotic activity scores for both strains were positive. The concentration of lactic acid ranged from 0.56 to 8.07 g L−1 for L. casei and 0.82 to 5.38 g L−1 for L. acidophilus. Moreover, propionic acid was the highest among short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by both strains. According to the results of the present study, the tested Lactobacillus species can utilize C. militaris as carbon source and is able to form postbiotics in the media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of Chlorella vulgaris and Arthrospira platensis fortification on the microbiological, physicochemical and antioxidative properties of probiotic white cheese during storage were investigated. Thereby six groups of white cheese samples were manufactured as follows WC (Control), LAC (Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5), CWC (C. vulgaris), SWC (A. platensis), CLAC (C. vulgaris + Lb. acidophilus LA-5) and SLAC (A. platensis + Lb. acidophilus LA-5). The viability of Lb. acidophilus for SLAC sample remained almost constant during storage (>7 log cfu/g) while physicochemical properties of samples showed significant differences (P<0.01). The CLAC sample contained increased levels of protein, Ca, P, K, Mg and Zn while the highest Fe values were detected in the SLAC sample. Samples fortified with microalgae showed higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)radical scavenging activity, cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and total phenolic content. Consequently, fortification with both microalgae improved the viability of probiotic, nutritional and antioxidative attributes of white cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, sweetened black and green tea were utilized as substrate for kombucha fermentation. Linden, lemon balm, sage, echinacea, mint, and cinnamon infusions were added to kombucha to design a novel beverage with improved functional and organoleptic characteristics. After fermentation, the antioxidant capacity (AC) of the kombucha increased by 13.96% 2,2-diphenyl-1- picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH), 48.90% ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 55.54% cupric reducing AC (CUPRAC). On days 0 and 9 of storage, the bioaccessibility of the total phenolics and AC (FRAP and CUPRAC) in all of the samples showed a significant increase after gastric and intestinal digestion when compared to pregastric digestion (P < 0.05). The AC (DPPH) after in vitro digestion at the beginning and end of storage in all of the beverages also increased after gastric digestion when compared to pregastric digestion (P < 0.05); however, it decreased after intestinal digestion (P < 0.05). By conducting in vitro and in vivo studies, the effects of kombucha on health and nutrition need to be further investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, five proportions of reconstituted skim milk to almond milk were prepared and probiotic yoghurt was manufactured using these mixtures. The physicochemical, microbiological, and nutritional properties of probiotic yoghurts were examined. Raising the ratio of the almond milk from 0% to 100% resulted in considerably changes in the rate of pH drop due to lack of its buffering capacity. This also led to a considerable increase in viability of starter bacteria, including probiotics, during cold storage. According to nutritional analyses, all parameters (dry matter, protein, lipid, carbohydrate, ash, and mineral elements) had statistically significant differences in all samples. It was observed that the almond milk ratio had significant effect on total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity of samples. Practical applications: Almond, a nutrient‐dense food, contains high quality protein, carbohydrates with low glycemic index, unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, phenolic acids, and flavonoids which are essential nutrients for daily consumption and might be stimulator nutrients for probiotic bacteria. Almond milk could be used to produce yoghurts to increase some functional and health‐promoting effects, as well as to develop nutritional properties. Almond milk could be used as a supplement in fortification instead of using synthetic ingredients such as sweeteners, flavorings and antioxidants causing adverse health effects. In addition, almond milk can be used a supplement to manufacture novel fermented dairy products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prebiotics are included in many food formulations, especially in dairy products, in order to promote the growth of probiotics along with improvement of the nutritional quality. In this study, the ability of Bifidobacterium bifidum to ferment mushroom extracts as a potential prebiotic substrate was investigated. It was found that B. bifidum employed in the current work was able to ferment selected mushroom extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyse the antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of buffalo milk kefir fermented with grains or a commercial starter culture, as well as characterisation of the amino acid profile. During fermentation, the ferrous‐reducing activity of samples increased, while the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′‐azino‐bis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging activity decreased. The highest value of the ABTS and DPPH scavenging activity was recorded for buffalo milk kefir with grain, which also showed a lower ferric‐reducing antioxidant power during storage. Statistical analyses showed a significant effect of starter culture type and fermentation/storage time on the antioxidant capacity of buffalo kefir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gums are complex polysaccharides such as agar, alginates, carrageenan, carboxymethyl cellulose, gelatin, guar, locust bean, methyl cellulose, pectin, starches and xanthan. They are obtained from endosperm of plant seeds, plant exudates, sea weeds, microorganisms and animal connective tissues and widely used as stabilizers, thickeners, gelling agents and fat replacers in the food industry. Some of them could also enhance the growth and viability of probiotic bacteria. Thus the aim of this paper was to compare the growth of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum on Tryptone Peptone Yeast Extract media containing glucose, inulin, carrageenan, locust bean or xanthan gums as sole carbon sources and promote gums as promising prebiotic substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to evaluate the effects of using either grain or commercial starter culture on the antioxidative capacity of cow and ewe milk kefirs. The antioxidant capacity of kefir samples during fermentation and 21 d of storage was assessed by using 3 assays: 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation decolorization; 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical scavenging activity assay; and Fe+3-reducing power (ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, FRAP). Vitamin E and β-carotene contents were also quantified. All kefir samples exhibited varying values for DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays depending on the starter culture and milk type. Vitamin E and β-carotene contents were similar in all kefir samples during storage. The results of this study suggest that milk type (cow or ewe) and culture type (kefir grains or commercial starter) were the significant parameters for the antioxidative activity of kefir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of sweet chestnut ( Castanea sativa Mill) flour in stimulating the growth of probiotic bacteria in fermented skim milk produced with different probiotic strains, namely Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis was evaluated. Microbial counts, pH, total titratable acidity (LA %) and syneresis were measured in fermented skim milk samples. Additionally, the antioxidant capacities of the samples were measured by Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), and Ferric Reducing-antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays. The viability and growth proportion index (GPI) of L. rhamnosus were significantly higher than those of L. acidophilus and B. lactis in all samples during storage. Results indicated that all probiotic fermented milks enriched with chestnut flour displayed significant probiotic viability (>7 log10 cfu/g) with high antioxidant capacities. L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus and B. lactis survived throughout the shelf life of the chestnut-fermented skim milk, and remain at this satisfactory viability level even after 21 days of storage. The antioxidant capacity and phenolic contents were dependent on probiotic strains used. Practical applications Nowadays the focus is rather on the effects of foods on maintenance of health, well-being and prevention of certain diseases than simply satisfaction of appetite or nutrition. The consumers' health consciousness due to the scientific knowledge of the interactions between diet and health is a driving factor to develop products with health-related claims such as probiotic foods. This paper investigated the effects of chestnut flour supplementation not only on viability of probiotic bacteria but also the antioxidant capacity and phenolic contents in fermented milk throughout predicted shelf life. The results indicated that chestnut flour could be used as prebiotic for further researches to develop dairy products to deliver probiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current study was to determine the utilization of salep from some Orchidaceae species by selected Bifidobacterium spp. Bifidobacteria were grown in Tryptone Peptone Yeast Extract (TPY) supplemented with 1% (w/v) glucose or 0.5 %, 1 % and 2 % w/v salep. The growth of the Bifidobacterium species was investigated by measuring the pH and optical density (OD) at 600 nm during a 48 h-fermentation, and calculating the prebiotic activity score (PAS). The results showed that the Bifidobacterium species could develop acidity through activation in the TPY broth containing salep. The B. infantis present in the TPY broth containing salep powder at 0.5-1 % was found to have the highest cell density value. In general, the PAS values obtained from the study showed similarities with those of commercial prebiotics, especially with fructooligosaccharides and inulin. The result of this study also indicates that salep can enhance the growth of some Bifidobacterium species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of probiotic cultures on the chemical properties of cream. Cream was produced with no addition of cultures (non-probiotic), or supplemented with Bifidobacterium lactis (BL), Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA), or Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR). All chemical characterization were affected by the probiotic bacteria strain in the cream. Although the viability of the probiotic bacteria declined throughout the 22 day-storage, the shelf life study showed that cultures retained counts higher than 6 log cfu g−1, which constitutes a good vehicle for delivering probiotic bacteria. This work has shown that the chemical properties of cream are influenced by the starter culture type. More research is needed to evaluate the unique microbological and physico-chemical properties of cream supplemented with probiotic bacteria. Practical Aplications Cream may have the potential for use as a probiotic carrier because it provides an excellent environment for probiotic bacteria, with the added advantage of having nutritional value. There has been very limited amount of work on probiotic cream, more research is needed to improve the fermentation process, sensory acceptance, chemical properties, and other functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of fatty acids in cream containing one of the three probiotic microorganisms (Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus) was evaluated at 4±1 °C for up to 15 days. Gas chromatographic analysis of the fatty acid content showed that during storage the amount of linoleic and α-linolenic acids increased in the probiotic cream fermented with B. lactis compared to the control cream. Probiotic bacteria were all associated with increases in medium chain and polyunsaturated fatty acid content in fermented cream. The highest amounts of saturated fatty acids were found in cream fermented with L. acidophilus, while the highest amounts of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were found in cream fermented with B. lactis. The results of this study demonstrate that probiotic bacteria could improve the fatty acid profile of fermented creams and provide high value-added dairy products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus (major elements) and iron, manganese, tin, copper, nickel, zinc, lead, and cadmium (minor elements) were determined in fermented shalgam beverage samples of different brands randomly collected from domestic markets in Bursa province, Turkey, using inductively coupled plasma optical-emission spectrometry technique. The elements with the highest frequency were Na, K, Ca, Mg, and P and the range of these elements were 4.52–6.15 g L−1, 0.27–0.72 g L−1, 34.02–148.30 mg L−1, 30.61–75.38 mg L−1 and 8.72–82.96 mg L−1, respectively. The concentrations of heavy metals, such as Cd, Ni, Sn, and Pb, found in shalgam beverage were below 1 mg L−1 in almost all of the samples. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the current study boza, a low-alcohol-content beverage, is produced from rice, maize, millet and wheat flours by spontaneous fermentation at 24 ± 1°C for 24 h. During the fermentation and storage period, changes in total titritable acidity, pH, alcohol and organic acid profiles, and sensory properties were determined. The major organic acids were found as oxalic, lactic, pyruvic, and acetic acids. Even though the ratings of sensory parameters were not within wide limits, they were significantly affected by storage time. Maize boza scored higher due to the similarity in its colour and flavour to that sold in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine the survival of two probiotic micro-organisms (Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 and Bifidobacterium bifidum BB-12) in a rice pudding, the impact of these bacteria on hygienic quality, and to verify the perspectives of the product with regard to consumer sensorial acceptance. The products were monitored for the microbial population, pH, titratable acidity and consistency, during storage at 4±1 °C for up to 21 days. Sensory preference was also tested. Even though the viability of the probiotic bacteria was reduced over 21 days of storage, the viable cell concentrations were still sufficient to obtain the desired therapeutic impact. The counts of yeasts-moulds and Staphylococcus spp. decreased in samples with added probiotic bacteria. The sensorial properties of probiotic rice pudding demonstrated similar acceptability to the control up to 14 days and declined thereafter. Rice pudding was considered suitable food for the delivery of probiotic micro-organisms, with sufficient viability and acceptable sensory characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study single cell oil (SCO) production by Fusarium species using deproteinized whey as carbon source was investigated. The total lipid accumulated in the biomass of the fungi examined ranged from 0.1467 to 0.8661 mg lipid per mg wet weight. Gas chromatography analysis of the synthesized microbial lipids from the Fusarium species revealed that the major constituents were palmitic acid (C16:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2). Therefore, the whey medium was found to be effective for promotion of the accumulation of substantial amounts of lipids by Fusarium species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional foods are the reflection of cultural inheritance and affect the lifestyle habits. Culture can be viewed as a system of socially transmitted patterns of behaviour that characterises a particular group. Despite the fact of globalisation, these are key elements to accurately estimate a population's dietary patterns and how these have been shaped through time. In Turkey, a meal with family or friends traditionally ends with a dessert, which is a testimony to the hosts' hospitality or to the housewife's love and affection for her husband and children, since sweets and desserts are important elements of Turkish cuisine. However, the consciousnesses of nutrition and healthy eating, due to rapid change in popular life style and dietary patterns, has contributed to the increased interest in traditional foods with potential health benefits, with increased uncertainty for dessert consumption. Dairy desserts are extensively consumed due to their nutritive and sensoric characteristics. Some of traditional dairy desserts are Mustafakemalpasa, Gullac, Kazandibi, Hosmerim and Tavukgogsu, which are mainly made from milk or fresh cheese, and the current paper discusses their manufacturing processes and composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, whey has been recognised as a major source of nutritional and functional ingredients for the food industry. Commercial whey products include various powders, whey protein concentrates and isolates, and fractionated proteins, such as α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin. The increased interest in separation and fractionation of whey proteins arises from the differences in their functional, biological and nutritional properties. In response to concerns about environmental aspects, research has been focused on membrane filtration technology, which provides exciting new opportunities for large-scale protein and lactose fractionation. Membrane separation is such technique in which particles are separated according to their molecular size. The types of membrane processing techniques are ultrafiltration, microfiltration, reverse osmosis, pervaporation, electrodialysis and nanofiltration. A higher purification of whey proteins is possible by combining membrane separation with ion-exchange. This paper provides an overview of types and applications of membrane separation techniques in whey processing and production of whey-based functional compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cheese, being a nutrient-dense dairy product, is a good source of essential components like protein, minerals in particular phosphorus and calcium of highly consumed foods. It is susceptible to physical, chemical and biochemical spoilage, hence the increased consumer demand for high quality cheese has initiated the development of several innovative methods to increase storability and shelf- life and to enhance microbial safety. Packaging has been a significant process within preservation techniques to provide the efficient (functional and mechanical) protection of the commodities. Since synthetic packaging materials has been mentioned to contribute to the environmental pollution, packages and edible coatings have been proposed to replace or complement conventional packaging in order to protect food products from deterioration and decrease the quality loss. These films should have appropriate sensory characteristics, suitable barrier properties (oil, humidity, O2, CO2), biochemical, physicochemical and microbial stability, aside being safe, and produced by simple technology with low cost. They also can affect as carrier for color, flavor, nutritional, antioxidant or antimicrobial additives. This review discusses mainly using biodegradable films, in particular beeswax, for extension of shelf-life of cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The smoking process determines the characteristic flavour, odour, colour and texture of several cheese varieties. Some smoke compounds are known to have bacteriostatic and antioxidant effects, and may act as preservatives. Smoked cheese is appreciated by consumers due to its sensorial properties. However, with smoking process there is a risk of formation of toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This review emphasises the occurrence of polycyclic hydrocarbons on smoked cheeses and their health impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the changes in some physico-chemical properties and variations in antioxidant compounds of leeks (cv. 'Inegol-92') caused by the drying process. he dry matter and ash contents of the fresh leek samples were 8.06 and 0.58 g 100 g¹ , respectively. The pH of the fresh leek samples was 6.02, and the titritable acidity in terms of citric acid was 0.14%. As expected, application of hot-air drying significantly increased the dry matter and ash values due to removal of water from the leek slices. he rehydration ratio of dried leeks at 45°C was 5.41, and the coefficient of rehydration was 0.47. he contents of chlorophyll a and b were higher in the dried leeks than in the fresh leeks. The dehydrated leeks showed a high total color difference (ΔE=12.53) mainly due to the effect of temperature on heat-sensitive compounds. As expected, both fresh and dried leek samples exhibited antioxidant activity with fresh leeks showing a higher capacity of antioxidant activity. Drying the leeks resulted in some ascorbic acid loss. Fresh leeks had much higher phenolic values (26.33 mg rutin eq 100 g DM-1 ) than the dehydrated samples. he antioxidant capacity of leeks was decreased by more than 50% during the drying process. Although being the most applied method of thermal dehydration, hot air drying causes the degradation of sensitive components, which results in significant losses in sensorial and physico-chemical properties of the dried products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]