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Mercury's exosphere is an important target for understanding the dynamics of coupled systems in space environments, tenuous planetary atmospheres, and planetary surfaces. Magnesium (Mg) is especially crucial for establishing methods for estimating the surface chemical composition distribution through observations of the exosphere because its distribution in the exosphere and on the surface is strongly correlated. However, owing to its low radiance, the Hermean Mg exosphere has only been detected by the Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer (MASCS) onboard the Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft. Thus, we have few observation data for areas other than low latitude regions in addition to few detection cases of short‐term or sporadic fluctuations, resulting in a poor understanding of ejection and transportation mechanisms of the Mg exosphere. In this study, we analyzed the distribution of the Hermean Mg exosphere by the Probing of Hermean Exosphere by Ultraviolet Spectroscopy (PHEBUS) onboard the Mercury Planetary Orbiter of the BepiColombo mission during its second and third Mercury swing‐bys (MSBs). First, we constructed a calibration method including background subtraction and calibration using stellar observations. Mg light curves at two true anomaly angles were obtained, which were in agreement with the Chamberlain model and a three‐dimensional numerical calculation. Comparing the Mg and calcium (Ca) radiances obtained by PHEBUS during the MSBs, the exospheric Mg atoms have a lower energy than the exospheric Ca atoms. This is consistent with the lower energy necessary for producing the Mg atoms produced by molecular photodissociation than for Ca atoms. Plain Language Summary: The tenuous atmosphere of Mercury helps us to understand how space environments, thin planetary atmospheres, and planetary surfaces interact. Magnesium is particularly important because its presence in Mercury's atmosphere can tell us a lot about the planetary surface composition. However, studying the magnesium atmosphere in Mercury is challenging because of its poor visibility. In this study, we used a new ultraviolet spectrometer installed on the BepiColombo spacecraft. Analyzing solar light scattered by magnesium atoms when the spacecraft was close to Mercury, we derived distributions of Mercury's magnesium atmosphere, which are aligned well with theoretical models. Furthermore, we compared the energies of magnesium and calcium in the atmosphere, both of which were measured by the same instrument. We found that magnesium has a lower energy than calcium in Mercury's atmosphere, which is consistent with our understanding that less energy is necessary for magnesium than calcium to break apart their original molecules in photodissociation. This study also demonstrates how to improve the quality of data obtained from the BepiColombo spacecraft. Key Points: We established the calibration and background subtraction methods of the FUV channel of BepiColombo MPO/PHEBUSWe analyzed the swing‐by data and successfully obtained Mg exosphere distributions consistent with two theoretical modelsThe lower energy of the Mg exosphere than that of Ca reflects the lower energy required for photodissociation from their parent molecules [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keiichiro Yoshioka,1 Mitsuhiro Abe,1 Yuki Shiko,2 Ken Koshikawa,1 Yohei Kawasaki,2 Shunichiro Iwasawa,1 Jiro Terada,1,3 Kenji Tsushima,3 Koichiro Tatsumi,1 Takuji Suzuki1 1Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; 2Biostatistics Section, Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan; 3Department of Pulmonary Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, School of Medicine, Chiba, JapanCorrespondence: Mitsuhiro Abe, Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan, Tel +81 43 222 2576, Fax +81 43 226 2176, Email mthrsgnm@chiba-u.jpBackground/Aim: Nab-paclitaxel (Nab-PTX) has been widely used to treat several advanced cancers. Nab-PTX can cause drug-induced lung injury (DILI); however, its clinical and radiographic features have not been clarified. We aimed to assess the clinical characteristics of Nab-PTX-induced lung injury and identify its associated risk factors.Patients and Methods: We retrospectively investigated 304 patients who received Nab-PTX at Chiba University Hospital between November 2010 and November 2017. We obtained information regarding the clinical course, laboratory findings, and chest computed tomography findings from their medical records.Results: Forty-one patients (13%) developed DILI. Grade 1 lung injury occurred in 27 patients (8.8%), grade 2, 8 patients (2.6%); grade 3, 3 patients (0.9%); grade 4, 1 (0.3%); and grade 5, 2 (0.6%). Multivariate analysis revealed that age > 56 years (odds ratio [OR]: 3.0), pre-existing interstitial lung changes (OR: 3.2), and combined drugs with gemcitabine (OR: 2.7) were independent risk factors for DILI owing to Nab-PTX administration.Conclusion: Nab-PTX-induced lung injury is not rare; however, most cases are asymptomatic (grade 1). Older age, pre-existing interstitial lung changes, and combined drugs with gemcitabine could increase the incidence of Nab-PTX-induced lung injury; such patients should be treated with greater care.Keywords: drug-induced lung injury, gemcitabine, multivariate analysis, nab-paclitaxel, risk factor

Masashi Sakayori,1 Jiro Terada,1 Mitsuhiro Abe,1 Yasutaka Hirasawa,1 Kenichi Suzuki,1 Keiichiro Yoshioka,1 Kenji Tsushima,2 Koichiro Tatsumi11Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; 2Department of Pulmonary Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, School of Medicine, Chiba 286-8686, JapanPurpose: Although pirfenidone (PFD) is a key drug for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), differences in tolerability between elderly and young patients remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate age-related differences in adverse drug reactions to PFD and to evaluate whether patient age influences the safety and tolerability of PFD in clinical practice.Patients and method: One hundred fifty-four patients with IPF were treated with PFD in our institution between May 2009 and April 2017; these patients were classified into 2 groups on the basis of age: ≥75 years of age (elderly patients) and

BepiColombo, the ESA/JAXA joint mission performed its first flyby of Mercury on 1 October 2021 and its second on 23 June 2022. PHEBUS observed the exosphere of Mercury during these flybys notably with its visible channels c404 (centered on the potassium emission line at 404 nm) and c422 (centered on the calcium emission line at 422 nm). The c422 signal shows not only an enhancement of calcium (Ca) near the dawn region but also a very extensive Ca exosphere on the morning side beyond 10,000 km. The e‐folding distance deduced from our Ca profiles (2,500–2,800 km) is in agreement with the value reported by MESSENGER at similar true anomaly angles. We use a Chamberlain model to determine the temperature and density at the exobase. Using the morning side low‐altitude data, we derived a high temperature at the exobase (>50,000 K), in agreement with the MESSENGER results. We also report a day/night asymmetry in the Ca exosphere that could indicate that the source of Ca is predominantly on the dayside or be the consequence of a shift of the main source of Ca away from the dawn region. The c404 channel detected additional species at low altitudes on the morning side during both flybys. Comparison with previous studies is inconclusive and further analysis will be necessary to identify the species. Nevertheless, we can note that the e‐folding distance deduced from our profile is relatively small (135 km) and that the Chamberlain model applied to our profiles seems to indicate a temperature at the exobase <3,000 K. Plain Language Summary: BepiColombo, the ESA/JAXA joint mission on its way to Mercury, has already flown over the planet twice in October 2021 and June 2022. PHEBUS (Probing of Hermean Exosphere By Ultraviolet Spectroscopy), the UV spectrometer onboard the spacecraft, observed Mercury's exosphere during the flybys at the closest parts of approach to the planet with its two visible channels notably. Mercury is surrounded by a tenuous collisionless atmosphere (exosphere) that contains a variety of species. We report the detection of exospheric calcium with an enhancement near the dawn region. We show that the calcium exosphere is much extended on the morning side, beyond 10,000 km. The observations also reveal a day/night asymmetry of the calcium exosphere. Furthermore, we report the detection of additional species. However, the flyby data alone do not allow us to formally identify the species. Key Points: PHEBUS observed Mercury's extended exosphere of calcium on the morning side beyond ∼10,000 kmThe observed calcium profiles may be explained by the 2D effects of altitude and local timeAdditional species were detected, potentially manganese and potassium [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 9 and 10 October 2021, Probing the Hermean Exosphere by Ultraviolet Spectroscopy aboard BepiColombo observed the disk‐integrated reflected light from the Sun by Mercury in the spectral range 90–160 nm at a phase angle of 70°. These observations are used to derive the EUV reflectance of the surface of Mercury in this wavelength range for the first time since the Mariner 10 observations in 1974–1975. Our observations are in agreement with a surface of Mercury darker by a factor ∼0.5–0.6 compared to the Moon in this wavelength range, with an average reflectance of 0.3% at a phase angle of 70°. This lower reflectance of Mercury could be due to the lower abundance of FeO. The derived reflectance near 160 nm is close to the derived reflectance at 220 nm by MESSENGER/MASCS at a similar phase angle. Possible spectral variations measured between 110 and 140 nm could be attributed to SiO2 glass, but the signal to noise ratio is low and other observations, possible at several periods during the rest of the cruise, are needed to confirm this last result. Plain Language Summary: Due to the lack of atmosphere, the solar UV radiation directly impacts the surface of Mercury. A fraction of this radiation is reflected into space in all directions. This reflected fraction varies with wavelength and can be analyzed to constrain the composition and texture of the surface of Mercury. Probing the Hermean Exosphere by Ultraviolet Spectroscopy aboard BepiColombo observed the reflected radiation between 90 and 160 nm for the first time since the Mariner 10 observations in 1974–1975. In this study, we measure the fraction of UV radiation reflected at different wavelengths. We compare our results with past observations from Mariner 10. We explain part of the observed spectral variations as possible due to the presence of SiO2 glass at the surface of Mercury and an albedo lower than the Moon due to a lower abundance of FeO. Key Points: We derive the reflectance of Mercury's surface between 90 and 160 nm for the first time since Mariner 10The lower albedo of Mercury compared to the Moon could be due to a lower FeO concentration but other opaque species may be neededSome spectral variations could possibly be due to SiO2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ependymomas are neuroepithelial neoplasms of the central nervous system that arise from the precursor cells lining the ventricular system and the central canal of the spinal cord. Herein, we report a case of an extremely rare type of ependymoma arising from the thigh. Then, a literature review was performed. An 87-year-old female Japanese patient presented with a chief complaint of a mass on the medial aspect of her right thigh. Pathology revealed a grade 2 extra-neural ependymoma. PET-CT and brain MRI showed no neoplastic lesions in the central nervous system, and the tumor was localized only in the right thigh. The tumor was growing and was treated as a low-grade tumor with extensive resection and postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy. The patient has been alive for 3 years, without postoperative recurrence or complications. This case presents a rare extra-neural ependymoma of central nervous system origin arising in the thigh. The pathogenesis is unknown, but a search for neoplastic lesions in the cerebrospinal cord is warranted. Extra-neural ependymomas should be treated as low-grade tumors because they are more prone to recurrence and metastasis than ordinary ependymomas. We experienced an extremely rare extra-neural ependymoma arising in the thigh. A search for tumors in the central nervous system region of the cerebrospinal cord, previous literature, and clinical, imaging, and pathological findings should be consulted to determine a treatment strategy. • Ependymomas are neuroepithelial neoplasms of the central nervous system. • Experienced extra-neural ependymoma arising from the thigh that has very rarely reported. • Ependymomas located other than above or below the tent are considered Grade II. • The patient was treated with low grade malignant tumor(gradeIII) based on clinical findings of expansion tendency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]