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Objective To analyze the microflora structure and abundance of ileum and colon of SPF male SD rats by high-throughput sequencing technique.MethodsThe ileal and colonic lumen contents of 30 SPF male SD rats were collected, the total bacterial DNA in the contents was extracted and amplified by PCR. The V3-V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA in the samples was sequenced using Illumina NovaSeq sequencing platform. Then the species structure and abundance of the intestinal flora were analyzed at the phylum and genus level based on validated data. The diversity and differences between ileal and colonic flora were analyzed using the QIIME software (amplicon) analysis tool. The Tax4Fun program was applied to predict the dominant gene enrichment pathways of ileal and colonic flora.ResultsAt the phylum level, the dominant microflora in the ileum of male SD rats were Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, accounting for more than 98%. The dominant colonic microbial community were mainly Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, accounting for more than 95%. At the genus level, Lactobacillus and Alistipes were the predominant bacteria in the ileum. The colon was dominated by Lactobacillus and Romboutsia. In terms of flora diversity, the alpha diversity of colonic flora including richness index (Chao1 index) and diversity index (Shannon index) were significantly higher than those of ileum (P < 0.01), and the structural variability of the composition of its flora species was smaller than that of ileum; the ileal flora with significant structural variability were mainly of the phylum Firmicutes, Romboutsia, Peptostreptococcaceae, while the colonic flora had significant structural differences in Bacteroidales. In terms of flora function, the ileal flora dominant genes were significantly enriched in lipid-like metabolism, polyketide metabolism, membrane transport, biodegradation and other pathways, while the colonic flora dominant genes were significantly enriched in glycan biosynthesis metabolism, energy metabolism, biosynthesis of cofactor and vitamins and other products, and other pathways.ConclusionThere are significant differences in structure and abundance between the ileal and colonic flora of SPF male SD rats, and the abundance and diversity of colonic flora are higher than those of ileal flora.

Background: The association of lung function with the risk of developing prodromal and clinical-diagnosed Parkinson's disease (PD) and with the risk of mortality among individuals with PD remains unknown. Objective: To prospectively examine the associations of lung function with the risk of prodromal, clinical-diagnosed PD, and PD-related mortality in participants of the UK Biobank. Methods: Included were 452,518 participants free of PD at baseline. Baseline lung function, including forced expiratory volume in 1-s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow (PEF), and FEV1/FVC ratio, was assessed. Eight prodromal features were measured using self-reported diagnoses, hospital admission, and primary care data. Incident PD cases were identified using linkages with hospital admission, death register, and self-report. Vital status and date of death were provided by the UK National Health Service (NHS) and the NHS Central Register. We used Cox proportional hazard models to evaluate these associations. Results: Poor lung function was associated with higher risk of PD in a dose-response relationship: the adjusted hazard ratio comparing the lowest vs. the highest lung function quintile was 1.18 (95% CI, 1.02– 1.37) for FEV1, 1.14 (95% CI, 0.99– 1.29) for FVC, and 1.23 (95% CI, 1.08– 1.41) for PEF (p-trend <0.05 for all). Similar results were obtained for risk of prodromal PD and mortality among individuals with PD. Conclusions: The current study showed that individuals with poor lung function had a high future risk of prodromal and clinical PD and a higher rate of PD-related mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate correlation between neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR), IL-6 and lymphocyte subsets and prognosis of viral pneumonia complicated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Methods: A total of 98 patients with viral pneumonia complicated with ARDS admitted to Xinxiang Central Hospital/the Fourth Clinical College from May 2017 to June 2019 were selected, NLR, IL-6 and lymphocyte subsets expressions in patients with different severity were analyzed. Correlation between NLR, IL-6 and lymphocyte subsets levels in prognosis of viral pneumonia complicated with ARDS was analyzed by Pearson correlation. Logistc regression was used to analyze prognostic risk factors of viral pneumonia complicated with ARDS. Results: With aggravation of viral pneumonia complicated with ARDS, NLR and IL-6 levels were significantly increased (P<0.05), while CD3+T, CD4+T and CD19+T cells levels were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis results showed that NLR and IL-6 were positively correlated with prognosis of viral pneumonia complicated with ARDS (P<0.05), while CD3+T, CD4+T, CD19+T and CD8+T cells were negatively correlated with prognosis of ARDS with viral pneumonia (P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic analysis showed that NLR, IL-6, CD3+T and CD19+T cells were risk factors for viral pneumonia complicated with ARDS (P<0.05). Conclusion: Serum NLR, IL-6, CD3+T and CD19+T cells are closely related to severity and prognosis of patients with viral pneumonia complicated with ARDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous liquids (PLs) are the combination of porous solid material and flowing liquid, which provides alternative options to solve difficulties in the development of porous solids. With the booming development of PLs since 2015, plenty of syntheses and applications have been reported with a specific focus on gas adsorption. Given the lack of a comprehensive review, this paper reviews the application of PLs in CO2 capture. To start with, ground-breaking case studies are reviewed to help understand the progress of PLs research. Then, as a major part of this paper, studies of PLs for CO2 capture are reviewed separately. Moreover, five basic properties of porous liquids, including stability, viscosity, selectivity, porosity, capacity, and the influencing factors are systemically reviewed respectively. Furthermore, gas storage and release mechanisms in PLs are briefly outlined, and potential processing methods of PLs used for CO2 capture are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacillus subtilis is ubiquitously and broadly distributed in various environments but is mostly isolated from soil. Given that B. subtilis is known as a plant growth‐promoting rhizobacterium in agriculture, we aimed to describe the natural distribution of this species and uncover how biotic and abiotic factors affect its distribution. When comparing different soils, we discovered that B. subtilis group species are most abundant in grasslands but can rarely be isolated from forest soil, even if the soil sample sites are situated in proximity. Differential analysis revealed that spore‐forming bacteria exhibited enrichments in the grassland, suggesting niche overlap or synergistic interactions leading to the proliferation of certain Bacillus species in grassland environments. Network analysis further revealed that Bacillus and other Bacillota established a densely interconnected hub module in the grassland, characterised by positive associations indicating co‐occurrence, a pattern not observed in the forest soil. Speculating that this difference was driven by abiotic factors, we combined amplicon sequencing with physico‐chemical analysis of soil samples and found multiple chemical variables, mainly pH, to affect microbial composition. Our study pinpoints the factors that influence B. subtilis abundance in natural soils and, therefore, offers insights for designing B. subtilis‐based biocontrol products in agricultural settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The literature presents conflicting results regarding the potential protective effect of prevalent cancer on the development of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Objective: Association between cancer and subsequent risk of dementia and/or AD was reported previously, but survival bias has been of concern. Here, we aimed to calculate the lifetime risk of dementia and AD and evaluate the association of cancer history with these two conditions. Methods: In this retrospective analysis, we included 292,654 participants aged 60+ y during the follow-up and free of dementia at baseline, within the UK Biobank cohort. Lifetime risks of dementia and AD were estimated in individuals with and without cancer history, and different durations of cancer exposure and cancer types. Results: During a median of 12.5 follow-up years, 5,044 new dementia and 2,141 AD cases were reported. Lifetime risks of dementia and AD were lower in cancer survivors compared to those without cancer, and this effect was more pronounced in participants with cancer history exposure≥5 years. Similar relationship was observed in individual cancer types, except for breast cancer. Conclusions: Results suggested an inverse association between cancer history and lifetime risk of dementia and AD, which may be modified by different cancer types and cancer exposure time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The infant gut microbiome is increasingly recognized as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes, yet the assembly of gut resistome in infants and its influencing factors remain largely unknown. We characterized resistome in 4132 metagenomes from 963 infants in six countries and 4285 resistance genes were observed. The inherent resistome pattern of healthy infants (N = 272) could be distinguished by two stages: a multicompound resistance phase (Months 0–7) and a tetracycline‐mupirocin‐β‐lactam‐dominant phase (Months 8–14). Microbial taxonomy explained 40.7% of the gut resistome of healthy infants, with Escherichia (25.5%) harboring the most resistance genes. In a further analysis with all available infants (N = 963), we found age was the strongest influencer on the resistome and was negatively correlated with the overall resistance during the first 3 years (p < 0.001). Using a random‐forest approach, a set of 34 resistance genes could be used to predict age (R2 = 68.0%). Leveraging microbial host inference analyses, we inferred the age‐dependent assembly of infant resistome was a result of shifts in the gut microbiome, primarily driven by changes in taxa that disproportionately harbor resistance genes across taxa (e.g., Escherichia coli more frequently harbored resistance genes than other taxa). We performed metagenomic functional profiling and metagenomic assembled genome analyses whose results indicate that the development of gut resistome was driven by changes in microbial carbohydrate metabolism, with an increasing need for carbohydrate‐active enzymes from Bacteroidota and a decreasing need for Pseudomonadota during infancy. Importantly, we observed increased acquired resistance genes over time, which was related to increased horizontal gene transfer in the developing infant gut microbiome. In summary, infant age was negatively correlated with antimicrobial resistance gene levels, reflecting a composition shift in the gut microbiome, likely driven by the changing need for microbial carbohydrate metabolism during early life. Highlights: We first examined the natural assembly of resistome in healthy infants' guts and identified resistance genes that were significantly impacted by age.We inferred that the age‐dependent assembly of infant resistome was a result of the shift of the gut microbiome, which was due to resistance genes being disproportionally distributed across taxa.Age‐dependent assembly of infant resistome reflected the shift in the gut microbiome, and such modifications were often a result of dietary transitions during infancy.Maturation of gut resistome was driven by infants' changing carbohydrate metabolism, which demonstrated an increasing need for carbohydrate‐active enzymes from Bacteroidota and decreasing involvements from Pseudomonadota during infancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was to investigate the prevalence and severity of children's dental fluorosis (DF) in Shandong and identified the potential risk factors for DF. A total of 87 villages in Shandong were investigated to calculate the prevalence of DF and Community Fluorosis Index (CFI) in 2018–2019. Six hundred and seventy children were enrolled to identify the potential risk factors using univariate and multivariate logistic regressions. Goodman–Kruskal Gamma was used to explore the factors related to the severity of DF. In 87 villages, 1249 of 8700 (14.36%) children still have DF. The prevalence of DF in most villages was below 40% in 2018–2019. Water fluorine concentration when selected for the study and urinary fluorine concentration were related to the risk of DF (P < 0.001). Some eating habits, like lower frequency of eating fresh vegetables, eggs, and beans, were associated with the risk of DF (P < 0.001). The high water fluorine concentration, and lower frequency of eating fresh vegetables, eggs, and beans were also related to the severity of DF (P < 0.001). DF in children in Shandong province is still a common endemic disease. This study tries to provide a useful guide for the prevention and control of DF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Members of the Bacillus genus are widely distributed throughout natural environments and have been studied for decades among others for their physiology, genetics, ecological functions, and applications. However, despite its prevalence in nature, the characterization and classification of Bacillus remain challenging due to its complex and ever‐evolving taxonomic framework. This review addresses the current state of the Bacillus taxonomic landscape and summarizes the critical points in the development of Bacillus phylogeny. With a clear view of Bacillus phylogeny as a foundation, we subsequently review the methodologies applied in identifying and quantifying Bacillus, while also discussing their respective advantages and disadvantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Co‐occurrence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) has been observed. However, there is limited knowledge on how family history of AD is associated with PD. Objectives: To prospectively examine the associations of family history of AD/dementia and polygenic risk score for AD (AD‐PRS) with PD risk. Methods: The study included 477,190 participants from UK Biobank who were free of PD at baseline (2006–2010) and had complete data on the studied exposure variables, family history of AD and AD‐PRS. Cox proportional hazards model was used to examine the hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of family history of AD/dementia and AD‐PRS for PD risk. We also conducted mediation analysis to examine the proportion of the association between family history of AD/dementia and PD risk that could be mediated by AD‐PRS. Results: During a median follow‐up of 12.5 years, we identified 2550 incidences of PD. Family history of AD/dementia (adjusted HR = 1.21; 95% CI 1.09–1.35) and AD‐PRS (adjusted HR = 1.10 per 1 unit increment; 95% CI 1.05–1.14) were associated with PD risk, after adjustment for age, sex, lifestyle factors, and other potential confounders. The association between family history of AD/dementia and PD risk was mediated by 13.1% by the AD‐PRS. As expected, we observed significant associations of family history of AD/dementia and AD‐PRS with risks of dementia and AD (P < 0.001 for all). Conclusions: Family history of AD/dementia appeared to be associated with PD risk, and this association could be mediated partially by AD‐related genetic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aeroengine mainshaft bearings are key components in modern aeroengines, and their main functions are to support the rotation of the main shaft of the aeroengine in harsh environments, such as high temperature, heavy load, high speed and oil break; reduce the friction coefficient during the high-speed rotation of the main shaft; and reliably ensure the rotation accuracy and power transmission of the aeroengine's main shaft during operation. The manufacture of aeroengine mainshaft bearings requires complex processes and precise machining to ensure high performance and reliability, and how to intelligently complete the production and manufacture of mainshaft bearings and ensure the strength and accuracy of the bearings, quickly distinguish the fault types of the bearings and efficiently calculate, analyze and predict the life of the bearings are the current research hotspots. Therefore, building a high-fidelity and computationally efficient digital twin life cycle of aeroengine mainshaft bearings is a valuable solution. This paper summarizes the key manufacturing technology, manufacturing mode and manufacturing process based on digital twins in the life cycle of aeroengine mainshaft bearings, including the metallurgical process, heat treatment process and grinding process of aeroengine mainshaft bearings. It presents a fault diagnosis and life analysis of mainshaft bearings of aeroengines, discussing the key technologies and research directions of the life cycle of mainshaft bearings based on digital twins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]