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The unveiling of MOF growth mechanism is hampered by the lack of fundamental knowledge about the very early stage of nucleation, especially the form and ratio of molecular species in the solution for crystal growth. Herein, we report the detection of growth species for a series of MOFs with mono-linker, Cu-MOF-2-BDC and Cu-MOF-2-NDC, and two linkers, MTV-MOF-2-(C4H4)x, by high resolution ESI-MS, where a large variety of Cu-containing species are identified unambiguously. The solvent molecules such as H2O, methanol and DMF participate in the formation of these species, other than ethanol. Furthermore, in the growth solution of MTV-MOF-2-(C4H4)x, growth species containing two different organic linkers are observed. The feeding ratio is not the only factor controlling the distribution of growth species for MTV-MOFs, but also the solvent involves in coordination, an aspect usually overlooked previously.

Pure oxygen is vital in medical treatment, first aid, and chemical synthesis. Hypoxia can cause severe damage to the organ systems such as respiratory, digestive, and nervous systems and even directly cause death. Notably, the severe Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has exacerbated the shortage of medical oxygen in the world. Hence, a safe, economical, and portable oxygen supply device is urgently needed. Here, we have successfully prepared a device with air-breathing electrochemical extraction of pure oxygen (ABEEPO) with light weight and high energy efficiency. By renovating the structure of the electrolytic cell, the components bipolar plate and end plate are replaced with a plastic membrane, and the component current collector is replaced with a highly conductive graphene composite membrane electrode. Due to the use of the plastic membrane and graphene composite membrane electrode, the weight of the electrolytic cell is reduced from 1319.4 to 1.6 g, and the flexibility of the electrolytic cell is successfully realized. Through optimizing anode catalysts, working area, and operating voltage, a high flow rate per mass (234 mL h

A novel iron-hydrogen battery system, whose Fe3+/Fe2+ cathode circumvents slowly dynamic oxygen reduction reaction and anode is fed with clean and cordial hydrogen, is systematically investigated. The maximum discharge power density of the iron-hydrogen battery reaches to 96.0 mW/cm2 under the room temperature. The capacity reaches to 17.2 Ah/L and the coulombic and energy efficiency are achieved to 99% and 86%, respectively, during the galvanostatic charge-discharge test. Moreover, stable cycling test is observed for more than 240 h and 100 cycles with the iron sulfate in the sulfuric acid solutions. It is found that air plasma treatment onto the cathode carbon paper can generate the oxygen-containing groups and increase the hydrophilic pores proportion to ca. 40%, enlarging nearly 6-fold effective diffusion coefficient and improving the mass transfer in the battery performance. The simple iron-hydrogen energy storage battery design offers us a new strategy for the large-scale energy storage and hydrogen involved economy.

Objective To investigate the role of microRNA-155-5p on apoptosis and inflammatory response in human renal glomerular endothelial cells (HRGEC) cultured with high glucose. Methods The primary HRGEC were mainly studied, light microscopy was used to detect changes in cell morphology. Quantitative Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction, Western Blot, immunofluorescence were aimed to observe the mRNA and protein expression levels of target gene ETS-1, downstream factors VCAM-1, MCP-1 and cleaved caspase-3 in each group after high glucose treatment as well as transfection with miR-155 mimics or inhibitor. Results The expression of inflammatory factors and apoptosis of HRGEC cells increased under high glucose treatment. Compared with normal-glucose treatment, the expression of microRNA-155 markedly increased in HRGECs treated with high-glucose, as well as the mRNA and protein levels of ETS-1, VCAM-1, MCP-1 and cleaved caspase-3. Overexpression of microRNA-155 remarkably downregulated mRNA and protein levels of ETS-1, VCAM-1, MCP-1 and cleaved caspase-3, whereas miRNA-155 knockdown upregulated their levels. In addition, HRGEC cells were transfected with miR-155 mimics and ETS-1 siRNA with high glucose stimulation. The expression of ETS-1 was positively correlated with the expression of downstream factors VCAM-1 and MCP-1. These results suggest that ETS-1 can mediate endothelial cell inflammation by regulating VCAM-1 and MCP-1. Conclusion MiR-155 can negatively regulate the expression of target gene ETS-1 and its downstream factors VCAM-1, MCP-1 and cleaved caspase-3, thus mediating the inflammatory response and apoptosis of HRGEC.

Optimized porous Pt61Te8Rh31 NR/C with 1D building blocks and 3D surface/interface configurations has been adopted as an advanced high-efficiency fuel cell cathodic catalyst for both ORR and MEA catalysis in PEMFCs.

The ordered membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is currently the frontier research field of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The ordered MEA is effective in increasing the utilization of...

Hydrogen is one of the most promising sustainable energy carriers for its high gravimetric energy density and abundance. Nowadays, hydrogen production and storage are the main constraints for its commercialization. As a current research focus, hydrogen production from methanol-water reforming, especially at low temperature, is particularly important. In this study, a novel reaction path for low-temperature methanol reforming through synergistic catalysis was developed. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and coenzyme I (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD+ ) were employed for methanol catalytic dehydrogenation at low temperature, which could generate formaldehyde and reductive coenzyme I (NADH). Covalent triazine framework-immobilized ruthenium complex (Ru-CTF) was prepared afterwards. On one hand, the catalyst exhibited high activity for the formaldehyde-water shift reaction to generate hydrogen and carbon dioxide. On the other hand, the NADH dehydrogenation was also catalyzed by the Ru-CTF, producing NAD+ and hydrogen. Additionally, the catalyst also showed high biocompatibility with ADH. Through the synergistic effect of the above two main processes, methanol could be converted into hydrogen and carbon dioxide stably at low temperature for more than 96 h. The hydrogen production rate was dependent on the pH of the reaction solution as well as the ADH dosage. A hydrogen production rate of 157 mmol h-1 mol-1 Ru was achieved at the optimum pH (8.1). Additionally, the hydrogen production rate increased linearly with the ADH dosage, reaching 578 mmol h-1 mol-1 Ru when the ADH dosage was 180 U at 35 °C. This research could not only help overcome the difficulties for methanol reforming near room temperature but also give new inspiration for designing new reaction pathways for methanol reforming.

The nature of many highly efficient catalytic reactions catalyzed by metallocofactors is inspiring. Herein, the concept of metal cofactor was utilized in the in situ fabrication of multiple metal and heteroatom self-doped porous carbonaceous electrocatalysts. The sustainable biomass legume root nodules that contain nitrogenase were used as single precursors, and the specific surface area of the as-prepared catalyst could reach 1835 m2 g−1 by the activation of ZnCl2 during high-temperature pyrolysis processes. The self-doped biomass-derived catalyst exhibits an outstanding oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalytic performance with half-wave potentials (E1/2) of 0.723 V and 0.868 V (vs. RHE) in 0.1 M HClO4 and 0.1 M KOH solution, respectively. It is worth noting that E1/2 of the catalyst even outperforms 25 mV to that of Pt/C (E1/2 = 0.843 V) in alkaline electrolytes. This performance is also markedly better than that of most other reference catalysts, which is based on codoped additional transition metals or heteroatoms with biomass-derived carbonaceous materials. The catalyst also delivers promising fuel cell performance in both low-temperature air-breathing polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and Zn–air batteries. The role of Mo atoms from the iron-molybdenum cofactor in the as-prepared biomass-derived catalyst toward ORRs is discussed herein. This study is expected to inspire exploration and design of appropriate doping structures and compositions to develop highly active and renewable biomass-derived catalysts in diverse application fields.

Nanobubble is a rising research field, which attracts more and more attentions due to its potential applications in medical science, catalysis, electrochemistry and etc. To better implement these applications, it is urgent to understand one of the most important mechanisms of nanobubbles, the evolution. However, few attentions have been paid in this aspect because of the methodology difficulties. Here we successfully used dark-field microscopy to study the evolution process of single nanobubbles generated from formic acid dehydrogenation on single Pd-Ag nanoplates. We found some of the nanobubbles in this system can exhibit three distinct states representing different sizes, which can transform among each other. These transitions are not direct but through some intermediate states. Further kinetic analysis reveals complicated mechanisms behind the evolution of single nanobubbles. The results acquired from this study can be applicable to nanobubble systems in general and provide insights into the understanding of mechanisms affecting the stability of nanobubbles and their applications.

Five new sesquiterpenoids, alashanoids O-S (1-5), along with three known analogs (6-8) were isolated from the peeled stems of Syringa pinnatifolia. Their structures were elucidated by analysis of extensive spectroscopic data including ESI-MS, 1D, 2D NMR. The absolute configurations were determined by comparing its experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism, calculated OR, calculated NMR, and single crystal X-ray diffraction data analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 belong to the seco-humulane type and possess a rare 13-membered oxygen heterocycle framework, and 3-5 belong to eremophilane-type. Compounds 1, 2, and 5 showed inhibitory effects against NO production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells with its IC

A proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system with a hydrogen generator could have higher energy density than flexible batteries and supercapacitors and is possible to meet the urgent demand of flexible electronics. However, a flexible PEMFC pack is still not available due to the absence of a flexible hydrogen generator. To solve this problem, we successfully invented a flexible and adaptable hydrogen generator, which was realized by a new bifunctional aerogel catalyst with the abilities of both storing and producing hydrogen. The flexible hydrogen generator can produce hydrogen at room temperature when the device is inverting, bending, and rotating. By combining this flexible hydrogen generator and the unique flexible PEMFC stack of our group, we originally made a highly flexible and adaptable fuel cell pack with a high theoretical energy density (up to 722 Wh·kg

Formic acid dehydrogenation has attracted plenty of attention lately due to its atom-economical method for hydrogen production. Iridium complexes are outstanding homogeneous catalysts which have high activity and selectivity for formic acid dehydrogenation. However, they cannot be well employed in a controllable hydrogen evolution device due to their resolvability. In this research, we report a series of immobilized iridium complexes for formic acid dehydrogenation. Iridium complexes are immobilized by various insoluble N-incorporated polymers, which make the homogeneous catalysts insoluble in most common solvents. We find that the types of N-incorporated group in the polymers will have great influences on the catalytic activity of the immobilized iridium complexes for formic acid dehydrogenation. The morphology of polymers, like specific surface area and particle size, will have influences on the catalytic activities. The turnover frequency (TOF) is up to 46 000 h−1 at 90 °C when we employ Cp*IrCl2(ppy) for formic acid dehydrogenation. We also make a portable fixed bed reactor for hydrogen evolution with the immobilized iridium complexes which could generate gas at 11.2 mL min−1. The immobilized iridium complexes can realize the hydrogen storage, controllable hydrogen production and hydrogen utilization of formic acid under mild conditions.

A gas diffusion layer (GDL) is one of the essential components of a membrane electrode assembly (MEA), which is the core of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, with the rapid development of PEMFCs, current commercial GDLs are encountering or will encounter many problems, such as complex preparation processes, very high preparation temperature (2000 °C), very high thickness, and high cost. In this research, we developed a simple three-step method to produce a novel flexible, low thickness, low-cost, and high performance GDL by a simple process with low preparation temperatures, low energy consumption and low equipment cost. The three-step method mainly includes creating pores, coating with a microporous layer and heat treatment; it uses only carbon nanotube (CNT) films, CNT powder and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as the raw materials. The temperature of heat treatment in this research is only 350 °C, which is much lower than 2000 °C required for the preparation of commercial GDLs. The new GDL has many advantages, such as very low thickness (less than 40 μm, only about 1/6 of that of commercial GDL), high flexibility (bending radius < 0.17 mm), low cost and large size (200 mm × 200 mm). Moreover, the overall thickness of the MEA prepared with the new GDL was less than 90 μm, which was only about 1/3 of that of the MEA made with a commercial GDL. Outstandingly, the volume-specific power density of the air-breathing PEMFC made with the new GDL dramatically increased to 15 600 W L−1, and the weight-specific power density reached 9660 W kg−1. It is estimated that the volume-specific power density of the PEMFC stack has potential to be improved by more than 60% by simply replacing the commercial GDL with the new GDL reported in this work. Therefore, this work not only develops a new method for GDL preparation but also provides a new GDL with comprehensive advantages, which is necessary for the next generation of PEMFCs.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have potential applications in electric vehicles, laptops, and power stations. The catalyst layers in a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) are the core locations in PEMFCs in which to convert the chemical energy of fuels to electrical energy. For a catalyst layer with high performance, it must possess three fast transfer ways to transfer mass (reactants and products), electrons (e−) and protons (H+) quickly and simultaneously. In this work, we greatly improved the performance and lifetime of a fuel cell by constructing these three fast transfer pathways based on a well-ordered and cone-shaped Nafion array with a very high density (5.7 × 108 cones per cm2) using an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template. To build a fast pathway for electron transfer, well-dispersed graphene nanosheets were further filled into the Nafion array. After a series of efforts based on the above, the performance of the fuel cell with a cone array as an anode reached 1240 mW cm−2, which is 2.5 times higher than that without an array. Since Pt loading was as low as 17.6 μg cm−2, the mass specific power of Pt was as high as 70.5 kW gPt−1. Consequently, the Pt loading successfully reached the U.S. DOE 2020 target at the anode side, i.e. 25 μg cm−2. In addition, the lifetime of the PEMFC with the cone array is at least 300 h, which is much longer than the 150 h for a PEMFC without an array. Therefore, this work fully exhibits the great potential advantages of using an ordered Nafion array, and is promising to promote the development of the next generation of MEA for use in PEMFCs.

Flexible electrochemical power sources are attracting increasing attentions for their unique advantages like flexibility, shape diversity, light weight and excellent mechanical properties. In this research, we discover that the current collector can dramatically affect the performance of flexible electrochemical power sources with large size. For flexible air-breathing proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), the performance could have more than 8 times increase by only adjusting the directions of current collectors. The different performances of different current collection types are mainly attributed to the diverse lengths of the electron transfer pathways. In addition, the conductivity of current collector can dramatically affect the capability of flexible PEMFCs with large-size. The flexible PEMFCs with thicker carbon nanotube membrane as current collector (low electric resistance) show higher ability. A mathematic model is successfully built in this work to further understand the performance. Moreover, the model and simulation are also applicable to other flexible power sources, such as flexible Li-ion battery and supercapacitor.

The study examined academic disparity between migrant and local urban children and its associations with family socioeconomic status, parental involvement, and school settings using the survey data conducted in 2014 from a sample of children and their families in Beijing, China. The analytic sample (N = 687) included 431 migrant children and 256 local urban children. Structural Equations Models (SEM) were used to test research questions. Results suggest that migrant children, in particular, those in private migrant schools, have much poorer academic performance than their urban counterparts. This performance gap is mainly explained by different schools that migrant and local urban children attend (public vs. private migrant schools). Family socioeconomic status and parental involvement, while are positively associated with academic performance, do not remove the disparity between migrant children in private migrant schools and local urban children. When school satisfaction is included in analyses as a proxy of school quality, the difference in academic performance between two groups becomes insignificant. The study sheds light on the potential pathway that institutional inequality in education affects migrant students' educational achievement through the quality of educational services and financial, human, and social investment. Findings suggest that, to address academic disparity between migrant and local urban children in China, it is important to change the institutional inequality faced by migrant children.

Gas-generating catalysis is important to many energy-related research fields, such as photocatalytic water splitting, water electrolysis, etc. The technique of single-nanoparticle catalysis is an effective way to search for highly active nanocatalysts and elucidate the reaction mechanism. However, gas-generating catalysis remains difficult to investigate at the single-nanoparticle level because product gases, such as H2 and O2, are difficult to detect on an individual nanoparticle. Here, we successfully find that nanobubbles can be used to study the gas-generating catalysis, i.e., H2 generation from formic acid dehydrogenation on a single Pd–Ag nanoplate, with a high time resolution (50 ms) via dark-field microscopy. The research reveals that the nanobubble evolution process includes nucleation time and lifetime. The nucleation rate of nanobubbles is proportional to the catalytic activity of a single nanocatalyst. The relationship between the catalytic activity and the nucleation rate is quantitatively de...

Ir complexes are important homogeneous catalysts for formic acid (FA) dehydrogenation. This paper reports that the activity of Ir complexes can be greatly improved through the activation by trace amounts of oxygen. After activation the activity of the heterodinuclear Ir–Ru catalyst increased 18-fold whereas for the mononuclear catalyst a 23-fold increase was observed. Oxygen is the key factor for the activation. But an excessive concentration of oxygen has a negative effect on the activity. There is an optimal concentration of H2O2 for the activation of Ir complex catalysts in HCOOH dehydrogenation. A very low concentration of oxygen (2.4 × 10–6 M) is needed for the activation of the heterodinuclear Ir–Ru catalyst while the mononuclear catalyst requires the presence of oxygen in a much higher concentration (290 × 10–6 M). From the results of the study it can be inferred that the activation of complex catalysts is due to the interplay of chemical and structural changes. These findings may be helpful in the attempts to improve the catalytic activity of homogeneous catalysts, which are widely used in formic acid dehydrogenation, CO2 reduction and in other processes. In addition, this paper indicates that iridium complexes are excellent catalysts for the direct synthesis of H2O2 from the H2 and O2.

Formic acid (FA) dehydrogenation has attracted a lot of attentions since it is a convenient method for H 2 production. In this work, we designed a self-supporting fuel cell system, in which H 2 from FA is supplied into the fuel cell, and the exhaust heat from the fuel cell supported the FA dehydrogenation. In order to realize the system, we synthesized a highly active and selective homogeneous catalyst IrCp*Cl 2 bpym for FA dehydrogenation. The turnover frequency (TOF) of the catalyst for FA dehydrogenation is as high as 7150 h −1 at 50 °C, and is up to 144,000 h −1 at 90 °C. The catalyst also shows excellent catalytic stability for FA dehydrogenation after several cycles of test. The conversion ratio of FA can achieve 93.2%, and no carbon monoxide is detected in the evolved gas. Therefore, the evolved gas could be applied in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) directly. This is a potential technology for hydrogen storage and generation. The power density of the PEMFC driven by the evolved gas could approximate to that using pure hydrogen.

A homogeneous catalyst [Cp*Rh(NH 3 )(H 2 O) 2 ] 3+ has been found for the clean conversion of methanol and water to hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The simple and easily available reaction steps can circumvent the formation of CO, therefore, making it possible to avoid inactivating catalysts and contaminating the hydrogen fuel. Different from conventional reforming method for hydrogen production, no additional alkaline or organic substances are required in this method. Valuable hydrogen can be obtained under ambient pressure at 70 °C, corresponding TOF is 83.2 h −1 . This is an unprecedented success in reforming methanol to hydrogen. Effects of reaction conditions, such as reaction temperature, initial methanol concentration and the initial pH value of buffer solution on the hydrogen evolution are all systematically investigated. In a certain range, higher reaction temperature will accelerate reaction rate. The slightly acidic condition is conducive to rapid hydrogen production. These findings are of great significance to the present establishment of the carbon-neutral methanol economy.

Concerns about the depletion of fossil fuel reserves and environmental pollution make hydrogen an attractive alternative energy source. Here, we first describe a catalytic reaction system that produces H2 from glucose using a homogeneous catalyst [(p-cymene)Ru(NH3)]Cl2 with the maximum TOF = 719 h−1 at 98 °C and an initial pH = 0.5.

As a promising hydrogen storage medium methanol has many advantages such as a high hydrogen content (12.5 wt%) and low-cost. However, conventional methanol–water reforming methods usually require a high temperature (>200 °C). In this research, we successfully designed an effective strategy to fully convert methanol to hydrogen for at least 1900 min (∼32 h) at near-room temperature. The strategy involves two main procedures, which are CH3OH → HCOOH → H2 and CH3OH → NADH → H2. HCOOH and the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) are simultaneously produced through the dehydrogenation of methanol by the cooperation of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Subsequently, HCOOH is converted to H2 by a new iridium polymer complex catalyst and an enzyme mimic is used to convert NADH to H2 and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). NAD+ can then be reconverted to NADH by repeating the dehydrogenation of methanol. This strategy and the catalysts invented in this research can also be applied to hydrogen production from other small organic molecules (e.g. ethanol) or biomass (e.g. glucose), and thus will have a high impact on hydrogen storage and applications.

Nanosynthesis is the basis of nanotechnology and its applications. It is necessary to understand the growth mechanism of nanoparticles and the functions of growth factors. An effective way to study the synthesis is at the single nanoparticle level. This study reports a single nanoparticle spectrometer, which is based on a commercial dark-field microscopy and a group of narrowband filters. This spectrometer has many advantages, such as high light transparency (35%-75%), low cost (

Comparison of the effects of cationic and nonionic surfactants on the properties of Y 2 O 3 :Eu 3+ phosphors synthesized by a co-precipitation-molten salt method. The effects of surfactants on the structure and luminescence were investigated by X-ray diffraction and fluorescence spectrophotometer. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the positions of the characteristic peaks. Fluorescence spectrophotometer analysis yielded photoluminescence (PL)/photoluminescence excitation (PLE) behavior and the asymmetry factor of luminescence. However, the results showed that the relative peaks intensity of samples was apparently different. The reason can contributed to the intensities of the characteristic diffraction peaks [(2 2 2) and (4 0 0)] become stronger, indicating higher crystallinity of Y 2 O 3 :Eu 3+ , suggesting that the differing luminescence was largely crystallinity dependent.

Single molecule catalysis is very powerful in revealing catalytic mechanism at the single molecule level. But fluorescent molecule is always necessary to take part into the catalysis directly in previous research. In order to study the single molecule electro-catalysis of non-fluorescent molecule (SMECNFM) on nano-catalyst, we couple the SMECNFM with a single molecule fluorescence reaction. A certain number of fluorescent molecules will be generated and detected when the SMECNFM happens. Through this method, we can detect the electro-oxidation reaction of one HCOONa molecule. The stability of Pt nano-catalyst supported on active carbon is studied at the single molecule level by this method. This paper also provides a general way to make ultra-sensitive sensor, and to study the SMECNFM for the molecules, such as formic acid, hydrogen, oxygen, etc. , on single nanoparticle.

A facile chemical method was employed to prepare fine BiPO4:Tb3+ phosphor particles calcined at the same temperature. Introducing lithium greatly affected the morphology of the samples and further affected the luminescence intensity. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The XRD patterns of BiPO4:Tb3+ indicated a monoclinic phase. According to the fluorescence emission spectra, the most intense emission is the 5 D 4 → 7 F 5 transition peaking around 545 nm, corresponding to the green light. Based on the intensity ratios of 5 D 4 → 7 F 6 to 5 D 4 → 7 F 5 in the emission spectra, it can be concluded that introducing Li+ can change the symmetry of the crystal lattice and modify the emission intensity. Sharp lines at 377 nm are the strongest f–f transitions and match well with near-UV LED chips.

The paper first reports the use of a kind of positive electrode material (graphite/graphene-oxide composite) in zinc-cerium redox flow battery (RFB). It exhibits excellent electrochemical performance toward Ce3+/Ce4+ redox couple in zinc-cerium RFB. The material was characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrochemical activity of this kind of material to Ce3+/Ce4+ redox reaction was studied with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that the electrochemical performance of the electrode was improved significantly when 2.5 wt% graphene oxide (GO) was added into graphite electrode. The redox peak current of Ce3+/Ce4+ couple on the composite electrode was significantly larger than that on the graphite electrode, and the charge transfer resistance on the composite electrode is also obviously reduced. The enhanced electrochemical activity could be attributed to the presence of plentiful oxygen-containing functional groups on the basal planes and sheet edges of the GO and large specific areas introduced by the GO. The energy efficiency of zinc-cerium RFB using graphite/GO composite as positive electrode is around 76.3 %, which is larger than that using graphite (65.9 %). The excellent results demonstrate that the graphite/GO composite holds great promise in the application of zinc-cerium RFB.