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Abstract Background Previous studies into the interactions between native and invasive species under nitrogen (N) deposition have often overlooked the presence of co-occurring native species, a factor that could influence the outcomes of interspecific competition. Furthermore, publication bias may lead researchers to focus on rare native species with limited adaptability. In this study, we examined how two levels of N deposition affected the physiological and ecological traits and the interspecies interactions between three invasive and three common native species. Results N deposition promoted the growth of both invasive and native species. The relative dominance index (RDI) of invasive species was consistently higher than that of native species. Invasive species had an advantage over common native species in using the increased N effectively. The biomass distribution of invasive species was biased toward the aboveground parts, indicating competition for light resources. Conclusions N deposition conferred a stronger competitive advantage to invasive species than to native species, suggesting that the distribution range of invasive species may expand further under increased N deposition.

Abstract Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a common malignancy in the hematologic system, and traditional therapy has limited efficacy for people with recurrent/refractory NHL (R/R NHL), especially for patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a novel and effective immunotherapy strategy for R/R hematopoietic malignancies, but relapses can occur due to the loss of CAR-T cells in vivo or the loss of antigen. One strategy to avoid antigen loss after CAR-T cell therapy is to target one more antigen simultaneously. Tandem CAR targeting CD19 and CD22 has demonstrated the reliability of tandem CAR-T cell therapy for R/R B-ALL. This study explores the therapeutic potential of tandem CD19/20 CAR-T in the treatment of R/R B cell NHL. The efficacy and safety of autologous CD19/20 CAR-T cells in eleven R/R B cell NHL adult patients were evaluated in an open-label, single-arm trial. Most patients achieved complete response, exhibiting the efficacy and safety of tandem CD19/20 CAR-T cells. The TCR repertoire diversity of CAR-T cells decreased after infusion. The expanded TCR clones in vivo were mainly derived from TCR clones that had increased expression of genes associated with immune-related signaling pathways from the infusion product (IP). The kinetics of CAR-T cells in vivo were linked to an increase in the expression of genes related to immune response and cytolysis/cytotoxicity.

Coumarins, derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway, represent one of the primary metabolites found in angiosperms. The alignment of the tetrahydropyran (THP) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) rings with the lactone structure results in the formation of at least four types of complex coumarins. However, the mechanisms underlying the structural diversity of coumarin remain poorly understood. Here, we report the chromosome-level genome assembly of Notopterygium incisum, spanning 1.64 Gb, with a contig N50 value of 22.7 Mb and 60,021 annotated protein-coding genes. Additionally, we identified the key enzymes responsible for shaping the structural diversity of coumarins, including two p-coumaroyl CoA 2′-hydroxylases crucial for simple coumarins basic skeleton architecture, two UbiA prenyltransferases responsible for angular or linear coumarins biosynthesis, and five CYP736 cyclases involved in THP and THF ring formation. Notably, two bifunctional enzymes capable of catalyzing both demethylsuberosin and osthenol were identified for the first time. Evolutionary analysis implies that tandem and ectopic duplications of the CYP736 subfamily, specifically arising in the Apiaceae, contributed to the structural diversity of coumarins in N. incisum. Conclusively, this study proposes a parallel evolution scenario for the complex coumarin biosynthetic pathway among different angiosperms and provides essential synthetic biology elements for the heterologous industrial production of coumarins.

Abstract The advent of PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors has significantly transformed the therapeutic landscape for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). This review provides an in-depth analysis of the biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of PD1 and PD-L1 in ccRCC, emphasizing their role in tumor immune evasion. We comprehensively evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety profiles of PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors, such as Nivolumab and Pembrolizumab, through a critical examination of recent clinical trial data. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges posed by resistance mechanisms to these therapies and potential strategies to overcome them. We also explores the synergistic potential of combination therapies, integrating PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors with other immunotherapies, targeted therapies, and conventional modalities such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In addition, we examine emerging predictive biomarkers for response to PD1/PD-L1 blockade and biomarkers indicative of resistance, providing a foundation for personalized therapeutic approaches. Finally, we outline future research directions, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic strategies, deeper mechanistic insights, and the development of individualized treatment regimens. Our work summarizes the latest knowledge and progress in this field, aiming to provide a valuable reference for improving clinical efficacy and guiding future research on the application of PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors in ccRCC.

In recent years, the mining state of mineral resources has changed from open air to underground and from shallow to deep. In the drilling and blasting construction of deep rock masses, in-situ stress has a significant impact on the blasting effect. An improved continuum-discontinuum element method (CDEM) considering energy dissipation in the crushing zone under blasting load is used to study the stress evolution process and rupture damage characteristics of ordinary straight hole cut blasting and large empty hole cut blasting under different in-situ stress conditions based on a two-dimensional plane strain model. The numerical results show that the existence of the large empty hole enhances the reflection and stretching effect of the explosion stress wave, weakens the inhibitory effect of the ground stress on the explosion crack expansion, promotes the expansion of the main explosion crack, increases the fractal damage and damage area of the trough blast, and improves the crushing degree of the rock mass of the trough blasting. The bi-directional isobaric in-situ stress has an inhibitory effect on the propagation of blast-induced cracks, especially on the propagation of radial cracks. The larger in-situ stress weakens the interaction of blasting stress waves between holes, and the guiding effect of adjacent holes on the propagation of the main crack is weakened. With the increase of in-situ stress, the fractal dimension and fractal damage of explosion crack decrease gradually on the whole, but the fissure differentiated damage and damage area of large empty hole blasting are significantly greater than the fissure differentiated damage and damage area of ordinary straight hole blasting. It shows that in the high in-situ stress environment, the large empty hole cut blasting can still significantly increase the rock crushing degree and crushing range and improve the blasting effect and crushing efficiency.

Aim of the StudyTo study the changes in the chemical composition and medicinal effects of black ginseng during processing.Materials and MethodsThe contents of ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rh1, Rb1, 20-(S)-Rg3, 20-(R)-Rg3, and Rg5 were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the percentage of rare saponins was calculated. Furthermore, changes in the contents of reducing sugars and amino acids (i.e., Maillard reaction (MR) substrates) were measured to assess the relationship between processing and the MR. Compounds were identified using HPLC-MS and their cleavage patterns were analyzed. Gene co-expression network bioinformatics techniques were applied to identify the pharmacological mechanism of black ginseng.ResultsThe changes in the physicochemical characteristics of black ginseng during processing were determined based on the MR. Rare saponins accumulated during black ginseng processing. In addition, reducing sugars were produced through polysaccharide pyrolysis and the MR; thus, their content initially increased and then decreased. The amino acid content gradually decreased as the number of evaporation steps increased, indicating that both amino acids and reducing sugars acted as substrates for the MR during black ginseng processing. Thirty-one saponins, 18 sugars, and 58 amino acids were identified based on the MS analysis. Transcriptomics results demonstrated that black ginseng can regulate signaling pathways such as the TNF, IL-17, MAPK, and PI3K-Akt pathways. This finding helps us understand the observed proliferation and differentiation of immune-related cells and positively regulated cell adhesion.

Study region: The Ganjiang River Basin, China Study focus: Parameter calibration is crucial for the accurate and reliable operation of hydrological models. Traditional methods face challenges in calibrating spatially heterogeneous parameters of distributed hydrological models, and existing multi-variable calibration strategies often fall short in comprehensively improving model performance, particularly in streamflow simulations. To address these challenges, this study proposes a multi-objective calibration framework that integrates observed streamflow data and satellite-based evapotranspiration (ET) data. The spatiotemporal information of the merged ET is utilized to calibrate six hydrological parameters of the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model at the grid scale, enhancing hydrological simulations for the Ganjiang River basin. New hydrological insights: Compared to the benchmark scheme based solely on streamflow, the proposed calibration framework improves simulations of area-average ET at the sub-basin scale and soil moisture content in the Ganjiang River basin, without compromising the accuracy of daily streamflow simulations. Additionally, notable enhancements are observed in monthly streamflow simulations. This study provides a promising and comprehensive calibration framework using satellite-based data to constrain parameters and enhance the performance of distributed hydrological models.

Microalgae are a promising sustainable food source with high nutritional value and environmental benefits. This study investigated the presence of toxic metals and rare earth elements (REEs) in 68 microalgal-based food products and conducted a probabilistic risk assessment to evaluate potential health risks. The findings revealed high detection rates of REEs (80.96% to 100%) and heavy metals (83.82% to 100%), with REE concentrations ranging from 0.0055 to 0.5207 mg/kg. Heavy metals were detected at the following average concentrations: As (2.80 mg/kg) > Cr (1.27 mg/kg) > Pb (0.30 mg/kg) > Cd (0.20 mg/kg) > Hg (0.01 mg/kg). Carcinogenic risk analysis for Cd (3.004 × 10−3), Cr (1.484 × 10−3), and As (1.1283 × 10−2) indicated that 95th percentile values exceeded established safety thresholds (10−4). These findings highlight the critical need for stringent monitoring and the establishment of comprehensive regulatory frameworks for the safety of novel microalgae foods.

The emulsification stability of microalgae protein (MP) is limited to strongly alkaline conditions, restricting its applications in food processing. This study aims to investigate the capability of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) to improve MP's emulsification stability over a wider pH range. Results indicated soluble MP-CMCS complexes formed at pH 2, 4, and 7, while aggregation of the complexes occurred at pH 8. The complexes stabilized emulsions exhibited smaller droplet sizes and higher absolute zeta potential at pH 2, 4, and 7 compared to pH 8. After 2 weeks of storage, emulsions remained stable at pH 2, 4, and 7, with significant delamination at pH 8. Laser confocal microscopy confirmed uniform droplet distribution at pH 2 and 7, with slight fusion at pH 4. The complexes stabilized emulsions exhibited higher viscosity and shear stress than MP stabilized emulsions at pH 2, 4, and 7. The stronger viscoelastic properties and higher storage moduli (G') values of MP-CMCS complexes under acidic and neutral conditions indicated stronger intermolecular interactions compared to alkaline conditions. The increase in G' and loss moduli (G'') values for emulsions at pH 8 under stress highlighted the significant impact on network structure strength and viscosity in these emulsions. This study elucidated the binding interactions between MP and CMCS under various pH conditions, and demonstrated a feasible approach to improving MP's emulsification stability over a wider pH range.

ABSTRACT Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from Gram-negative bacteria can be used as a vaccine platform to deliver heterologous antigens. Here, the major protective antigens of Yersinia pestis, F1 and LcrV, were fused either with the leader sequence or the transmembrane domain of the outer membrane protein A (OmpA), resulting in chimeric proteins OmpA-ls-F1V and OmpA46-159-F1V, respectively. We show that OmpA-ls-F1V and OmpA46-159-F1V can be successfully delivered into the lumen and membrane of the OMVs of Escherichia coli, respectively. Mutation of ompA but not tolR in E. coli enhanced the delivery efficiency of OmpA-ls-F1V into OMVs. The OmpA-ls-F1V protein comprises up to 20% of the total protein in OMVs derived from the ompA mutant (OMVdA-ALS-F1V), a proportion significantly higher than the 1% observed for OmpA46-159-F1V in OMVs produced by an ompA mutant that expresses OmpA46-159-F1V, referred to as OMVdA-LATM5-F1V. Intramuscular (i.m.) immunization of mice with OMVdA-ALS-F1V induced significantly higher levels of serum anti-LcrV and anti-F1 IgG, and provided higher efficacy in protection against subcutaneous (s.c.) Y. pestis infection compared to OMVdA-LATM5-F1V and the purified recombinant F1V (rF1V) protein adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide. The three-dose i.m. immunization with OMVdA-ALS-F1V, administered at 14-day intervals, provides complete protection to mice against s.c. infection with 130 LD50 of Y. pestis 201 and conferred 80% against intranasal (i.n.) challenge with 11.4 LD50 of Y. pestis 201. Taken together, our findings indicate that the engineered OMVs containing F1V fused with the leader sequence of OmpA provide significantly higher protection than rF1V against both s.c. and i.n. infection of Y. pestis and more balanced Th1/Th2 responses.IMPORTANCEThe two major protective antigens of Y. pestis, LcrV and F1, have demonstrated the ability to elicit systemic and local mucosal immune responses as subunit vaccines. However, these vaccines have failed to provide adequate protection against pneumonic plague in African green monkeys. Here, Y. pestis F1 and LcrV antigens were successfully incorporated into the lumen and the surface of the outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of E. coli by fusion either with the leader sequence or the transmembrane domain of OmpA. We compared the humoral immune response elicited by these OMV formulations and their protective efficacy in mice against Y. pestis. Our results demonstrate that the plague OMV vaccine candidates can induce robust protective immunity against both s.c. and i.n. Y. pestis infections, surpassing the effectiveness of rF1V. In addition, immunization with OMVs generated a relatively balanced Th1/Th2 immune response compared to rF1V immunization. These findings underscore the potential of OMVs-based plague vaccines for further development.

This study investigates the impact of geopolitical risk (GPR) on green international technology spillovers through foreign direct investment (FDI) and import channels. The research aims to understand how GPR influences the transfer of green technologies, which are crucial for sustainable development, particularly in developing countries. Utilizing data from 30 Chinese provinces from 2003 to 2019, our findings indicate that increased GPR significantly hinders green technology spillovers through both FDI and imports. Additionally, the research demonstrates that advancements in local green technology levels (GTL), marketization (Mark), and intellectual property rights protection (IPRP) can mitigate the adverse effects of GPR. These results underscore the critical importance of political stability and robust internal mechanisms in promoting international technological exchanges. This study contributes to the literature on the intersection of political risks and technological advancement and provides actionable insights for policymakers to enhance resilience against geopolitical uncertainties, thereby fostering sustainable economic development.

Abstract Previous studies through targeted mutagenesis of K-D-K-E motif have demonstrated that 2′-O-MTase activity is essential for efficient viral replication and immune evasion. However, the K-D-K-E catalytic motif of 2′-O-MTase is highly conserved across numerous viruses, including flaviviruses, vaccinia viruses, coronaviruses, and extends even to mammals. Here, we observed a stronger 2′-O-MTase activity in SARS-CoV-2 compared to SARS-CoV, despite the presence of a consistently active catalytic center. We further identified critical residues (Leu-36, Asn-138 and Ile-153) which served as determinants of discrepancy in 2′-O-MTase activity between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. These residues significantly enhanced the RNA binding affinity of 2′-O-MTase and boosted its versatility toward RNA substrates. Of interest, a triple substitution (Leu36 → Ile36, Asn138 → His138, Ile153 → Leu153, from SARS-CoV-2 to SARS-CoV) within nsp16 resulted in a proportional reduction in viral 2′-O-methylation and impaired viral replication. Furthermore, it led to a significant upregulation of type I interferon (IFN-I) and proinflammatory cytokines both in vitro and vivo, relying on the cooperative sensing of melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) and laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 (LGP2). In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that alterations in residues other than K-D-K-E of 2′-O-MTase may affect viral replication and subsequently influence pathogenesis. Monitoring changes in nsp16 residues is crucial as it may aid in identifying and assessing future alteration in viral pathogenicity resulting from natural mutations occurring in nsp16.

In this study, we develop a nonmonotone variable metric Barzilai-Borwein method for minimizing the sum of a smooth function and a convex, possibly nondifferentiable, function. At each step, the descent direction is obtained by taking the difference between the minimizer of the scaling proximal function and the current iteration point. An adaptive nonmonotone line search is proposed for determining the step length along this direction. We also show that the limit point of the iterates sequence is a stationary point. Numerical results with parallel magnetic resonance imaging, Poisson, and Cauchy noise deblurring demonstrate the effectiveness of the new algorithm.

Invasive plants can interact with soil microbes to enhance their own performance. Such interactive effects may persist and later affect plant performance and their population dynamics. Such ‘invasive soil legacy’ is the specific plant–soil feedback that can affect future invasions, while it is not clear how nitrogen deposition and interspecific competition influence invasive soil legacy. Thus, we collected field soil and conducted a greenhouse experiment to investigate the effects of soil legacy of the invasive tree Rhus typhina on the performance, functional traits and soil microbial communities of R. typhina and the native tree Ailanthus altissima under three nitrogen levels with and without interspecific competition. The experiment revealed that the outcomes of invasive soil legacies were context-specific and depended on local soil nutrient levels and species competition. Specifically, nitrogen addition changed the negative conspecific soil legacy on subsequent R. typhina to a positive effect, while it became negative in A. altissima. The invasive soil legacy promoted the transpirational rate of R. typhina and A. altissima in monoculture, but inhibited it in a mixture under nitrogen deposition. Nitrogen deposition reduced bacteria and fungi biomass of A. altissima in monocultures and mixtures. In contrast, nitrogen deposition decreased bacterial and fungal biomass of R. typhina in monocultures, but enhanced them in mixtures. Therefore, changes in plant growth, transpiration rate and soil microbial biomass might contribute to the different responses of invasive and native plants to invasive soil legacies. Nitrogen deposition and interspecific competition promote the viability of invasive plants from plant–soil feedback and indicate that ranges of subsequent plants might further expand through below-ground process under nitrogen deposition in the future.

Establishing a multi-enzyme synergistic lignocellulosic biodegradation system using lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) and polyphenol oxidases is vital for efficiently utilizing plant biomass waste, ultimately benefiting the carbon cycle and promoting environmental protection. Single-residue mutations of LPMO can improve the efficiency of lignocellulosic biomass degradation. However, the activity of mutant-type LPMO in relation to lignin-diverted reducing agents has not been sufficiently explored. In this study, laccase and tyrosinase were initially investigated and their optimal conditions and impressive thermal stability were revealed, indicating their potential synergistic abilities with LPMO in lignocellulose biodegradation. When utilizing gallic acid as a reducing agent, the activities of LPMOs were increased by over 10%, which was particularly evident in mutant-type LPMOs after the addition of polyphenol oxidases. In particular, the combination of tyrosinase with either 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetone or p-coumaric acid was shown to enhance the efficacy of LPMOs. Furthermore, the highest activity levels of wild-type LPMOs were observed with the addition of laccase and 3-methylcatechol. The similarities between wild and mutant LPMOs regarding their activities in lignin-diverted phenolic compounds and reducing agents are almost identical, suggesting that the single-residue mutation of LPMO does not have a detrimental effect on its performance. Above all, this study indicates that understanding the performance of both wild and mutant types of LPMOs in the presence of polyphenol oxidases and various reducing agents constitutes a key link in the industrialization of the multi-enzyme degradation of lignocellulose.

Abstract Insertion sequences (ISs) exist widely in bacterial genomes, but their roles in the evolution of bacterial antiphage defense remain to be clarified. Here, we report that, under the pressure of phage infection, the IS1096 transposition of Mycobacterium smegmatis into the lsr2 gene can occur at high frequencies, which endows the mutant mycobacterium with a broad‐spectrum antiphage ability. Lsr2 functions as a negative regulator and directly silences expression of a gene island composed of 11 lipid metabolism‐related genes. The complete or partial loss of the gene island leads to a significant decrease of bacteriophage adsorption to the mycobacterium, thus defending against phage infection. Strikingly, a phage that has evolved mutations in two tail‐filament genes can re‐escape from the lsr2 inactivation‐triggered host defense. This study uncovered a new signaling pathway for activating antimycobacteriophage immunity by IS transposition and provided insight into the natural evolution of bacterial antiphage defense.

Interpenetrating phase composites (IPCs) can combine the distinctive properties of two materials, and customized manufacturing processes are applied to design reinforced skeletons in IPCs. In this study, a porous ceramic featuring diverse structural regions with different direction-aligned pore channels is fabricated by multi-directional freeze-casting. The size of samples can be efficiently adjusted by controlling the size and amount of freezing sources. After infiltration, the resulting multi-directional freeze-casting ceramic/polymer composite (MFCC) has isotropic and satisfactory mechanical properties. Meanwhile, it remains lightweight and performs the highest specific strength (66.7 kN m/kg) and specific energy absorption (19.2 kJ/kg) among tested materials. The vertical-aligned structural regions are responsible for the robust strength, and horizontal-aligned regions prompt energy absorption capacity. Radial-aligned regions induce slant crack propagation and alignment shift between two regions leads to crack deflection, further enhancing energy absorption capacity. Additionally, the MFCC samples with different sizes or pore sizes, demonstrate isotropic thermal conductivity due to the multi-directional alignment of ceramic walls, which provide efficient thermal pathways across different directions. The MFCC and its structural design are promising for enhancing material performance, especially in applications where isotropic mechanical properties and thermal conductivity are important.

BackgroundChronic Kidney Disease (CKD), a complex and multifaceted health issue, significantly contributes to global mortality rates. Accompanying chronic conditions, depression notably exacerbates health outcomes, increasing both mortality risk and the burden on affected individuals. This study employs bibliometric and visual analytics to evaluate the evolution, current trends, and future research directions in the field of CKD and depression.MethodsWe conducted a thorough investigation using the Web of Science Core Collection, focusing on literature published from 2006 to 2022 that examines the interplay between CKD and depression. The analysis was enriched with bibliometric and visualization tools such as bibliometrix, CiteSpace, and VOSviewer to distill the essence of the research corpus.ResultsOur analysis incorporated 2,409 CKD-related publications, with significant contributions from the United States, China, and England. BMC Nephrology emerged as the leading publication outlet, while the American Journal of Kidney Diseases featured the most cited articles. Key terms such as “depression,” “quality-of-life,” “mortality,” “prevalence,” and “hemodialysis” dominated the keyword landscape, indicating the research focus areas.ConclusionThis bibliometric analysis offers an in-depth view of the research trajectory in CKD and depression. It provides valuable insights for researchers seeking relevant literature, potential collaborators, and an understanding of the field’s current hotspots and emerging frontiers. The findings of this study are instrumental in guiding and enriching future research endeavors in this domain.

Straw cellulose is an abundant renewable resource in nature. In recent years, the conversion of cellulose from waste straw into biofuel by specific microorganisms’ fragmentation has attracted extensive attention. Although many bacteria with the ability to degrade cellulose have been identified, comprehensive bioinformatics analyses of these bacteria remain limited, and research exploring optimal fragmentation conditions is scarce. Our study involved the isolation and screening of bacteria from various locations in Yangzhou using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) media. Then, the cellulose-degrading bacteria were identified using 16S rRNA and seven candidate bacterial strains with cellulose degrading ability were identified in Yangzhou city for the first time. The cellulase activity was determined by the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method in different fragmentation conditions, and finally two bacteria strains with the strongest cellulose degradation ability were selected for whole genome sequencing analysis. Sequencing results revealed that the genome sizes of Rhodococcus wratislaviensis YZ02 and Pseudomonas Xanthosomatis YZ03 were 8.51 Mb and 6.66 Mb, containing 8,466 and 5,745 genes, respectively. A large number of cellulose degradation-related genes were identified and annotated using KEGG, GO and COG analyses. In addition, genomic CAZyme analysis indicated that both R. wratislaviensis YZ02 and P. Xanthosomatis YZ03 harbor a series of glycoside hydrolase family (GH) genes and other genes related to cellulose degradation. Our finding provides new options for the development of cellulose-degrading bacteria and a theoretical basis for improving the cellulose utilization of straw.

Abstract Background The cation/proton antiporter (CPA) superfamily plays a crucial role in regulating ion homeostasis and pH in plant cells, contributing to stress resistance. However, in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), systematic identification and analysis of CPA genes are lacking. Results A total of 33 StCPA members were identified and classified into StNHX (n = 7), StKEA (n = 6), and StCHX (n = 20) subfamilies. StCHX owned the highest number of conserved motifs, followed by StKEA and StNHX. The StNHX and StKEA subfamilies owned more exons than StCHX. NaCl stress induced the differentially expression of 19 genes in roots or leaves, among which StCHX14 and StCHX16 were specifically induced in leaves, while StCHX2 and StCHX19 were specifically expressed in the roots. A total of 11 strongly responded genes were further verified by qPCR. Six CPA family members, StNHX1, StNHX2, StNHX3, StNHX5, StNHX6 and StCHX19, were proved to transport Na+ through yeast complementation experiments. Conclusions This study provides comprehensive insights into StCPAs and their response to NaCl stress, facilitating further functional characterization.

Abstract Pyrogen, often as a contaminant, is a key indicator affecting the safety of almost all parenteral drugs (including biologicals, chemicals, traditional Chinese medicines and medical devices). It has become a goal to completely replace the in vivo rabbit pyrogen test by using the in vitro pyrogen test based on the promoted ‘reduction, replacement and refinement’ principle, which has been highly considered by regulatory agencies from different countries. We used NF-κB, a central signalling molecule mediating inflammatory responses, as a pyrogenic marker and the monocyte line THP-1 transfected with a luciferase reporter gene regulated by NF-κB as an in vitro model to detect pyrogens by measuring the intensity of a fluorescence signal. Here, we show that this test can quantitatively and sensitively detect endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide from different strains) and nonendotoxin (lipoteichoic acid, zymosan, peptidoglycan, lectin and glucan), has good stability in terms of NF-κB activity and cell phenotypes at 39 cell passages and can be applied to detect pyrogens in biologicals (group A & C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine; basiliximab; rabies vaccine (Vero cells) for human use, freeze-dried; Japanese encephalitis vaccine (Vero cells), inactivated; insulin aspart injection; human albumin; recombinant human erythropoietin injection (CHO Cell)). The within-laboratory reproducibility of the test in three independent laboratories was 85%, 80% and 80% and the interlaboratory reproducibility among laboratories was 83.3%, 95.6% and 86.7%. The sensitivity (true positive rate) and specificity (true negative rate) of the test were 89.9% and 90.9%, respectively. In summary, the test provides a novel alternative for pyrogen detection.

Sewer networks (SNs) are susceptible to various factors that can lead to failures, resulting in economic losses and environmental pollution. Data-driven approaches based on sewage flow monitoring enhance the awareness and maintenance capabilities of SNs. However, the current research lacks early warning systems for flow anomalies. This presents a challenge for the application of supervised methods, primarily due to the scarcity of anomalous flow datasets. Even with the availability of such datasets, the effectiveness of these methods may vary due to environmental differences, since SNs are situated in diverse environments. Therefore, effectively achieving early warnings for anomalies in unlabeled flow data is a challenge that must be addressed in the field of flow monitoring. To address this challenge, we propose a detection method for effectively warning of anomalies in flow data. Since anomalies typically result in significant deviations from normal data, early warnings can be achieved by comparing the differences between current and historical data. The key to this early warning lies in establishing an adaptive threshold for detecting abnormal data changes. Our detection method employs an unsupervised bagging-based multi-anomaly detection algorithm to detect such abnormal data changes. Experiments conducted on Erhai Lake SNs flow data demonstrate that our method can predict anomalies 5-15 minutes in advance with a precision of 80.00%, a recall of 66.67%, and an F1 score of 0.73. Our approach not only achieves cost-effective and timely anomalies detection but also overcomes the challenges associated with limited dataset availability, making it applicable to various other industries.

With the rapid advance of the global economy, latent heat storage (LHS) is critical to solar thermal utilization. In this study, a double-dish solar Stirling LHS power generation system was designed. The heat transfer performance of the thermal storage system was improved by using the gradient tree-shaped fins and adding graphene nanoparticles to paraffin. Two-dimensional numerical models of three thermal storage systems were developed to study the effects of natural convection and graphene nanoparticle concentration on the melting characteristics of paraffin. From the perspective of field synergy, the coupling effect of fin structure and graphene nanoparticle concentration on the heat transfer process was analyzed. The results show that natural convection exerts an important role in the heat transfer characteristics of paraffin melting. Compared with the six-longitudinal and snowflake fin structures, the gradient tree-shaped fin structure shows a 52.13% and 27.73% reduction in the complete melting time and a 52.16% and 9.53% increase in thermal storage efficiency. Little variation is observed in the liquid phase rate and the average temperature of the composite phase change materials (PCMs) with different concentrations of graphene nanoparticles. The total thermal storage capacity of composite PCMs is higher than that of pure paraffin. The synergistic coupling of gradient tree-shaped fin arrangement and graphene nanoparticles added in paraffin can enhance heat transfer.

Abstract Forest plantations most likely promote exotic plant invasion. Using an in situ monitoring method, this study investigated the traits correlated with growth and reproduction of an understory invader, Phytolacca americana L., and ecological factors including understory irradiance, soil stoichiometry and microbial patterns associated with these traits in different exotic plantations of Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Pinus thunbergii Parl. at Mount Lao, Qingdao, China. We found that the traits of P. americana underneath the R. pseudoacacia stand might be situated at the fast side of the trait economic spectrum. The R. pseudoacacia stand appeared to “nurse” P. americana. Furthermore, we intended to explain the nurse effects of R. pseudoacacia stands by examining their ecological factors. First, the R. pseudoacacia stand created understory light attenuation, which matched the sciophilous feature of P. americana. Second, the soil beneath the R. pseudoacacia stand might benefit P. americana more since the soil has greater resource availability. Third, a higher microbial diversity was found in the soil derived from P. americana underneath the R. pseudoacacia stand. A greater abundance of plant pathogens was detected in the soil derived from P. americana in the R. pseudoacacia stand, while more abundant mycorrhizal fungi were detected in the P. thunbergii stand. We speculate that plant pathogens can defend P. americana from aggression from other understory competitors. The mycorrhizal fungi in the P. thunbergii stand might benefit P. americana while simultaneously benefiting other understory plants. Intensive competition from other plants might interfere with P. americana. The potential relationships between plant performance and ecological factors may explain the invasion mechanism of P. americana. The present study provides a novel insight on the facilitative effects of exotic tree plantation on an exotic herb through the modification of soil biota, with implications for the biocontrol of invasive species and forest management and conservation.

Abstract Quantitative analysis of gait parameters, such as stride frequency and step speed, is essential for optimizing physical exercise for the human body. However, the current electronic sensors used in human motion monitoring remain constrained by factors such as battery life and accuracy. This study developed a self‐powered gait analysis system (SGAS) based on a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) fabricated electrospun composite nanofibers for motion monitoring and gait analysis for regulating exercise programs. The SGAS consists of a sensing module, a charging module, a data acquisition and processing module, and an Internet of Things (IoT) platform. Within the sensing module, two specialized sensing units, TENG‐S1 and TENG‐S2, are positioned at the forefoot and heel to generate synchronized signals in tandem with the user's footsteps. These signals are instrumental for real‐time step count and step speed monitoring. The output of the two TENG units is significantly improved by systematically investigating and optimizing the electrospun composite nanofibers' composition, strength, and wear resistance. Additionally, a charge amplifier circuit is implemented to process the raw voltage signal, consequently bolstering the reliability of the sensing signal. This refined data is then ready for further reading and calculation by the micro‐controller unit (MCU) during the signal transmission process. Finally, the well‐conditioned signals are wirelessly transmitted to the IoT platform for data analysis, storage, and visualization, enhancing human motion monitoring.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a prevalent cancer worldwide, and the development of anti‐OSCC materials is urgent. The tumor microenvironment has been identified as a significant characteristic of cancer, with the pHe value in OSCC ranging from 6.56 to 6.97. Given the acidic nature of OSCC, the creation of pH‐sensitive antitumor materials has become a prominent area of research. A pH‐sensitive tertiary amine monomer, dodecylmethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEM), has been previously synthesized. This study aims to evaluate the impact of DMAEM on OSCC. The results demonstrated that DMAEM inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OSCC cells. Furthermore, it promoted apoptosis and autophagy of OSCC cells, with its anti‐OSCC effect being strengthened in the acidic environment. In a subcutaneous transplantation tumor model, DMAEM inhibited the growth of OSCC and expression of Ki‐67. The analysis of 16S rDNA sequencing data revealed that DMAEM had no significant impact on the Alpha/Beta diversity of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota in mice and had minimal effect on its composition. Overall, this study suggests that DMAEM exhibits pH‐responsive behavior in the acidic tumor microenvironment, effectively inhibiting OSCC without disturbing the gastrointestinal microbiota. These findings highlight the potential of DMAEM for clinical applications in OSCC treatment.

We recently identified two virulence-associated small open reading frames (sORF) of Yersinia pestis, named yp1 and yp2, and null mutants of each individual genes were highly attenuated in virulence. Plague vaccine strain EV76 is known for strong reactogenicity, making it not suitable for use in humans. To improve the immune safety of EV76, three mutant strains of EV76, Δyp1, Δyp2, and Δyp1&yp2 were constructed and their virulence attenuation, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy in mice were evaluated. All mutant strains were attenuated by the subcutaneous (s.c.) route and exhibited more rapid clearance in tissues than the parental strain EV76. Under iron overload conditions, only the mice infected with EV76Δyp1 survived, accompanied by less draining lymph nodes damage than those infected by EV76. Analysis of cytokines secreted by splenocytes of immunized mice found that EV76Δyp2 induced higher secretion of multiple cytokines including TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-12p70 than EV76. On day 42, EV76Δyp2 or EV76Δyp1&yp2 immunized mice exhibited similar protective efficacy as EV76 when exposed to Y. pestis 201, both via s.c. or intranasal (i.n.) routes of administration. Moreover, when exposed to 200-400 LD50 Y. pestis strain 201Δcaf1 (non-encapsulated Y. pestis), EV76Δyp2 or EV76Δyp1&yp2 are able to afford about 50% protection to i.n. challenges, significantly better than the protection afforded by EV76. On 120 day, mice immunized with EV76Δyp2 or EV76Δyp1&yp2 cleared the i.n. challenge of Y. pestis 201-lux as quickly as those immunized with EV76, demonstrating 90-100% protection. Our results demonstrated that deletion of the yp2 gene is an effective strategy to attenuate virulence of Y. pestis EV76 while improving immunogenicity. Furthermore, EV76Δyp2 is a promising candidate for conferring protection against the pneumonic and bubonic forms of plague.

The novel weapon hypothesis suggests that allelopathy is an important mechanism for exotic plants to successfully invade native plant communities. Allelochemicals from exotic plants affect both native plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in soil. To explore these effects, we conducted pot experiments using a native plant community comprising of Chenopodium album L., Vitex negundo L., Rhus chinensis Mill., and Acer truncatum Bunge. We incorporated AMF strains (Funneliformis mosseae, Glomus versiforme, and Rhizophagus intraradices in a 1:1:1 volume ratio) into a soil mixture comprising equal volumes of autoclaved field soil and grass ash at five concentrations (0 g L–1, CK; 10 g L–1, LRE; 20 g L–1, NRE; 30 g L–1, MRE; and 40 g L–1, HRE) to investigate the allelopathy of Rhus typhina L. root and its interactions with AMF on the native plant community. Our results indicated that low concentrations of allelochemicals promoted the relative growth rate and leaf nitrogen content in the native plant community, which was attributed to the increased environmental stress that improved the degree of leaf photosynthetic capacity and organic synthesis rate in the native communities. Moreover, allelochemicals with toxicity decreased the colonization rates of AMF. Meanwhile, the presence of allelopathic effects induced a decrease in leaf nitrogen, and allelopathy altered the effects of AMF on the native community. Specifically, the high concentration of allelochemicals altered the positive effect of AMF on the total aboveground biomass of the native plant community to a negative effect, likely by decreasing colonization rates or affecting soil physicochemical properties and the composition of the mycorrhizal communities. Consequently, it is necessary to consider the effects of AMF when testing the roles of allelopathy or the novel weapons hypothesis in biological invasions. Graphical abstract

The commonly used reference atmospheric profiles for the validation of retrieved atmospheric profiles for microwave sounders have bias compared with real atmospheric profile values, which is detrimental to the validation of the retrieval. Microwave sounder observations are the direct measurements of microwave radiation in atmospheric conditions and are a true representation of the status of the atmosphere. This paper proposed a validation method for the retrieved atmospheric temperature and atmospheric humidity profiles of the satellite-based microwave sounder using its own in-orbit observations. The validation experiments are performed both for the retrievals of the microwave temperature sounder-II (Xi’an Branch, China Academy of Space Technology, Xi’an, China. MWTS-II) and the microwave humidity and temperature sounder (National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. MWHTS). The validation results show that the retrieved temperature profiles of MWTS-II have higher accuracy compared to the temperature profiles of ERA5 in the atmospheric pressure range of 3–30 hPa, and the accuracy of the rest of the pressure range is comparable between the profiles of ERA5 and the retrieved profiles. And the retrieved temperature profiles of MWHTS have higher accuracy compared to the temperature profiles of ERA5 in the atmospheric pressure level around 50 hPa and lower accuracy in the rest of the pressure levels. In addition, the retrieved humidity profiles of MWHTS have higher accuracy compared to the humidity profiles of ERA5 in the atmospheric pressure range of 350–925 hPa. The proposed validation method for the retrieved atmospheric temperature and atmospheric humidity profiles of MWHTS using its own observations is promising for improving the feasibility and reliability of the validation, and can be a good reference for the application of the satellite in-orbit observations and the optimization of the microwave sounders.

Abstract In response to the problem that it is easy to fall into local optimum when using the traditional clustering algorithm to divide the modules, this paper improves the initialisation strategy of the NSGA2 algorithm and combines it with the FCM algorithm to propose an improved NSGA2-FCM algorithm for clustering analysis. Firstly, the FBS mapping is used to model the functional structure of the product system and identify the relationship between the product functional structures. Secondly, a correlation synthesis matrix is constructed based on the relationships between the module division drivers. Finally, the improved NSGA2-FCM algorithm is applied to cluster analysis of the product to derive the best module division scheme. The algorithm avoids falling into local optima by optimising the initialisation strategy of the NSGA2 algorithm, while using the FCM algorithm to improve the accuracy of the clustering. This allows the algorithm to explore the solution space more effectively when finding the best module partitioning solution. Finally, the effectiveness of the algorithm for module classification of light industrial equipment is verified using beer fermenters as a case study.

With tunnel boring machine being used in underground engineering, accurate geological indicators have been the important basis for tunnel boring machine (TBM) construction. Back propagation neural network (BPNN) has been used to predict the geological indicators of tunnels in previous studies. Nevertheless, these studies ignored the imbalance proportion of surrounding rock grades, leading to the indiscriminate use of data, thus affecting the predictive effect of BPNN. In order to prove the importance of the proportion of surrounding rock grade in geological prediction, we mainly attempt to utilize particle swarm optimization (PSO) to optimize the proportion of sample data, and integrate with BPNN to establish a PSO-BPNN theoretical model to predict geological indicators. At the same time, combined with the actual engineering data, 5 tunneling indicators were selected as input and 4 geological indicators were selected as output by a variety of dimensionality reduction methods. The geological indicators are density, uniaxial compressive strength, internal friction angle (φ) and Poisson's ratio (ε). On this basis, the PSO-BPNN prediction model was established in detail. By comparing the prediction of traditional BPNN, PSO-BPNN and other optimization-integrated models, the result shows that optimized proportion of surrounding rock grades reduces the prediction error and improves the interpretability of the prediction model. Meanwhile, we combined the theory of surrounding rock partition to illustrate the rationality of surrounding rock proportion in PSO result, that is, the proportion of complex surrounding rock should be increased appropriately to improve the prediction result. Ultimately, based on the optimization-integrated models with engineering data and the surrounding rock classification theory, the importance of proportion of surrounding rock grades for tunnel geological prediction is confirmed.

This study investigated the evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of 60Si2CrVNb spring steel under different quenching and tempering processes. The morphology of martensite, precipitate phases, and carbides, as well as the analysis of mechanical properties, were examined. The results revealed that the highest ultimate tensile strength (2260 MPa) and yield strength (2091 MPa) of 60Si2CrVNb spring steel were achieved through austenitization at 900 °C and subsequent tempering at 350 °C, which is related to the maximum dislocation strengthening effect. The optimal combination of mechanical properties for 60Si2CrVNb spring steel was obtained by quenching at 900 °C for 30 min and tempering at 400 °C for 90 min. Under these conditions, the steel exhibited an ultimate tensile strength of 2084 MPa, yield strength of 1846 MPa, elongation of 10.8%, and area reduction of 41.5%. Increasing the quenching temperature resulted in the gradual dissolution of undissolved carbides, an increase in the average grain size of austenite, coarsening of martensite, and an initial increase and subsequent decrease in tensile strength and plasticity. Furthermore, the fracture type transformed from ductile fracture to mixed fracture of ductile and brittle. On the other hand, the increasing tempering temperature led to a decrease in dislocation density and gradual decomposition of martensite lath boundaries. Additionally, the type of carbides changed from small-sized M2C and MC carbides to large-sized M3C, M7C3, and M23C6 carbides. As a result, the tensile strength of the steel decreased significantly, while its plasticity steadily increased. Moreover, the fracture behavior transformed from brittle fracture to ductile fracture.

Background and objectiveStent-assisted coil (SAC) embolization is a commonly used endovascular treatment for unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) but can be associated with symptomatic delayed intracerebral hemorrhage (DICH). Our study aimed to investigate the hemodynamic risk factors contributing to DICH following SAC embolization and to establish a classification for DICH predicated on hemodynamic profiles.MethodsThis retrospective study included patients with UIAs located in the internal carotid artery (ICA) treated with SAC embolization at our institution from January 2021 to January 2022. We focused on eight patients who developed postoperative DICH and matched them with sixteen control patients without DICH. Using computational fluid dynamics, we evaluated the hemodynamic changes in distal arteries [terminal ICA, the anterior cerebral artery (ACA), and middle cerebral artery (MCA)] pre-and post-embolization. We distinguished DICH-related arteries from unrelated ones (ACA or MCA) and compared their hemodynamic alterations. An imbalance index, quantifying the differential in flow velocity changes between ACA and MCA post-embolization, was employed to gauge the flow distribution in distal arteries was used to assess distal arterial flow distribution.ResultsWe identified two types of DICH based on postoperative flow alterations. In type 1, there was a significant lower in the mean velocity increase rate of the DICH-related artery compared to the unrelated artery (−47.25 ± 3.88% vs. 42.85 ± 3.03%; p

Fritillaria is a well-known health-promoting food, but it has many varieties and its market circulation is chaotic. In order to explore the differences in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) among different varieties of Fritillaria and quickly and accurately determine the variety of Fritillaria, this study selected six varieties of Fritillaria and identified and analyzed their volatile components using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS), establishing the characteristic fingerprints of VOCs in Fritillaria. In all samples, a total of 76 peaks were detected and 67 VOCs were identified. It was found that the composition of VOCs in different varieties of Fritillaria was similar, but the content was different. Combined with chemometric analysis, the differences between VOCs were clearly shown after principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and partial least-squares discriminant analysis. This may provide theoretical guidance for the identification and authenticity determination of different varieties of Fritillaria.

Background. Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignancies of the urogenital system. This study assessed the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain and leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) in BC as well as the effects of cryptotanshinone on changes in BC malignant behaviors and NLRP3 expression under a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory microenvironment. Methods. BC tissue specimens from 62 patients were collected for immunohistochemical detection of NLRP3 protein. BC and normal urothelial cell lines were cultured for the detection of NLRP3 mRNA and protein. Then, BC cells were pretreated with LPS to mimic the inflammatory tumor microenvironment. Next, these cells were incubated with a low or high dose of cryptotanshinone to assess its effects on tumor cell malignant behaviors as well as transfected with NLRP3 cDNA to confirm the role of NLRP3 in BC cells in vitro. Results. High NLRP3 expression was associated with larger tumor diameters (>2 cm), muscle invasion, and metastasis. The levels of NLRP3 mRNA and protein were greater in BC cells than in normal urothelial cells. LPS pretreatment significantly promoted NLRP3 and inflammatory cytokine expression in BC cells, and induced cell viability, migration, and invasion. However, cryptotanshinone was able to reduce the LPS-induced increase of NLRP3 and inflammatory cytokine expression as well as the BC cell malignant progression. NLRP3 overexpression using NLRP3 cDNA further promoted BC cell malignant progression after LPS stimulation and reversed cryptotanshinone-reduced LPS-induced BC cell malignant behaviors. Conclusion. NLRP3 might possess oncogenic activity in BC, and the antitumor activity of cryptotanshinone in BC in vitro might be related to its inhibition of NLRP3 expression.

BackgroundAlterations in brain structure and function in major depressive disorder (MDD) have been identified in a number of studies, but findings regarding cortical thickness were various and inconsistent. Our current study aims to explore the differences in cortical thickness between individuals with MDD and healthy controls (HC) in a Chinese population.MethodsWe investigated T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging data from 61 participants (31 MDD and 30 HC). The cortical thickness between the two groups and analyzed correlations between cortical thickness and demographic variables in the MDD group for regions with significant between-group differences were conducted.ResultsCompared with the HC group, patients with MDD had significantly decreased cortical thickness, in left pars triangularis, left pars orbitalis, left rostral middle frontal gyrus, left supramarginal gyrus, right parahippocampal gyrus, right lingual gyrus, right fusiform and right inferior parietal gyrus. The cortical thickness of left rostral middle frontal gyrus was negatively correlated (r = −0.47, p = 0.028) with the illness duration in patients with MDD.ConclusionOur study distinguished that cortical thickness decreases in numerous brain regions both in the left and right hemisphere in individuals with MDD, and the negative correlation between the cortical thickness of left rostral middle frontal gyrus illness duration. Our current findings are valuable in providing neural markers to identify MDD and understanding the potential pathophysiology of mood disorders.

Objective: To assess the relationship between optic disc microvasculature and renal function in subjects with diabetes mellitus without diabetic retinopathy (DR). Design: Prospective, cross-sectional study. Participants: A total 1629 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without DR were recruited from the community of Guangzhou, China. Methods: All subjects underwent 6 mm × 6 mm OCT angiography (OCTA) centered on the optic nerve head. Four state-of-the-art microcirculation parameters, including peripapillary vessel density (PVD) in the radial peripapillary capillaries (RPC), superficial capillary plexus, deep capillary plexus (DCP), and a choriocapillaris flow void density percentage (CC FVD%) were assessed via swept-source OCTA. Primary Outcomes: Renal function was assessed by levels of microalbuminuria (MAU) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Results: Compared with non-chronic kidney disease (CKD) participants, PVD was significantly lower in subjects in the CKD group and worsened as eGFR declined. After adjustment for covariates, higher eGFR was significantly associated with higher PVD in the RPC (β = 0.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.01–0.02; P < 0.001), in the superficial capillary plexus (β = 0.010; 95% CI, 0.002–0.019; P = 0.020), in the DCP (β = 0.02; 95% CI, 0.01–0.03; P < 0.001), and lower CC FVD% (β = −0.01; 95% CI, −0.03 to −0.001; P = 0.040) in the entire images. After they were fully adjusted, the parameters in the inner ring of the RPC, DCP, and CC FVD% were significantly associated with MAU (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Decrease in retinal and choroidal microcirculation in the optic nerve head was independently associated with renal dysfunction. Further longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the peripapillary vessel changes during CKD progression. Financial Disclosure(s): The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.

IntroductionAt present, elucidating the cortical origin of EEG microstates is a research hotspot in the field of EEG. Previous studies have suggested that the prefrontal cortex is closely related to EEG microstate C and D, but whether there is a causal link between the prefrontal cortex and microstate C or D remains unclear.MethodsIn this study, pretrial EEG data were collected from ten patients with prefrontal lesions (mainly located in inferior and middle frontal gyrus) and fourteen matched healthy controls, and EEG microstate analysis was applied.ResultsOur results showed that four classical EEG microstate topographies were obtained in both groups, but microstate C topography in patient group was obviously abnormal. Compared to healthy controls, the average coverage and occurrence of microstate C significantly reduced. In addition, the transition probability from microstate A to C and from microstate B to C in patient group was significantly lower than those of healthy controls.DiscussionThe above results demonstrated that the damage of prefrontal cortex especially inferior and middle frontal gyrus could lead to abnormalities in the spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of microstate C not D, showing that there is a causal link between the inferior and middle frontal gyrus and the microstate C. The significance of our findings lies in providing new evidence for elucidating the cortical origin of microstate C.

ABSTRACTMetallic lattice structures based on triply periodic minimum surfaces (TPMS) have attracted extensive attention for their potential application in lightweight and energy absorption. The underlying phenomena, mechanisms and modelling under the crushing responses from quasi-static to shock conditions still remain to be revealed. This work systematically investigates the mechanical behaviour of graded additively Schoen-F-RD (FRD) lattice structures under various loading rates. Under dynamic compression, FRD lattices exhibit the ability to withstand larger densification strains at higher plateau strengths, thus, holding enhanced energy absorption capabilities. At medium strain rates, it is the rate-dependence of lattice base material dominates in the strength enhancement, while, at higher strain rates, the role of inertia effect becomes notable. Furthermore, an empirical formula is introduced to predict the shock stress responses. Finally, constitutive models with strain-rates are proposed for the uniform and graded lattices. These findings can provide excellent guidance on the design of energy-absorbing structures.

ABSTRACTOver 3 billion doses of inactivated vaccines for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been administered globally. However, our understanding of the immune cell functional transcription and T cell receptor (TCR)/B cell receptor (BCR) repertoire dynamics following inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination remains poorly understood. Here, we performed single-cell RNA and TCR/BCR sequencing on peripheral blood mononuclear cells at four time points after immunization with the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BBIBP-CorV. Our analysis revealed an enrichment of monocytes, central memory CD4+ T cells, type 2 helper T cells and memory B cells following vaccination. Single-cell TCR-seq and RNA-seq comminating analysis identified a clonal expansion of CD4+ T cells (but not CD8+ T cells) following a booster vaccination that corresponded to a decrease in the TCR diversity of central memory CD4+ T cells and type 2 helper T cells. Importantly, these TCR repertoire changes and CD4+ T cell differentiation were correlated with the biased VJ gene usage of BCR and the antibody-producing function of B cells post-vaccination. Finally, we compared the functional transcription and repertoire dynamics in immune cells elicited by vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection to explore the immune responses under different stimuli. Our data provide novel molecular and cellular evidence for the CD4+ T cell-dependent antibody response induced by inactivated vaccine BBIBP-CorV. This information is urgently needed to develop new prevention and control strategies for SARS-CoV-2 infection. (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04871932).

Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) needs to turn off the anti-parallel bypass thyristor (SCR) at the output terminal when dealing with voltage sag phenomenon. When applying traditional methods to force the thyristor off, it is essential to determine the direction of thyristor current according to the sensor sampling information, which has the risk of misjudgment under actual conditions. A novel fast switching strategy (FSS) for DVR is proposed in this paper. DVR-FSS uses the current control algorithm to force off the bypass SCR, which can realize the smooth transition from bypass state to compensation state. Firstly, the basic working principle of the DVR-FSS is introduced based on which the FSS operating modes are analyzed in detail. And the mathematical model of DVR-FSS in key modes is established to analyze the influence of FSS control algorithm parameters on the dynamic or steady performance of DVR. Secondly, the modeling and quantitative analysis of the fundamental voltage drop introduced by DVR in the steady-state mode are used to explain that the impact of FSS on the primary side load supply voltage is within the acceptable range. Finally, the correctness and feasibility of the proposed FSS are fully verified by experiments, which indicate that FSS has strong robustness at the same time.

Abstract Introduction Aim to evaluate the application of 5 modified frailty index (5-mFI) in predicting postoperative complications in elderly gynecological patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Methods A total of 294 elderly gynecological patients who were hospitalized in the affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College and underwent abdominal surgery from November 2019 to May 2022 were collected from the Union Digital Medical Record (UniDMR) Browser of the hospital. According to whether postoperative complications (infection, hypokalemia, hypoproteinemia, poor wound healing and intestinal obstruction) occurred, the patients were divided into complication group (n = 98) and non-complication group (n = 196). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the risk factors of complications in elderly gynecological patients undergoing abdominal surgery. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the predictive value of the frailty index score in elderly gynecological patients with postoperative complications after abdominal surgery. Results Postoperative complications occurred in 98 of 294 elderly gynecological patients undergoing abdominal surgery, accounting for 33.3%, 5-mFI (OR1.63, 95%CI 1.07–2.46,P = 0.022), age (OR1.08,95%CI 1.02–1.15, P = 0.009), operation time (OR 1.01, 95%CI 1.00-1.01). P

Abstract The mRNA vaccine technology was developed rapidly during the global pandemic of COVID-19. The crucial role of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in preventing viral infection also have been beneficial to the exploration and application of other viral mRNA vaccines, especially for non-replication structure mRNA vaccines of viral disease with outstanding research results. Therefore, this review pays attention to the existing mRNA vaccines, which are of great value for candidates for clinical applications in viral diseases. We provide an overview of the optimization of the mRNA vaccine development process as well as the good immune efficacy and safety shown in clinical studies. In addition, we also provide a brief description of the important role of mRNA immunomodulators in the treatment of viral diseases. After that, it will provide a good reference or strategy for research on mRNA vaccines used in clinical medicine with more stable structures, higher translation efficiency, better immune efficacy and safety, shorter production time, and lower production costs than conditional vaccines to be used as preventive or therapeutic strategy for the control of viral diseases in the future.

Leaves are the main site of photosynthesis in plants, and leaf color plays a major role in crop quality, yield, resistance, as well as other aspects. Although the genes related to photosynthesis have been well characterized in plants in general, yellow-green leaf mutants have not yet been fully studied in tomatoes. In the present study, a dark green leaf (GL) mutant was isolated from yellow-leaf tomato (wild-type). The dark GL displays a distinct yellow-green phenotype, and has a greater chlorophyll content and higher photosynthetic rate. Furthermore, the lamellae were clear, and the stroma and grana were orderly, with more stacking and larger starch grains according to the ultrastructure analysis of chloroplasts in GL leaves. Comparative transcriptome analysis of GL and wild-type plants was performed to identify the pathways and genes related to photosynthesis. In this work, a total of 292 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between GL plants and WT plants were identified, of which 131 genes were upregulated and 161 genes were downregulated. The diterpenoid biosynthesis and photosynthesis antenna proteins were the two most significantly enriched in the first 20 pathways according to KEGG analysis. Most of the DEGs involved in diterpenoid biosynthesis and photosynthesis were antenna proteins. The photosynthesis antenna protein Solyc02g071030 (LHCB1) and the diterpenoid biosynthesis-related genes, Solyc08g005710 and Solyc09g059240, were significantly upregulated in GL leaves compared with WT leaves. The expression patterns of the DEGs were similar to those determined by qRT-PCR. Overall, our research not only revealed the diterpenoid biosynthesis and photosynthesis pathways involving in leaf color variation, but also identified the putative target genes for genetic manipulation in the future.

With the fast development and miniaturization of acoustic and electric smart devices, micro and nanoscale piezoelectric semiconductor materials are gradually being used to manufacture information communication, energy conversion, and nondestructive testing technologies. As the core components of the above piezoelectric semiconductor devices, homo- and hetero-junctions have an evident influence on the propagation performance of high-frequency and short-wavelength elastic waves inside the bulk piezoelectric semiconductor materials. Based on the Gurtin–Murdoch theory, a theoretical model of interface effect originating from homo- and hetero-junctions is established to investigate the propagation properties of Love waves in a piezoelectric semiconductor semi-infinite medium considering the electrical open circuit (insulation) and short circuit (metalized ground) surface boundary conditions and biasing electric fields. Four interface characteristic lengths are introduced to describe the electrical imperfect interface of homo- and hetero-junctions, which are legitimately confirmed through comparisons of the dispersion and attenuation curves of Love waves. The influence of homo- and hetero-junctions on the dispersion and attenuation characteristics of Love waves are elaborated in detail. Numerical results show that the interface characteristic lengths are independent of the electrical surface boundary conditions, acceptor and donor concentrations, thickness of the upper piezoelectric semiconductor layer, and biasing electric fields in the piezoelectric semiconductor semi-infinite medium. Moreover, the propagation characteristics of Love waves can be manipulated by changing the biasing electric field parallel to the homo- and hetero-junctions. Since the high-frequency and short-wavelength Love wave is an important class of surface acoustic waves propagating in micro- and nano-scale piezoelectric semiconductor materials, the establishment of mathematical models and the revelation of physical mechanisms are fundamental to the analysis and optimization of the above piezoelectric semiconductor devices.

The stratospheric airship is a type of aerostat that uses solar energy as its power source and can fly continuously for months or even years in near space. The rapid and accurate prediction of the output power of its solar array is the key to maintaining energy balance and extending flight time. This paper establishes an online learning model for predicting the output power of the solar array of stratospheric airships. The readings of radiometers arranged on the surface of the airship are used as features for training the model. The parameters of the model can be updated in real-time during the flight process without retraining the entire model. The effect of radiometer placement on the model accuracy was also analyzed. The results show that for the continuous flight of 40 days, the online learning model can achieve an accuracy of 88% after training with 10 days of flight data and the accuracy basically reaches its highest level after 20 days. In addition, placing the radiometers at the four corners of the array can achieve a higher prediction accuracy of 95%. The online model can also accurately identify and reflect the effect of module efficiency attenuation or damage and maintain high accuracy.

Aims: Nitrogen (N) supply and precipitation pattern (amount and frequency) both affect plant growth. However, N deposition is increasing and precipitation regimes are changing in the context of global change. An experiment was conducted to access how the growth of Robinia pseudoacacia, a widely distributed and cultivated N2-fixing alien species, is affected by both the pattern of precipitation and N supplies. Methods: Seedlings were grown in a glasshouse at four different N levels combined with different precipitation regimes, including three precipitation amounts, and two precipitation frequencies. After treatment for 75 days, plant height, biomass allocation, leaf and soil nutrient concentrations were measured. Results: Plants under high precipitation frequency had greater biomass compared with plants lower precipitation frequency, despite receiving the same amount of precipitation. Higher N supply reduced biomass allocation to nodules. Under low precipitation level, nodule growth and N2 fixation of R. pseudoacacia was more inhibited by high N deposition compared with plants under higher precipitation level. Even slightly N deposition under higher precipitation inhibited N2 fixation but it was insufficient to meet the N needs of the plants. Conclusions: Even at low levels, N deposition might inhibit N2 fixation of plants but low N in soil cannot meet the N requirements of plants, and caused N2 fixation limitation in plants during seedling stage. There was likely a transition from N2 fixation to acquisition of N from soil directly with root when N supply was increased.

The increasing popularity of small drones has stressed the urgent need for an effective drone‐oriented surveillance system that can work day and night. Herein, an acoustic and optical sensor‐fusion‐based system‐termed multimodal unmanned aerial vehicle 3D trajectory exposure system (MUTES) is presented to detect and track drone targets. MUTES combines multiple sensor modules including microphone array, camera, and lidar. The 64‐channel microphone array provides semispherical surveillance with high signal‐to‐noise ratio of sound source estimation, while the long‐range lidar and the telephoto camera are capable of subsequent precise target localization in a narrower but higher definition field of view. MUTES employs a coarse‐to‐fine, passive‐to‐active localization strategy for wide‐range detection (semispherical) and high‐precision 3D tracking. To further increase the fidelity, an environmental denoising model is trained, which helps to select valid acoustic features from a drone target, thus overcomes the drawbacks of the traditional sound source localization approaches when facing noise interference. The effectiveness of the proposed sensor‐fusion approach is validated through field experiments. To the best of the knowledge, MUTES provides the farthest detection range, highest 3D position accuracy, strong anti‐interference capability, and acceptable cost for unverified drone intruders.