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This study successfully developed a bio-based, photocurable, anionic–nonionic dual-functional chain extender, and sulfonated cardanol-based polyethylene glycol (SCP), derived from renewable resources—cardanol and polyethylene glycol—for application in waterborne polyurethane dispersions (WPUDs). Utilizing SCP as a chain extender, WPUDs were prepared through a typical acetone process with poly(butylene adipate) (PBA), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and ethylene diamine (EDA) at a constant NCO/OH ratio of 1:1. This research focused on the effects of polyethylene glycol molecular weight and SCP dosage on the particle size, stability, and film-forming properties of the WPUD. Optimal dispersion stability and film-forming performance were achieved with a polyethylene glycol molecular weight of 1500 and a PBA to SCP molar ratio of 4:1, yielding a particle size of 0.326 ± 0.010 μm and excellent storage stability over six months. The resulting WPU coatings exhibited a tensile strength of 11.4 MPa, which increased to 16.8 MPa after UV irradiation owing to the formation of a semi-interpenetrating network via the photopolymerization of cardanol's unsaturated side chains. UV cross-linking also enhanced water resistance, reducing the water absorption rate (WAR) from 18.68% to 4.21% and the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) from 6.59 × 10−5 g·m⁻¹·Pa⁻¹·d⁻¹ to 2.26 × 10⁻⁵ g·m⁻¹·Pa⁻¹·d⁻¹, while also improving thermal stability. These findings demonstrate that SCP offers a sustainable and effective solution for developing high-performance WPU coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A natural extract, i.e., urushiol, was employed to effectively cross-link and modify commercial wet-cured polyurethane acrylic resin. Comprehensive characterization of the paint film was performed using techniques such as FTIR, SEM, and TGA. The results indicated that the incorporation of urushiol significantly increased the cross-linking density of the resin, which in turn enhanced the film-forming properties, mechanical strength, and thermal stability of the paint film. Additionally, the study discovered that under isothermal conditions, the dynamic moduli (G′ and G″) of the paint film are related to the gel point frequency by a power law, aligning with the predictions of percolation theory. The application of the autocatalytic model has provided a novel approach to studying non-isothermal kinetic reactions, offering valuable insights for process optimization and further development of urushiol-based polyurethane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: While it is known that increased dissolved CO2 concentrations and rising sea surface temperature (ocean warming) can act interactively on marine phytoplankton, the ultimate molecular mechanisms underlying this interaction on a long‐term evolutionary scale are relatively unexplored. Here, we performed transcriptomics and quantitative metabolomics analyses, along with a physiological trait analysis, on the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii adapted for approximately 3.5 years to warming and/or high CO2 conditions. We show that long‐term warming has more pronounced impacts than elevated CO2 on gene expression, resulting in a greater number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The largest number of DEGs was observed in populations adapted to warming + high CO2, indicating a potential synergistic interaction between these factors. We further identified the metabolic pathways in which the DEGs function and the metabolites with significantly changed abundances. We found that ribosome biosynthesis‐related pathways were upregulated to meet the increased material and energy demands after warming or warming in combination with high CO2. This resulted in the upregulation of energy metabolism pathways such as glycolysis, photorespiration, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, as well as the associated metabolites. These metabolic changes help compensate for reduced photochemical efficiency and photosynthesis. Our study emphasizes that the upregulation of ribosome biosynthesis plays an essential role in facilitating the adaptation of phytoplankton to global ocean changes and elucidates the interactive effects of warming and high CO2 on the adaptation of marine phytoplankton in the context of global change. Significance Statement: The up‐regulation of ribosome biosynthesis plays an essential role in facilitating the adaptations of phytoplankton to ocean global change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of more recyclable materials is a key requirement for a transition towards a more circular economy. Thanks to exchange reactions, vitrimer, an attractive alternative for recyclable materials, is an innovative class of polymers that is able to change its topology without decreasing its connectivity. In this work, a bisphenol compound (VP) was prepared from saturated cardanol, i.e., 3−pentadecylphenol and vanillyl alcohol. Then, VP was epoxidized to obtain epoxide (VPGE). Finally, VPGE and citric acid (CA) were polymerized in the presence of catalyst TBD to prepare a fully bio−based vitrimer based on transesterification. The results from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the VPGE/CA system could be crosslinked at around 163 °C. The cardanol−derived vitrimers had good network rearrangement properties. Meanwhile, because of the dynamic structural elements in the network, the material was endowed with excellent self−healing, welding, and recyclability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the diverse impacts of elevated dissolved CO2 and warming on organisms within various trophic levels in marine food webs are well documented, we have yet to explore the biological links across different levels of biological organization from primary producers to secondary producers on an evolutionary time scale in a high‐CO2 ocean. Here, we cultured a model marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (primary producer) in predicted future high‐CO2 and/or warming conditions for ~ 1250 d with an experimental evolution approach and then fed them to the clam Coelomactra antiquata (secondary producer). We present an in‐depth multi‐omics analysis along the methylome (primary producer)–transcriptome (primary producer)–metabolome (primary producer)–metabolome (secondary producer) continuum. Our results showed that the downregulated terpenoid backbone biosynthesis in the methylome and transcriptome lead to decreased pyruvate levels and upregulation of some pathways (such as phenylalanine metabolism) in the metabolome of the primary producer in the long‐term warming conditions. These changes in metabolomic profile in the primary producer were then transferred to the secondary producer, resulting in changes in abundance of some metabolites, such as decreases in pyruvate, and in pyruvaldhyde (also known as methylglyoxal), and increases in 2‐hydroxylamino‐4,6‐dinitrotoluene. Our study provides a new insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the trophic transfer from primary to secondary producers in a future high‐CO2 ocean and may provide more accurate projections of marine ecosystem services and functions over the next century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have investigated a self-healing thermally conductive Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) hot melt adhesive (NAEDS, which denotes the addition of nano-alumina and disulfide bonded EVA hot melt adhesives) that can be used to effectively solve adhesive layer separation problem in photovoltaic (PV) modules and the difficulty of recycling. More specifically, we used diallyl disulfide as a cross-linking agent for EVA and alumina nanofillers as a reinforcing phase. The nano alumina filler gave the EVA better thermal conductivity. We used FTIR, SEM, and DSC to characterize and analyze NAEDS properties. The disulfide bonds in NAEDS underwent a rearrangement reaction under ultraviolet light, resulting in the self-healing of the resin (self-healing efficiency of 78.8%). The added nano alumina not only reduced the resin curing activation energy, improving its curing performance but also enhanced its thermal conductivity, achieving a 2.61 W/(m*k) thermal conductivity coefficient. The overall NAEDS performance is improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The over-exploitation of finite fossil resources and/or the increased environmental and sustainable awareness inspire scientists and technologists to search for inexpensive alternatives from renewable chemicals. Phenol formaldehyde (PF) resins, the oldest type of synthetic polymers with good mechanical properties and heat resistance, are widely used in the production of coatings, laminates, molding compositions, and glues. Here, biobased urushiol-derived PF resins were synthesized from the alkali-catalyzed reaction between urushiol and formaldehyde. The chemical compositions and molecular structures of resole resins were characterized by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and their curing behaviors were studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The as-prepared urushiol-derived resole resins had methylol (Ph-[CH.sub.2]OH), ortho- and para-hemiformal groups (Ph-[CH.sub.2]O[CH.sub.2]OH), and the para-para/ortho-para/ortho-ortho links of methylene groups (Ph-[CH.sub.2]-Ph), whereas the resole resins had low curing temperatures at about 100-113[degrees]C. Additionally, given the long side alkyl group moiety on the aromatic rings of urushiol, the films of cured urushiol-derived resole resins had low glass transition temperatures of 132 [+ or -] 2[degrees]C. Furthermore, the as-prepared urushiol-derived coatings exhibited excellent physical and mechanical properties. KEYWORDS chemical structures, Chinese lacquer, curing characteristics, physical and mechanical properties, urushiol, urushiol-derived PF resins, 1 | INTRODUCTION With many advantages, such as excellent mechanical strength, good heat and moisture resistance, and advanced ablative properties, phenol formaldehyde (PF) resins have found wide applications in microelectronics, [...]

Due to layer by layer printing, the interlayer adhesion of resin used in extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) is poor, while thermal curing affects the accuracy of the resin. Therefore, methods of photo-curing and nanomodification were used in this work to improve the adhesion between layers and the overall performance of AM resins. Specifically, ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer with dual curing agent of benzophenone/triallyl isocyanurate (BP/TAIC) and nano-silica (NS) were introduced. The results of light transmittance, scanning electron microscopy and gel content test showed that BP/TAIC with NS were proved to be able to improve the curing process of EVA. The filling of a small amount of NS did not act as ultraviolet light barrier, but instead improved the photo-curing of the resin and reduced the amount of agents. UV curing also improved the adhesion between layers of EVA resin. The tensile strength was 7.1% higher than that of EVA/NS/BT without curing. At the same time, due to good interface bonding and dispersion, the thermal conductivity of resin improved from 0.212 W/m*k to 0.252 W/m*k. A 16.1% raise in tensile strength and a 10.0% increase in the volume resistivity were demonstrated for the 3.0 wt% NS. Furthermore, this resin is potential to be used in AM. KEYWORDS additive manufacturing, ethylene-vinyl acetate, nano-silica, photo-curing, property, 1 | INTRODUCTION Additive manufacturing (AM) often referred to as 3D printing. Unlike traditional manufacturing processes, materials were stacked layer by layer to fabricate three-dimensional parts during AM. [1,2] There [...]

In this study, polyamidoamine (PAMAM) was added to raw lacquer in different proportions, and the curing process and properties of lacquer film were investigated by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), To investigate the cross-linking state between PAMAM and urushiol, NMR was used in this study. The experiments revealed that the comprehensive mechanical properties of modified-film, especially the impact strength, were significantly improved. In addition, the touch-free drying time of lacquer film decreased, and its alkali resistance was improved due to the cross-linking of PAMAM and urushiol molecules. KEYWORDS corrosion resistance, lacquer, mechanical properties, modification, polyamidoamine, 1 | INTRODUCTION Raw lacquer, a natural polymer, is regarded as a promising functional coating for various objects in view of its high hardness, good adhesion, smooth appearance, and excellent [...]

Urushiol, the main component of the natural product of raw lacquer, can react with ester easily owing to its two adjacent phenolic hydroxyls, and urushiol-ester compounds can polymerize further attributing to its unsaturated side chain. In this work, poly(urushiol borate) (PUB) was coated on the surface of polystyrene (PS) microspheres by transesterification between urushiol and tributyl borate. Then, the core-shell composite microspheres of polystyrene@poly(urushiol borate) (PS@PUB) were obtained. Finally, we used a general method to synthesize anisotropic grenadelike Janus composite particles of PUB/PS, that is, the coreshell composite microspheres of PS@PUB were swelled assisted protrusion in the emulsion of organic monomer and water. The morphologies of PUB/PS Janus composite particles could be tuned by changing the swelling time and the dosage of organic monomer. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:23042310, 2018., INTRODUCTIONJanus composite particles are regarded as one of the most complicated colloidal particles in existence [1]. In recent years, controlling the structure and composition of Janus composite particles have being [...]

Genetic changes together with epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation have been demonstrated to regulate many biological processes and thereby govern the response of organisms to environmental changes. However, how DNA methylation might act cooperatively with gene transcription and thereby mediate the long-term adaptive responses of marine microalgae to global change is virtually unknown. Here we performed a transcriptomic analysis, and a whole-genome bisulfite sequencing, along with phenotypic analysis of a model marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum adapted for 2 years to high CO2 and/or warming conditions. Our results show that the methylated islands (peaks of methylation) mCHH were positively correlated with expression of genes in the subregion of the gene body when the populations were grown under high CO2 or its combination with warming for ~2 years. We further identified the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and hence the metabolic pathways in which they function, at the transcriptomics level in differentially methylated regions (DMRs). Although DEGs in DMRs contributed only 18–24% of the total DEGs, we found that those DEGs acted cooperatively with DNA methylation and then regulated key processes such as central carbon metabolism, amino acid metabolism, ribosome biogenesis, terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, and degradation of misfolded proteins. Taken together, by integrating transcriptomic, epigenetic, and phenotypic analysis, our study provides evidence for DNA methylation acting cooperatively with gene transcription to contribute to the adaptation of microalgae to global changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intumescent flame retardant has a high efficiency of carbonization, oxygen barrier, and thermal interruption effect, which is considered to be a promising green and environmentally friendly flame retardant. Herein, we demonstrated a new approach to improve the flame retardant performance of Chinese lacquer films by adding silicon modified ammonium polyphosphate (SAPP), leading to superior flame retardant. SAPP drastically raised the limiting oxygen index (LOI) from 20.1% to 30.6%, and at the same time, the impact resistance was increased from 7 cm to 20 cm without changing the hardness of the lacquer films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the chemical components and morphology of the residual char of Chinese lacquer and SAPP composite films. The thermal degradation process of films was detected and analyzed by thermogravimetry and microcalorimetry, and the possible flame retardant mechanism was discussed. This simple approach opens up a new way to design for improved flame retardancy of organic film polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Phytoplankton are responsible for nearly half of global primary productivity and play crucial roles in the Earth's biogeochemical cycles. However, the long‐term adaptive responses of phytoplankton to rising CO2 remains unknown.Here we examine the physiological and proteomics responses of a marine diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, following long‐term (c. 900 generations) selection to high CO2 conditions.Our results show that this diatom responds to long‐term high CO2 selection by downregulating proteins involved in energy production (Calvin cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, oxidative pentose phosphate pathway), with a subsequent decrease in photosynthesis and respiration. Nearly similar extents of downregulation of photosynthesis and respiration allow the high CO2‐adapted populations to allocate the same fraction of carbon to growth, thereby maintaining their fitness during the long‐term high CO2 selection.These results indicate an important role of metabolism reduction under high CO2 and shed new light on the adaptive mechanisms of phytoplankton in response to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocean acidification is recognized as a major anthropogenic perturbation of the modern ocean. While extensive studies have been carried out to explore the short-term physiological responses of phytoplankton to ocean acidification, little is known about their lipidomic responses after a long-term ocean acidification adaptation. Here we perform the lipidomic analysis of a marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum following long-term (∼400 days) selection to ocean acidification conditions. We identified a total of 476 lipid metabolites in long-term high CO2 (i.e., ocean acidification condition) and low CO2 (i.e., ambient condition) selected P. tricornutum cells. Our results further show that long-term high CO2 selection triggered substantial changes in lipid metabolites by down- and up-regulating 33 and 42 lipid metabolites. While monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) was significantly down-regulated in the long-term high CO2 selected conditions, the majority (∼80%) of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) was up-regulated. The tightly coupled regulations (positively or negatively correlated) of significantly regulated lipid metabolites suggest that the lipid remodeling is an organismal adaptation strategy of marine diatoms to ongoing ocean acidification. Since the composition and content of lipids are crucial for marine food quality, and these changes can be transferred to high trophic levels, our results highlight the importance of determining the long-term adaptation of lipids in marine producers in predicting the ecological consequences of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diatoms are experiencing striking fluctuations in seawater carbonate chemistry in the natural marine environment, especially in coastal seawaters. Here, we show that the diatoms Thalassiosira weissflogii and Phaeodactylum tricornutum, which utilize different carbon acquisition mechanisms, respond differently to short-term changes in seawater carbonate chemistry. Our results showed that T. weissflogii showed significantly higher photosynthetic oxygen evolution rates than that of P. tricornutum at low levels of CO2 or HCO3−. This suggests that T. weissflogii had higher affinities for CO2 or HCO3− when their concentrations were not sufficient to support saturated growth and photosynthesis. While the activity of Rubisco in P. tricornutum positively correlated with carbonic anhydrases (CA), we observed negative relationship between Rubisco and CA activity in the diatom T. weissflogii. These contrasting physiological responses of diatoms with varied carbon acquisition mechanisms indicate different abilities to cope up with abrupt changes in seawater carbonate chemistry. We propose that the ability to respond to varying carbonate chemistry may act as one determinant of the diatom distributions and phytoplankton community structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Pyropia haitanensis in response to the combined conditions of ocean acidification and diurnal temperature variation, maricultured thalli were tested in acidified culture under different temperature treatments. The results showed a combined effect of ocean acidification and diurnal temperature difference on the C and N metabolism and growth of P. haitanensis. In acidifed culture, algal growth, maximum photosynthetic rate, nitrate reductase (NR) activity, amino acid (AA) content and AA score (AAS) were more significantly enhanced in seaweed under diurnal temperature variation than in seaweed at constant temperature. In acidified seawater, soluble carbohydrates in P. haitanensis increased due to greater dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), whereas soluble proteins decreased. Under the diurnal temperature treatment, higher temperature during the light period enhanced accumulation of algal photosynthates, whereas lower temperature in the dark period reduced energy consumption, resulting in enhanced algal growth, AA content and AAS. We concluded that suitable diurnal temperature difference would be conducive to C fixation and N assimilation under ocean acidification. However, excessively high temperatures would depress algal photosynthesis and increase energy consumption, thereby exerting a negative effect on algal growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of non‐living Sargassum hemiphyllum to remove nickel(II) from aqueous solutions was investigated. The optimum adsorption condition was occurred at a pH range from 4 to 8, a biomass of 0.5 g L−1, and an initial nickel(II) concentration of 250 mg L−1 with a contact time of 20 min. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin‐Radushkevich isotherm models were used to fit the adsorption isotherms. The fitting results were more in line with the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.9915), and the maximum adsorption capacity obtained by Langmuir model was 42.95 mg g−1 at 308 K, respectively. The biosorption kinetics were analyzed using the pseudo‐first‐order, pseudo‐second‐order and intraparticle diffusion, and it was determined that they followed pseudo‐second‐order kinetics (R2 = 0.9996) at 308 K. The enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°) change of adsorption was 3.95 kJ mol−1 and 20.28 J mol−1 K−1, respectively, which indicated that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. The biosorbents were also characterized by Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Scanning electron microscopy and Energy disperse spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The characterization analysis demonstrated that the functional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, and methyl on the algal surface involved in the adsorption for nickel(II). Our results suggested that the nonliving S. hemiphyllum could be used as an effective biosorbent for the removal of nickel(II) from wastewater. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38: S250–S259, 2019 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skeletonema costatum is a common bloomforming diatom and encounters eutrophication and severe carbon dioxide (CO2) limitation during red tides. However, little is known regarding the role of phosphorus (P) in modulating inorganic carbon acquisition in S. costatum, particularly under CO2 limitation conditions. We cultured S. costatum under five phosphate levels (0.05, 0.25, 1, 4, 10 μmol L-1/ and then treated it with two CO2 conditions (2.8 and 12.6 μmol L-1/ for 2 h. The lower CO2 reduced net photosynthetic rate at lower phosphate levels (< 4 μmol L-1/ but did not affect it at higher phosphate levels (4 and 10 μmol L-1/. In contrast, the lower CO2 induced a higher dark respiration rate at lower phosphate levels (0.05 and 0.25 μmol L-1/ and did not affect it at higher phosphate levels (> 1 μmol L-1/. The lower CO2 did not change relative electron transport rate (rETR) at lower phosphate levels (0.05 and 0.25 μmol L-1/ and increased it at higher phosphate levels (> 1 μmol L-1/. Photosynthetic CO2 affinity (1/K0:5/ increased with phosphate levels. The lower CO2 did not affect photosynthetic CO2 affinity at 0.05 μmol L-1 phosphate but enhanced it at the other phosphate levels. Activity of extracellular carbonic anhydrase was dramatically induced by the lower CO2 in phosphate-replete conditions (> 0.25 μmol L-1/ and the same pattern also occurred for redox activity of the plasma membrane. Direct bicarbonate (HCO-3 ) use was induced when phosphate concentration was more than 1 μmol L-1. These findings indicate P enrichment could enhance inorganic carbon acquisition and thus maintain the photosynthesis rate in S. costatum grown under CO2-limiting conditions via increasing activity of extracellular carbonic anhydrase and facilitating direct HCO-3 use. This study sheds light on how bloom-forming algae cope with carbon limitation during the development of red tides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bisorption characteristics of Thallium using live and dead cells of Bacillus strain as biosorbents have been investigated in the present research. Optimum condition for biosorption were determined to be: pH adjusted to 6.0, agitated at 150 r/min and at a dose of 1 g/L. For initial Thallium concentration of 0.5-20 mg/L, The adsorption isotherms fitted well with both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models with high values of correlation coefficient (R2>0.92). Experimental maximum biosorption capacity turned out to be 12.38mg/g for living material and 19.84mg/g for dead sorbents, respectively. The nature of the biosorbents and metal ion interactins were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy. FT-IR analysis of live and dead biomass revealed the presence of amine, carboxyl, hydroxyl, and carbonyl groups, which are likely responsible for the biosorption of Thallium. And FT-IR analysis indicated that more functional groups were involved in the biosorption process of dead adsorbents, compared with those linked to live biomass, taken together, it can be concluded the dead cell of Bacillus were better and cheaper biosorbents than live ones, which can be a suitable biosorbent for the removal of Thallium ions from aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The field of waterborne polyurethane (WPU) is gaining a great deal of momentum from both a commercial and academic sense because of increasing environmental and sustainable awareness. For polyurethane (PU) to be dispersible in water, the hydrophilic groups are very important in the design of the polymer chains. Herein, we present a design strategy for WPU having hydrophilic groups on the soft segments through the reaction of as-synthesized OH-terminated poly(ε-caprolactone) diols containing a sodium sulfonate group with diisocyanate. A stable aqueous dispersion was then obtained, and this was followed by a subsequent chain extension reaction and emulsification. We found that the PU dispersion particles were a core-shell structure with a good particle size distribution, and the obtained films exhibited a low tensile strength and a high elongation at break. This approach provided valuable information for fundamental research in the production, modification, property enhancement, and new applications of these materials. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39657. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Polyurushiol/silver (PU/Ag) composite conductive coatings were prepared from urushiol and AgNO3 under UV irradiation by using in situ radical reduction approach. The effects of the silver nitrate loading and the irradiation time on the surface resistivity of polyurushiol/silver (PU/Ag) composite films were investigated. The result from XRD analysis showed that the formation of Ag particles, and the surface resistivity of polyurushiol/silver (PU/Ag) composite films reached the value of 0.26Ωcm, when the content of Ag particles in composite films was 23.8wt%, and the irradiation time 90s. Additionally, Ag particles were well dispersed in the composite films. And the films had good thermo-stability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]