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The mining of deep underground coal seams induces the movement, failure, and collapse of the overlying rock–soil body, and the development of this damaging effect on the surface causes ground fissures and ground subsidence on the surface. To ensure safety throughout the life cycle of the mine, fully distributed, real-time, and continuous sensing and early warning is essential. However, due to mining being a dynamic process with time and space, the overburden movement and collapse induced by mining activities often have a time lag effect. Therefore, how to find a new way to resolve the issue of the existing discontinuous monitoring technology of overburden deformation, obtain the spatiotemporal continuous information of the overlying strata above the coal seam in real time and accurately, and clarify the whole process of deformation in the compression–tensile strain transition zone of overburden has become a key breakthrough in the investigation of overburden deformation mechanism and mining subsidence. On this basis, firstly, the advantages and disadvantages of in situ observation technology of mine rock–soil body were compared and analyzed from the five levels of survey, remote sensing, testing, exploration, and monitoring, and a deformation and failure perception technology based on spatiotemporal continuity was proposed. Secondly, the evolution characteristics and deformation failure mechanism of the compression–tensile strain transition zone of overburden were summarized from three aspects: the typical mode of deformation and collapse of overlying rock–soil body, the key controlling factors of deformation and failure in the overburden compression–tensile strain transition zone, and the stability evaluation of overburden based on reliability theory. Finally, the spatiotemporal continuous perception technology of overburden deformation based on DFOS is introduced in detail, and an integrated coal seam mining overburden safety guarantee system is proposed. The results of the research can provide an important evaluation basis for the design of mining intensity, emergency decisions, and disposal of risks, and they can also give important guidance for the assessment of ground geological and ecological restoration and management caused by underground coal mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landslide is a typical geological disaster distributed in most countries worldwide. Due to long-term natural weathering and human engineering disturbances, the instability of landslides is prone to occur. Once monitoring and disposal methods are implemented inappropriately, they can lead to landslide hazards, seriously threatening the safety of people's lives and property. For a long time, extensive research on landslide monitoring has been conducted from various countries, providing crucial technical support for reducing the incidence and severity of landslide hazards. However, considering the complex geological conditions of actual landslides and the direct impact of internal and external factors such as rainfall, storms, and earthquakes, the early warning accuracy of landslide hazards is still relatively low. Therefore, based on advanced research achievements, it is significant to carry out research on the current status and development trends of landslide monitoring technology. Based on the Web of Science core database, this study quantitatively analyzes the advanced research achievements in global landslide monitoring in the past decade using bibliometric analysis. A systematic analysis of landslide monitoring technology development is conducted according to each study's publication time, keywords, and countries. On this basis, a multi-dimensional monitoring system for landslides was proposed, which utilizes the complementary advantages of multi-dimensional monitoring technology to achieve all-round, high-precision, and real-time monitoring of landslides. Finally, taking the Xinpu landslide in the Three Gorges Region of China as an example, a multi-source and multi-field-monitoring experiment was conducted. The application of landslide multi-field-monitoring technology provides an essential reference for monitoring, early warning, as well as the scientific prevention and control of landslide hazard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The DNA‐dependent protein kinase (DNA‐PK), catalytic subunit, also known as DNA‐PKcs, is complexed with the heterodimer Ku70/Ku80 to form DNA‐PK holoenzyme, which is well recognized as initiator in the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) repair after double strand break (DSB). During NHEJ, DNA‐PKcs is essential for both DNA end processing and end joining. Besides its classical function in DSB repair, DNA‐PKcs also shows multifaceted functions in various biological activities such as class switch recombination (CSR) and variable (V) diversity (D) joining (J) recombination in B/T lymphocytes development, innate immunity through cGAS–STING pathway, transcription, alternative splicing, and so on, which are dependent on its function in NHEJ or not. Moreover, DNA‐PKcs deficiency has been proven to be related with human diseases such as neurological pathogenesis, cancer, immunological disorder, and so on through different mechanisms. Therefore, it is imperative to summarize the latest findings about DNA‐PKcs and diseases for better targeting DNA‐PKcs, which have shown efficacy in cancer treatment in preclinical models. Here, we discuss the multifaceted roles of DNA‐PKcs in human diseases, meanwhile, we discuss the progresses of DNA‐PKcs inhibitors and their potential in clinical trials. The most updated review about DNA‐PKcs will hopefully provide insights and ideas to understand DNA‐PKcs associated diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lungs are the largest surface of the body and the most important organ in the respiratory system, which are constantly exposed to the external environment. Tissue Resident Macrophages in lung constitutes the important defense against external pathogens. Macrophages connects the innate and adaptive immune system, and also plays important roles in carcinogenesis and cancer immunotherapy. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer‐related death worldwide, with an overall five‐year survival rate of only 21%. Macrophages that infiltrate or aggregate in lung tumor microenvironment are defined as tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs are the main components of immune cells in the lung tumor microenvironment. The differentiation and maturation process of TAMs can be roughly divided into two different types: classical activation pathway produces M1 tumor‐associated macrophages, and bypass activation pathway produces M2 tumor‐associated macrophages. Studies have found that TAMs are related to tumor invasion, metastasis, and treatment resistance, and show potential as a new target for tumor immunotherapy. Therefore, the biological function of macrophages in lung and the role of TAMs in the occurrence, development, and treatment of lung cancer are discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A seepage field, influenced by rainfall and reservoir water level fluctuation, is closely associated with the stability of the reservoir landslide. Understanding the phreatic line variation inside the landslide is of significant importance for the analysis and evaluation of slope stability. Currently, most of the boundaries of phreatic line analytical models and the hydrological conditions are simplified, resulting in discrepancies between the outcomes derived from these models and the actual situation. Given this, the newly proposed analytical model is refined by addressing the following two issues. Firstly, the consideration of variable-speed reservoir level fluctuations is incorporated, and secondly, the reservoir bank within the water-level fluctuation zone is treated as non-vertical. Under the combined effect of reservoir water level fluctuation and rainfall, the Boussinesq Differential Equation of unsteady seepage is established and applied to the Majiagou landslide in Three Gorges reservoir area. The results of the analytical solution are basically consistent with the measured groundwater level results, which has demonstrated the accuracy of the proposed model. Consequently, the proposed model can quickly and accurately calculate the groundwater level of landslides, which provides an effective means for the prediction and early warning of reservoir landslides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CD8+ T cells are the executor in adaptive immune response, especially in anti-tumor immunity. They are the subset immune cells that are of high plasticity and multifunction. Their development, differentiation, activation and metabolism are delicately regulated by multiple factors. Stimuli from the internal and external environment could remodel CD8+ T cells, and correspondingly they will also make adjustments to the microenvironmental changes. Here we describe the most updated progresses in CD8+ T biology from transcriptional regulation to metabolism mechanisms, and also their interactions with the microenvironment, especially in cancer and immunotherapy. The expanding landscape of CD8+ T cell biology and discovery of potential targets to regulate CD8+ T cells will provide new viewpoints for clinical immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a wide-incidence-angle insensitive reflective metasurface multi-polarization converter, using split-ring-resonators and cross oscillators structure. The simulated results indicate that the polarization conversion ratio for linear to linear (LTL) polarization conversion is greater than 90% in three frequency bands of 5.03–5.19 GHz (3.13%), 6.38–6.82 GHz (6.67%) and 7.38–7.44 GHz (0.81%). Meanwhile, the axial ratio for linear to circular (LTC) polarization conversion is less than 3 dB in four frequency bands of 4.79–5 GHz (4.29%), 5.24–6.27 GHz (17.90%), 6.94–7.35 GHz (5.74%) and 7.45–7.48 GHz (0.40%). LTL or LTC polarization conversion will not be affected when the incidence angle is tilted by 45° under both transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes. To verify the polarization conversion performance, a sample consisting of 18 × 18 unit cells is fabricated and measured. The measured results are found to be in reasonable agreement with the simulated results, demonstrating the potential application of this design for future microwave polarization state manipulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the superposition of extreme climate, earthquakes, engineering disturbance and other effects, global landslide disasters occur frequently. Due to reservoir landslides being mostly in a multi-field coupling environment, the temperature field will impact the deformation and seepage fields, thereby affecting the stability of the reservoir landslide. The variation in the landslide's surface temperature also directly affects the stress and deformation of deep rock masses. If hidden dangers are not detected in time, and corresponding measures are implemented, it is easy to cause landslide instability. In order to clarify the temperature measurement performance of different optic-electric sensors and the application characteristics of layout techniques, laboratory calibration tests of temperature sensors under different adhesives and attachment materials are carried out in this paper. It was found that the test data of the iron bar had the best effect among the four attachment materials overall. Therefore, the bar with a high-stiffness material should be preferred when selecting a pipe fitting as the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) temperature attachment in the borehole. However, considering the high requirements for the durability of sensors and layout techniques in on-site monitoring, the long-term stability of the adhesives used in actual monitoring needs to be improved. At the same time, it was found that the platinum 100 (PT100) temperature sensor has relatively higher testing accuracy (A: 0.15 + 0.002 × |t|; B: 0.30 + 0.005 × |t|), a larger temperature measurement range (−200~+850 °C) and better temperature measurement stability when compared to conventional sensors. Moreover, its resistance value has a good linear relationship with temperature. Finally, the Xinpu landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir area was selected as the research object for on-site monitoring. There was a high correlation between the on-site monitoring results with the laboratory calibration test results. Therefore, through the performance test of optic-electric sensors in reservoir landslide temperature fields, more accurate solutions can be provided for selecting sensors and designing layout techniques to monitor the underground temperature field of landslides under different geological conditions. Thereby, grasping the real-time state information of the reservoir landslide temperature field is achieved accurately, providing an important reference for early warning, prediction, prevention and the control of reservoir landslide disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring the stress and deformation state of offshore steel pipe piles is very necessary for complex ocean environments. However, challenges still remain in remotely capturing detailed data on offshore projects. Herein, an ultraweak fiber Bragg gratings- (UWFBGs-) based wireless sensor network was established to obtain the high-precision strain along the piles. The No. 3 offshore wind power safety monitoring project in South Shandong Peninsula, China, used such a fiber-optic monitoring system. From January 1 to June 1, 2022, strain profiles of three offshore steel pipe piles were measured in seconds with a 1 m spatial resolution and a 1 με strain resolution, which clearly show sea level and mud-water interfaces. To assess the pile's operational condition, the displacement and rotational angle of the mud surface are further calculated. It is discovered that the horizontal deformation at sea has a positive correlation with the wind, waves, and current, meanwhile decreasing with depth. The UWFBG-wireless sensor network can realize dynamic monitoring and early warning, which is promising for the life cycle monitoring of offshore wind turbine steel pipe piles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective and safe liver‐directed gene therapy has great promise in treating a broad range of liver diseases. While adenoviral (Ad) vectors have been widely used for efficacious in vivo gene delivery, their translational utilities are severely limited due to the short duration of transgene expression and solicitation of host immune response. Used as a promising polymeric vehicle for drug release and nucleic acid delivery, carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) is biocompatible, biodegradable, anti‐microbial, inexpensive, and easy accessible. Here, by exploiting its biocompatibility, controlled release capability and anti‐inflammatory activity, we investigated whether CMC can overcome the shortcomings of Ad‐mediated gene delivery, hence improving the prospect of Ad applications in gene therapy. We demonstrated that in the presence of optimal concentrations of CMC, Ad‐mediated transgene expression lasted up to 50 days after subcutaneous injection, and at least 7 days after intrahepatic injection. Histologic evaluation and immunohistochemical analysis revealed that CMC effectively alleviated Ad‐induced host immune response. In our proof‐of‐principle experiment using the CCl4‐induced experimental mouse model of chronic liver damage, we demonstrated that repeated intrahepatic administrations of Ad‐IL10 mixed with CMC effectively mitigated the development of hepatic fibrosis. Collectively, these results indicate that CMC can improve the prospect of Ad‐mediated gene therapy by diminishing the host immune response while allowing readministration and sustained transgene expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of SDN, packet classifiers nowadays need to be provided with low update latency besides fast lookup performance because switches need to respond to update control messages from controllers in time to guarantee real-time service in SDN implementations. Classification in this scenario is called online packet classification. In this paper, we put forward an improved trie-based algorithm for online packet classification (ITOC), in which we provide a trie selection strategy to avoid occasional high update latency in the update process of online trie-based algorithms. Experiments are conducted to validate the effectiveness of our optimization and compare the performance of ITOC with the offline methods, DPDK ACL. Experimental results demonstrate that ITOC has the same level of lookup speed with DPDK ACL and greatly decreased the update latency as well. The update latency of ITOC is only 6.85% of DPDK ACL library in the best case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper adopts the fractional cointegrated vector autoregressive (FCVAR) model to examine high‐frequency price discovery of bitcoin spot and futures prices from December 18, 2017 to July 31, 2020. We find that bitcoin spot and futures prices exhibit long memory properties and they are fractionally cointegrated. The result shows that the bitcoin futures market dominates the price discovery process. Interestingly, during the Covid‐19 pandemic, the bitcoin price discovery leadership has switched to the spot market. Moreover, we find that the bitcoin futures market follows a long‐run contango. The nonfractional CVAR model overestimates the price discovery of the futures market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The water distribution systems in utility tunnel are considered as the lifeline projects. The leakage monitoring of water supply and drainage pipelines is closely related to the overall operation and safety of the utility tunnel. However, conventional pipeline leakage monitoring methods are difficult to realize the monitoring of ordinary temperature liquid and small leakage. Moreover, they also have problems with noise interference, high false alarm rate, and high cost. In order to overcome the shortcomings of the conventional methods, the evaporation‐enhanced Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) temperature sensing (EETS‐FBG) method was proposed as a new type of leakage monitoring solution according to the principle of the psychrometer. This method utilizes the evaporative cooling characteristics of water‐absorbing porous materials and the FBG temperature sensors to realize leakage monitoring. On the basis of experiments, the feasibility of this method is explored, and the effects of wind speed, liquid temperature, and leakage volume on monitoring results are analyzed. The experimental results show that the EETS‐FBG method can monitor the temperature difference of 0.97–8.55°C in the humidity of 51.0–90.8%RH, and the measured values are in good agreement with the theoretical values, which shows that the method has good feasibility. In addition, the measured temperature difference increases with the ambient wind speed, while the leakage volume and water temperature have no obvious effect on the temperature difference, which shows that the method has good reliability and universal applicability. This method has outstanding advantages for normal temperature liquid and small leakage monitoring and is worthy of application and promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been reported that chemokine CX3CL1 can regulate various tumours by binding to its unique receptor CX3CR1. However, the effect of CX3CL1‐CX3CR1 on the lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma is still unclear. Here, we showed that CX3CL1 can further invasion and migration of lung adenocarcinoma A549 and lung squamous cell carcinoma H520. In addition, Western blot and immunofluorescence test indicated CX3CL1 up‐regulated the phosphorylation level of cortactin, which is a marker of cell pseudopodium. Meanwhile, the phosphorylation levels of c‐Src and c‐Abl, which are closely related to the regulation of cortactin phosphorylation, are elevated. Nevertheless, the src/abl inhibitor bosutinib and mutations of cortactin phosphorylation site could inhibit the promotion effect of CX3CL1 on invasion and migration of A549 and H520. Moreover, these results of MTT, Hoechst staining and Western blot suggested that CX3CL1 had no effect on the proliferation and apoptosis of A549 and H520 in vitro. The effects of CX3CL1 were also verified by the subcutaneous tumour formation in nude mice, which showed that it could promote proliferation and invasion of A549 in vivo. In summary, our results indicated that CX3CL1 furthered invasion and migration in lung cancer cells partly via activating cortactin, and CX3CL1 may be a potential molecule in regulating the migration and invasion of lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver plays an essential role in regulating lipid metabolism, and chronically disturbed hepatic metabolism may cause obesity and metabolic syndrome, which may lead to non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Increasing evidence indicates long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in energy metabolism. Here, we investigated the role of lncRNA H19 in hepatic lipid metabolism and its potential association with NAFLD. We found that H19 was up‐regulated in oleic acid‐induced steatosis and during the development of high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced NAFLD. Exogenous overexpression of H19 in hepatocytes induced lipid accumulation and up‐regulated the expression of numerous genes involved in lipid synthesis, storage and breakdown, while silencing endogenous H19 led to a decreased lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Mechanistically, H19 was shown to promote hepatic steatosis by up‐regulating lipogenic transcription factor MLXIPL. Silencing Mlxipl diminished H19‐induced lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Furthermore, H19‐induced lipid accumulation was effectively inhibited by PI3K/mTOR inhibitor PF‐04691502. Accordingly, H19 overexpression in hepatocytes up‐regulated most components of the mTORC1 signalling axis, which were inhibited by silencing endogenous H19. In vivo hepatocyte implantation studies further confirm that H19 promoted hepatic steatosis by up‐regulating both mTORC1 signalling axis and MLXIPL transcriptional network. Collectively, these findings strongly suggest that H19 may play an important role in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for NAFLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce a method based on Gaussian mixture model (GMM) clustering and level-set to automatically detect intraretina fluid on diabetic retinopathy (DR) from spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images in this paper. First, each B-scan is segmented using GMM clustering. The original clustering results are refined using location and thickness information. Then, the spatial information among every consecutive five B-scans is used to search potential fluid. Finally, the improved level-set method is used to obtain the accurate boundaries. The high sensitivity and accuracy demonstrated here show its potential for detection of fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Software Defined Network (SDN) currently is widely used in the implementation of new network technologies owing to its distinctive advantages. In changeable SDN environments, the update performance of SDN switches has significant importance for the overall network performance because packet processing could be interrupted by ruleset updating in SDN switches. In order to guarantee high update performance, we propose a new classification algorithm, SplitTrie, based on trie structures and trie splitting. SplitTrie splits rulesets according to the field type vectors of rules. The splitting can improve the update performance because it reduces the trie structure sizes. Experimental results demonstrated that SplitTrie could achieve 20 times of update speed in the complex rulesets comparing the method without trie splitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pedigrees of three sequenced rice cultivars were analyzed to show that a majority of the genetic composition of 'Nipponbare' originates from japonica cultivars while the minority originates from indica cultivars. In contrast, '93-11' is derived mainly from indica cultivars with a smaller contribution from japonica cultivars. All ancestors of 'Guang lu ai 4' appeared to be indica lines. A set of molecular markers (46 InDels and 53 SSRs) polymorphic between 'Nipponbare' and '93-11' were examined in 46 typical indica and 47 typical japonica cultivars selected from 443 accessions according to Cheng's index. All cultivars were divided into indica and japonica groups without overlapping when clustered by Cheng's index, InDels and SSRs. Much higher InDel and SSR diversity between groups than within groups implies that the marker polymorphisms between 'Nipponbare' and '93-11' represent a large proportion of inter-subspecific diversity. About 85% of indica cultivars and more than 90% of japonica cultivars were confirmed to have the same PCR banding patterns as '93-11' and 'Nipponbare', respectively. Some polymorphic loci between 'Nipponbare' and '93-11' cannot be validated in other indica and japonica cultivars, either as subspecies-specific but not predominant alleles, or alleles not specific between the two groups. It was concluded that molecular markers developed from sequence polymorphism between 'Nipponbare' and '93-11' often represent inter-subspecific diversity, although some exceptions were sensitive to either particular marker loci or particular cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Optical frequency domain reflectometry is used in concrete crack detection. • Surface and embedded fibers work as a smart sensitive grid within the structure. • Strain distributions help to recognize hairline cracks and neighboring cracks. • Crack widening and propagation process are quantitative monitored. Concrete structures are easy to produce cracks which seriously affect the safety of the structures. Rayleigh based distributed optical fiber sensing technique has been used to measure the strain field evolution associated with crack initiation and growth in concrete structures. A reinforced concrete beam has been tested under four-point loading test with optical fibers both pasted on the surface and embedded as the distributed sensors. Experimental results indicate that cracks can be detected at sharp peaks of the measured strain distributions, which can be utilized to effectively capture the number of cracks and locate multiple cracks. The abilities of using optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) technology to detect hairline cracks and distinguish neighboring cracks are also discussed. Single crack opening displacement is determined through fitting process which taken the influence of intermediate layers into consideration, the widening and propagation of cracks in the overall concrete beam were detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The coupling effect between DSS cable and surrounding soil is clarified. • The evolution process of the model slope under complex condition is recognized. • An empirical relationship is established to estimate the stability condition of such slope. In recent years, the construction of urban highway through slope excavation becomes more and more widespread. However, the surcharge loading induced by dense buildings is often neglected. For a better understanding of the deformation characteristics and associated failure mechanism of such slopes, a series of model tests have been carried out using distributed strain sensing (DSS) technology. The coupling between DSS cables and surrounding soil is the most critical factor affecting the validity of slope deformation measurements. Therefore, a cable pull-out test is conducted to investigate the coupling effect. It is founded that 200 KPa is the critical confining pressure (CP). Once the CP exceeds this value, the synchronous deformation of DSS cable and soil can be guaranteed, which can be regarded as criterion to guide laboratory test and in-situ monitoring. After the deformation compatibility is ensured, a surcharge loading model test is designed and DSS cables are horizontally and vertically installed. The strain variation exhibited on the DSS cables reveal that the crest and toe areas of the slope show a thrust load-induced and retrogressive failure patterns respectively. It indicates that a shadow sliding surface can occur during slope excavation, which is rarely witnessed in previous studies. The safety factor can be calculated by the slice method. It is founded that the horizontal maximum strain can reflect the stability of the model slope and an exponential function has been established. The results are likely to provide a good indication of the stability of such slopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]