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Objectives: The study aimed to develop a deep learning-based edge AI model deployed on electrocardiograph (ECG) devices for the real-time detection of atrial fibrillation (AF) risk during sinus rhythm (SR) using standard 10 s, 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs). Methods: A novel approach was used to convert standard 12-lead ECGs into binary images for model input, and a lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN)-based model was trained using data collected by the Japan Agency for Medical and Research Development (AMED) between 2019 and 2022. Patients over 40 years old with digital, SR ECGs were retrospectively enrolled and divided into AF and non-AF groups. The data labeling was supervised by cardiologists. The dataset was randomly allocated into training, validation, and internal testing datasets. External testing was conducted on data collected from other hospitals. Results: The best-trained model achieved an AUC of 0.82 and 0.80, sensitivity of 79.5% and 72.3%, specificity of 77.8% and 77.7%, precision of 78.2% and 76.4%, and overall accuracy of 78.6% and 75.0% in the internal and external testing datasets, respectively. The deployed model and app package utilized 2.5 MB and 40 MB of the available ROM and RAM capacity on the edge ECG device, correspondingly. The processing time for AF risk detection was approximately 2 s. Conclusions: The model maintains comparable performance and improves its suitability for deployment on resource-constrained ECG devices, thereby expanding its potential impact to a wide range of healthcare settings. Its successful deployment enables real-time AF risk detection during SR, allowing for timely intervention to prevent AF-related serious consequences like stroke and premature death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dendrolimus houi Lajonquière is one of the most prevalent pine caterpillars in southern China, causing overwhelming forest infestation. It can overcome the negative impact of host shift from the original host, Cryptomeria fortune, to other tree species to complete its life cycle. In this work, D. houi larvae (1st to 3rd instar), originally feeding on C. fortunei needles, were used to determine the changes in the growth and development after they moved to needles of Cupressus funebris and Pinus yunnanensis during their 4th to 5th instar. Metabonomics and transcriptomics were conducted to evaluate the effects of the host shift on metabolite accumulation and gene expression of D. houi larvae. The results showed that the host shift significantly inhibited the pest growth and development by extending developmental duration and minifying the body length, body weight and head shell width. Besides, we found that the host shift influenced steroid hormone biosynthesis in D. houi larvae, which might lead to their abnormal development. The results may help to understand the response of D. houi larvae to host shift, and their adaptation mechanism to different hosts during multiple life cycles, providing a new plantation mode for mixed forests to suppress D. houi as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Choristoneura metasequoiacola Liu, 1983 is an important caterpillar species that specifically infests the leaves and branches of Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu & W. C. Cheng 1948 with short larval infestations, long-term dormancy, and has a limited distribution in Lichuan, Hubei, China. The complete mitochondria genome of C. metasequoiacola was determined by using Illumina NovaSeq, and analyzed based on previously annotated sibling species. In total, we obtained mitochondria genome with 15,128 bp in length, circular in shape with a double-stranded closed ring structure, including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and an AT-rich region. Of which the nucleotide composition was highly A + T biased, accounting for 81.98% of the whole mitogenome. Thirteen protein-coding genes (PCGs) were 11,142 bp; Twenty-two tRNA genes and AT-rich region were 1,472 and 199 bp, respectively. Phylogenetically, the relationship between Choristoneura spp. (containing C. metasequoiacola) and Adoxophyes spp. was closer than any other two genera from Tortricidae, and the relationship between C. metasequoiacola and C.murinana was the closest among nine sibling species from that genus, which helps to explain species evolution within the family Tortricidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robot Learning from humans is a promising paradigm for directly transferring human skills to robots. This learning allows robots to encapsulate task constraints and motion patterns from human demonstrations as well as acquire skills that can be adapted to unseen scenarios. Even though many state-of-the-art skill-learning successes have been achieved, simultaneously addressing variability from a complex and long-horizon manipulation task and generalizing it to external uncertainty remains a challenge. This efficient skill learning has to allow for handling large-scale, high-dimensional demonstrations, adapting to environmental changes (starting, via and end points and obstacles), generalizing to task constraints (trajectory precision, stiffness), and measuring uncertainty in the reproduction. To this effect, we present a novel robot skill-learning framework called SVGP-CoGP that will implement all the aforementioned properties by encoding task variability from multiple demonstrations using Sparse Variational Gaussian Processes (SVGP) and adapting to additional constraints via a coregionalized multi-output GP (CoGP) based on SVGP. The proposed method can significantly reduce the computational complexity of model fitting by making use of the variational inference of GP models, which makes it possible for robots to learn skills from complex and long-horizon tasks. We evaluated and compared the effectiveness and strengths of our framework with existing probabilistic methods on a Kinova robot that performed emergency button-pressing tasks. The results indicated that our framework allowed the robot to learn skills from complex and long-horizon manipulation tasks that outperformed baselines both in quantitative evaluation and in an online test. Note to Practitioners–The objective of this work is to address the problem of robot-learning from complex and long-horizon manipulation tasks to allow end-users to teach robots new tasks by having them learn from human demonstrations instead of being programmed. We start with a brief historical overview of widely used methods and summarize five prominent capabilities that a skill-learning approach should have: variability, uncertainty, correlation, extrapolation, and adaptability. We then propose an entirely GP-based skill-learning framework by simultaneously addressing all those capabilities by using a sparse variational Gaussian process (SVGP) in conjunction with a coregionalized multioutput GP model. The proposed framework incorporated variational inference and kernel treatments such that the robot learned skills from large-scale demonstrations and high-dimensional trajectories. Finally, experimental evaluation and performance comparisons were performed in a real robot button-pressing task, the results of which indicated that our proposed method enables robots to achieve complex and long-horizon manipulation tasks in dynamic and unstructured environments. With the rapid development of collaborative robots in service and industry, our findings have application scenarios as diverse as robot learning from demonstration, robot skill learning, human–robot collaboration, and other complex and long-horizon manipulation tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grain size is a key agronomic trait that determines the yield in plants. Regulation of grain size by brassinosteroids (BRs) in rice has been widely reported. However, the relationship between the BR signaling pathway and grain size still requires further study. Here, we isolated a rice mutant, named small grain2 (sg2), which displayed smaller grain and a semi‐dwarf phenotype. The decreased grain size was caused by repressed cell expansion in spikelet hulls of the sg2 mutant. Using map‐based cloning combined with a MutMap approach, we cloned SG2, which encodes a plant‐specific protein with a ribonuclease H‐like domain. SG2 is a positive regulator downstream of GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE2 (GSK2) in response to BR signaling, and its mutation causes insensitivity to exogenous BR treatment. Genetical and biochemical analysis showed that GSK2 interacts with and phosphorylates SG2. We further found that BRs enhance the accumulation of SG2 in the nucleus, and subcellular distribution of SG2 is regulated by GSK2 kinase activity. In addition, Oryza sativa OVATE family protein 19 (OsOFP19), a negative regulator of grain shape, interacts with SG2 and plays an antagonistic role with SG2 in controlling gene expression and grain size. Our results indicated that SG2 is a new component of GSK2‐related BR signaling response and regulates grain size by interacting with OsOFP19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motion planning is a core issuein the field of robotic control, which directly affects the programming efficiency of robots. In this article, we study the motion planning problem of manipulators for simultaneous obstacle avoidance and target tracking, and propose a novel real-time planning method in a complex workspace. One important feature of the proposed method is that the robot can avoid colliding with obstacles by easily defining “virtual fences,” which are described by a group of level set functions. Thus, the feasible space can be abstracted as inequality constraints. Taking the predefined task, physical constraints, and feasible space constraints into consideration, the motion planning problem is formulated into a quadratic programming (QP) one, in which the redundant degrees of freedom are used to optimize the velocities of the robot. Then, the control command is obtained by an established recurrent neural network, which is capable of solving the QP problem in an online manner. Theoretical conduction and verification in several typical workspaces demonstrate the efficacy of the established method, such as the abilityto remove physical fences, quick rearrangement, and performance optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1,815,783-bp genome of a serotype M49 strain of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus [GAS]), strain NZ131, has been determined. This GAS strain (FCT type 3; emm pattern E), originally isolated from a case of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, is unusually competent for electrotransformation and has been used extensively as a model organism for both basic genetic and pathogenesis investigations. As with the previously sequenced S. pyogenes genomes, three unique prophages are a major source of genetic diversity. Two clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) regions were present in the genome, providing genetic information on previous prophage encounters. A unique cluster of genes was found in the pathogenicity island-like emm region that included a novel Nudix hydrolase, and, further, this cluster appears to be specific for serotype M49 and M82 strains. Nudix hydrolases eliminate potentially hazardous materials or prevent the unbalanced accumulation of normal metabolites; in bacteria, these enzymes may play a role in host cell invasion. Since M49 S. pyogenes strains have been known to be associated with skin infections, the Nudix hydrolase and its associated genes may have a role in facilitating survival in an environment that is more variable and unpredictable than the uniform warmth and moisture of the throat. The genome of NZ131 continues to shed light upon the evolutionary history of this human pathogen. Apparent horizontal transfer of genetic material has led to the existence of highly variable virulence-associated regions that are marked by multiple rearrangements and genetic diversification while other regions, even those associated with virulence, vary little between genomes. The genome regions that encode surface gene products that will interact with host targets or aid in immune avoidance are the ones that display the most sequence diversity. Thus, while natural selection favors stability in much of the genome, it favors diversity in these regions.

Abstract Background Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often experience depression and anxiety, but little information is available regarding Chinese patients with these conditions. The present study assessed depression and anxiety in Chinese patients with COPD. Methods A case–controlled study was designed with 1100 patients with COPD enrolled in the case group and1100 residents without COPD and respiratory symptoms selected as the control group. Anxiety and depression in both groups were evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The body mass index,degree of airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity (BODE ) index was used to assess COPD severity. Binary logistic regression models were used to test the association between anxiety and depression. Results The patients with COPD were more likely than controls to experience depression (cases, HADS 10.5 ± 3.6, prevalence 35.7%; controls, HADS 8.7 ± 2.7, prevalence 7.2%) and anxiety (cases, HADS 10.4 ± 3.1, prevalence 18.3%; controls, HADS 8.6 ± 2.1, prevalence 5.3%). Subjects with anxious and depressive symptoms had poorer health outcomes including a higher BODE index, a shorter 6-minute-walk distance (6MWD), more dyspnea, and a higher St George’s respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ) score. The prevalence of anxious and depressive symptoms increased with increasing BODE scores. On the basis of binary logistic regression, the BODE index was significantly correlated with anxiety (OR = 1.47, p < 0.001) and depression (OR = 1.51, p < 0.001). Anxious and depressive symptoms were also associated with several factors including younger age, female sex, higher education level, lower household income and history of smoking. Conclusions This study confirmed the high prevalence of anxiety and depression in Chinese outpatients with COPD. Patients with COPD who had anxiety and/or depression had a poorer health-related quality of life. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trials Registration(ChiCTR-TRC-12001958)

Abstract Background The incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in China is very high. This study aimed to assess the vulnerability of COPD patients in rural areas outside Xuzhou City, Jiangsu province, in order to provide helpful guidance for future research and public policies. Methods The vulnerability of 8,217 COPD patients was evaluated using a face-to-face questionnaire to obtain information on general characteristics, awareness, beliefs, medication usage, acute exacerbation of the disease, and economic burdens. Direct economic burdens were calculated based on the questionnaire, and indirect economic burdens were estimated using local per capita income and life expectancy in 2008. The years of potential life lost were calculated using loss of life years for each age group and multiplying by the number of deaths in a given age group. Results Of the 8,217 patients, 7,921 (96.4%) had not heard of COPD, and 2,638 (32.1%) did not understand that smoking was a risk factor for COPD. No patients had used inhalers, nebulizer drugs or oxygen therapy, either regularly or sporadically. No patients had undergone pulmonary rehabilitation or surgical treatment, while 4,215 (51.3%) took theophylline to relieve dyspnea, and 3,418 (41.6%) used antibiotics to treat exacerbations. A total of 2,925 (35.6%) patients had been admitted to hospital during the past year because of respiratory symptoms. The average direct and indirect economic burdens on COPD patients were 1,090 and 20,605 yuan, respectively. Conclusions The vulnerability of patients in rural Xuzhou to COPD was high. Their awareness of COPD was poor, their treatment during both the stable and acute exacerbation stages did not meet standards, and the economic burdens were large. Interventions are therefore needed to improve the prevention and management of COPD in this population. Further studies are required to verify these findings.

Precise control of the size and distribution of noble metal nanoparticles exerts obvious effects on the performance of heterogeneous catalysts and has received tremendous interest. The photochemical deposition method has advantages in adjusting chemical states, morphology, etc., but the tuning of size and distribution remains a big challenge. In this work, via modulating the surface states and surface charges of the TiO2 support, the size and distribution of noble metals including Ag, Pt, Au and Pd were precisely controlled. We demonstrated that photoelectrons located in the conduction band tend to form larger noble metal nanoparticles, while surface state confined electrons could form smaller nanoparticles. The thus-prepared noble metals/TiO2 catalysts exhibit good potential in both photocatalytic H2 evolution and catalytic oxidation of HCHO. This work not only provides a green and effective method to control the particle size of noble metals on metal oxides, but also is helpful in understanding the role of surface states in photocatalytic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperoxia may cause pulmonary fibrosis in neonates and is characterized by the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of alveolar epithelial cells. The placental growth factor (PLGF) gene is a member of the vascular endothelial growth factor family and is highly expressed in lung tissues that have been exposed to hyperoxia. The aim of the present study was to assess the role of PLGF in the EMT of lung tissue. Lung tissue exhibiting low PLGF expression was obtained by injecting rats exposed to hyperoxia with a PLGF-silencing lentiviral plasmid. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry revealed that expression levels of the EMT-related protein epithelial-cadherin were increased, whereas its inhibitor protein zinc-finger E-box binding homeobox 2 was decreased in these rats. These data demonstrated that PLGF silencing may significantly mitigate hyperoxia-induced EMT in rat lung tissue. Additionally, an increase in phosphorylated-p38 MAPK protein expression indicated that PLGF may be able to regulate hyperoxia-induced lung injury in rats via the p38 MAPK pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robot introspection is expected to greatly aid longer-term autonomy of autonomous manipulation systems. By equipping robots with abilities that allow them to assess the quality of their sensory data, robots can detect and classify anomalies and recover appropriately from common anomalies. This work builds on our previous Sense-Plan-Act-Introspect-Recover (SPAIR) system. We introduce an improved anomaly detector that exploits latent states to monitor anomaly occurrence when robots collaborate with humans in shared workspaces, but also present a multiclass classifier that is activated with anomaly detection. Both implementations are derived from Bayesian non-parametric methods with strong modeling capabilities for learning and inference of multivariate time series with complex and uncertain behavior patterns. In particular, we explore the use of a hierarchical Dirichlet stochastic process prior to learning a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) with a switching vector auto-regressive observation model (sHDP-VAR-HMM). The detector uses a dynamic log-likelihood threshold that varies by latent state for anomaly detection and the anomaly classifier is implemented by calculating the cumulative log-likelihood of testing observation based on trained models. The purpose of our work is to equip the robot with anomaly detection and anomaly classification for the full set of skills associated with a given manipulation task. We consider a human–robot cooperation task to verify our work and measure the robustness and accuracy of each skill. Our improved detector succeeded in detecting 136 common anomalies and 368 nominal executions with a total accuracy of 91.0%. An overall anomaly classification accuracy of 97.1% is derived by performing the anomaly classification on an anomaly dataset that consists of 7 kinds of detected anomalies from a total of 136 anomalies samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition ( EMT) occurs frequently in lung epithelium in response to damage stimuli, such as inflammation and oxidative stress. Our group has already found an excessive release of placental growth factor ( PLGF) in hyperoxic lung injury in newborn rodents. Nonetheless, whether this increased PLGF plays a role in mediating EMT process of alveolar epithelial cells ( AECs) is unclear and requires further investigation. In this study, primary type II AECs were first isolated for neonatal Sprague Dawley ( SD) rats and treated with different doses (25 or 100 ng/ml) of recombinant PLGF for 48 hr. As compared to the untreated AECs, exogenous PLGF induced a reduction in E-cadherin (a critical epithelial maker) and increases in vimentin and fibronectin (mesenchymal markers) in a dose-dependent manner. The higher dose was more potent in promoting the EMT-like changes in AECs. We also found that PLGF promoted the degradation of nuclear factor κB ( NFκB) inhibitor (IκBα), induced phosphorylation of NFκB p65 at Ser 536 and enhanced p65 nuclear translocation in primary AECs. In addition, the NFκB inhibitor BAY 11-7082 partly counteracted PLGF-induced alterations in EMT-related proteins in rat AECs. In summary, our study demonstrates that exogenous PLGF can induce EMT-like changes in type II AECs at least partly by activating NFκB signalling transduction in vitro. PLGF may play a role in driving fibrotic lesions and thus can be a promising target for lung diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life-saving mechanical ventilation can also cause lung injury through the overproduction of reactive oxygen species ( ROS), leading to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)-like symptoms in preterm infants. It is reported that the autophagic protein microtubule-associated protein-1 light chain (LC)-3B can confer protection against hyperoxia-induced DNA damage in lung alveolar epithelium. However, its role in the transdifferentiation of type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECIIs) to type I cells (AECIs) is unclear and requires further investigation. In this study, newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 90% oxygen for up to 14 days to mimic BPD in human infants, with neonatal pups exposed to room air (21% oxygen) as controls. Primary rat AECIIs were cultured under hyperoxic conditions for up to 24 hours to further investigate the underlying mechanisms. This study found that hyperoxia promoted a significant and time-dependent increase of AECII marker surfactant protein (SP)-C in the lung. The increase of AECI marker T1α was repressed by hyperoxia during lung development. These results indicated an impaired AECII transdifferentiation. Pulmonary ROS concentration and expression of autophagic protein LC-3B were increased gradually in response to hyperoxia exposure. Furthermore, AECIIs produced more ROS when cultured under hyperoxic conditions in vitro. Both the LC3B expression and the conversion from LC3BI to LC3BII were enhanced in hyperoxic AECs. Interestingly, inhibition of LC3B either by ROS inhibitor N-acetyl- l-cysteine (NAC) or adenovirus-mediated LC3B shRNA could partly restore AECII transdifferentiation under hyperoxia condition. In summary, the current study reveals a novel role of activated LC3B induced by hyperoxia in AECII transdifferentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is a novel therapeutic tool to induce a suppression of tinnitus. However, the optimal target sites are unknown. We aimed to determine whether low-frequency rTMS induced lasting suppression of tinnitus by decreasing neural activity in the cortex, navigated by high-density electroencephalogram (EEG) source analysis, and the utility of EEG for targeting treatment. Methods: In this controlled three-armed trial, seven normal hearing patients with tonal tinnitus received a 10-day course of 1-Hz rTMS to the cortex, navigated by high-density EEG source analysis, to the left temporoparietal cortex region, and to the left temporoparietal with sham stimulation. The Tinnitus handicap inventory (THI) and a visual analog scale (VAS) were used to assess tinnitus severity and loudness. Measurements were taken before, and immediately, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks after the end of the interventions. Results: Low-frequency rTMS decreased tinnitus significantly after active, but not sham, treatment. Responders in the EEG source analysis-based rTMS group, 71.4% (5/7) patients, experienced a significant reduction in tinnitus loudness, as evidenced by VAS scores. The target site of neuronal generators most consistently associated with a positive response was the frontal lobe in the right hemisphere, sourced using high-density EEG equipment, in the tinnitus patients. After left temporoparietal rTMS stimulation, 42.8% (3/7) patients experienced a decrease in tinnitus loudness. Conclusions: Active EEG source analysis based rTMS resulted in significant suppression in tinnitus loudness, showing the superiority of neuronavigation-guided coil positioning in dealing with tinnitus. Non-auditory areas should be considered in the pathophysiology of tinnitus. This knowledge in turn can contribute to investigate the pathophysiology of tinnitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a coenzyme that plays crucial roles in many cellular processes, is a potential therapeutic target for various diseases. Dihydronicotinamide riboside (NRH), a novel reduced form of nicotinamide riboside, has emerged as a potent NAD+ precursor. Here, we studied the protective effects and underlying mechanism of NRH on aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity. Auditory function and hair-cell (HC) morphology were examined to assess the effects of NRH on kanamycin-induced hearing loss. The pharmacokinetic parameters of NRH were measured in plasma and the cochlea using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. NAD+ levels in organ explant cultures were assessed to compare NRH with known NAD+ precursors. Immunofluorescence analysis was performed to detect reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis. We analyzed SIRT1 and 14–3–3 protein expression. EX527 and resveratrol were used to investigate the role of SIRT1 in the protective effect of NRH against kanamycin-induced ototoxicity. NRH alleviated kanamycin-induced HC damage and attenuated hearing loss in mice. NRH reduced gentamicin-induced vestibular HC loss. Compared with NAD and NR, NRH produced more NAD+ in cochlear HCs and significantly ameliorated kanamycin-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. NRH rescued the aminoglycoside-induced decreases in SIRT1 and 14–3–3 protein expression. Moreover, EX527 antagonized the protective effect of NRH on kanamycin-induced HC loss by inhibition of SIRT1, while resveratrol alleviated HC damage caused by EX527. NRH ameliorates aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity by inhibiting HC apoptosis by activating SIRT1 and decreasing ROS. NRH is an effective therapeutic option for aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity. • NRH effectively protects against aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity. • NRH alleviates aminoglycoside-induced HC damage via SIRT1 activation. • NRH has superior ability to increase NAD+ in the cochlea than NR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Otosclerosis is caused by abnormal bone remodeling in the middle ear, resulting in progressive hearing loss, dizziness, balance problems, and tinnitus. Previous infection, stress fractures of the bony tissue surrounding the inner ear, immune disorders, and genetic factors are believed to contribute to this disease. Currently, no effective drug treatment for otosclerosis is known. Herein, we generated an induced pluripotent stem cell line from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of an otosclerosis patient. The cell line exhibited normal morphology, karyotype, and pluripotency marker expression. A teratoma assay revealed successful differentiation into all three germ layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Depressive and anxiety symptoms increase the risk of death in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), but the combined effects of the two factors are unknown. Purpose: To assess the possible interactive effects of depressive and anxiety symptoms on the death of patients with COPD. Methods: Prospective data for 7787 Chinese patients with COPD was analyzed and the deaths were recorded. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. A product of depressive and anxiety symptoms was added to the logistic regression model to evaluate the multiplicative interaction, and relative excess risk of interaction (RERI), attributable proportion (AP) of interaction, and synergy index (S) were applied to evaluate the additive interaction of the two factors. Bootstrap was used to calculate 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of RERI, AP and S. RERI > 0, AP > 0, or S > 1 indicated biological interaction. Results: After 4 years' follow-up, the cumulative mortality was 20.0%, and the percentages of deaths in patients with depressive and anxiety symptoms were 28.5% and 30.9%, respectively. When adjusting for variables such as age, sex, disease duration, marital status, income, education level, co-morbidity, smoke status, biomass smoke, 6MWD, MRC, BMI and FEV1. the RERI, AP, and S (with 95% CIs) resulted in depression and anxiety scores of 6.54 (1.23-13.79), 0.54 (0.18-0.83), and 2.64 (1.33-4.75) respectively. Conclusion: Interaction effects were found between depressive and anxiety symptoms on the death of patients with COPD. Patients with both depressive and anxiety symptoms have an increased risk of death from COPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Surface fluorinated TiO2 (F–TiO2) had the remarkable activity for PCO of NH3. [•] Surface fluorination formed the surface Ti–F group. [•] Surface fluorination increased the reactive (001) facets percentage to about 50%. [•] Both Ti–F group and reactive (001) facets led to the high activity of F–TiO2. [•] Surface Ti–F group plays the dominant role in enhancing the PCO of NH3 activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]