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Basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steelmaking is a widely used method for steelmaking production, and the bath stirring has a significant influence on dynamics of bath flow and mixing. Therefore, the effect of bottom gas flowrate, nozzle number and configuration, and bottom gas distribution mode on bath stirring are summarized in this study. Reasonable matching of bottom gas flowrate, nozzle number and configuration, as well as intensive study on the coupling effect of gas flowrate gradient and exchange frequency on non-uniform stirring would receive more and more attention in the coming years. With wide concern on the low-carbon and high-efficient production for BOF steelmaking, as a kind of recyclable iron-containing resource, the rapid melting and reasonable utilization of scrap in converter bath were emphasized in recent works, which could be promoted with high-efficient bottom stirring. The effect of bottom stirring on heat and mass transfer during scrap melting process was reviewed in this work, and the influence mechanism of bottom stirring on coupled heat and mass transfer should be further investigated. In addition, an overview of recently published physical and numerical simulation describing the bottom stirring and its effect on scrap melting would provide an outlook for future work.

Buildings, accounting for approximately 40% of global energy consumption, heavily rely on windows for maintaining indoor comfort. However, conventional windows are known for their inefficiency due to high optical transmittance and thermal conductivity. In recent decades, efforts have focused on enhancing sustainability through the development of low-emissivity coatings and smart windows. Despite advancements, the commercialization of a vanadium dioxide (VO2) nanostructure-based thermochromic film has been limited by stability issues. This study addresses the critical need for long-term stability and efficiency in VO2-based smart windows, showcasing a composite film that is highly resilient to heat, ultraviolet (UV) light, and humidity. The proposed films exhibit exceptional solar energy regulation capability (ΔTsol = 20.11%) alongside a visible light transmittance of 54.94%. Moreover, they exhibit strong stability even under conditions of high relative humidity (90%) and temperature (60 °C), maintaining consistent phase-transition performance over 40 daysequivalent to approximately 1777 days of real-world exposure. Impressively, even without encapsulation, the composite film retains 96.4% of its initial ΔTsol after continuous 60-day illumination. This research offers promising technical solutions for advancing the commercial viability of traditional VO2 smart windows, contributing significantly to global efforts toward carbon neutrality and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoactive black‐phase formamidinium lead triiodide (α‐FAPbI3) perovskite has dominated the prevailing high‐performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs), normally for those spin‐coated, conventional n‐i‐p structured devices. Unfortunately, α‐FAPbI3 has not been made full use of its advantages in inverted p‐i‐n structured PSCs fabricated via blade‐coating techniques owing to uncontrollable crystallization kinetics and complicated phase evolution of FAPbI3 perovskites during film formation. Herein, a customized crystal surface energy regulation strategy has been innovatively developed by incorporating 0.5 mol % of N‐aminoethylpiperazine hydroiodide (NAPI) additive into α‐FAPbI3 crystal‐derived perovskite ink, which enabled the formation of highly‐oriented α‐FAPbI3 films. We deciphered the phase transformation mechanisms and crystallization kinetics of blade‐coated α‐FAPbI3 perovskite films via combining a series of in‐situ characterizations and theoretical calculations. Interestingly, the strong chemical interactions between the NAPI and inorganic Pb−I framework help to reduce the surface energy of (100) crystal plane by 42 %, retard the crystallization rate and lower the formation energy of α‐FAPbI3. Benefited from multifaceted advantages of promoted charge extraction and suppressed non‐radiative recombination, the resultant blade‐coated inverted PSCs based on (100)‐oriented α‐FAPbI3 perovskite films realized promising efficiencies up to 24.16 % (~26.5 % higher than that of the randomly‐oriented counterparts), accompanied by improved operational stability. This result represented one of the best performances reported to date for FAPbI3‐based inverted PSCs fabricated via scalable deposition methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with one of the dire needs of wildlife conservation: effective decision-making frameworks. Growing global connectivity and economic development result in growing demand for certain wildlife products, causing enormous ecological damage and losses in biodiversity. This three-dimensional model includes evaluation based on power, resources, and interest for finding the best partners for conservation projects using the Critic-Topsis model combined with optimization algorithms. The model is then applied using a case study of the United States' terrestrial and inland water reserves. Data used in the study were sourced from 21 countries and organizations identifying key stakeholders like governments, specifically that of the US. The research showed that successful conservation would only be reached by cooperation between governments, NGOs, and other stakeholders that need to collaborate on the same platform. The findings show that strategic and data-driven approaches can make a huge difference in enhancing the impact of wildlife protection initiatives. Conclude that further research into and adaptation of these models must be continued to respond to the ever-changing challenges that surround wildlife conversation, sustainable development, and ecological balance. This forms a very strong foundation for future planning and implementation of the conservation plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Images are traditionally interpreted through a series of spatial pixels, as exemplified by digital imaging chips that rely on silicon-based CCD and CMOS sensor technologies. However, because of the intrinsic material limitations of silicon, extending the imaging capabilities of higher signal-to-noise ratios under weak-light conditions, or to encompass gamma- and X-rays, and terahertz spectral regions presents significant challenges. Recently conceptual single-pixel imaging (SPI) represents a novel paradigm in image interpretation, offering a viable alternative that bypasses the intricate manufacturing requirements of multi-pixel arrays and enables the use of advanced, non-silicon materials. Halide perovskite emerges as a notable alternative, acclaimed for its superior photonic detection capabilities across a broad spectrum beyond the visible and its promising performance level higher than that of the state-of-the-arts. We propose that the perovskite-based SPI has the potential for cost-effective and multi-spectral imaging solutions to the existing techniques. This paper delves into the transformative impact of perovskite-based SPI, with discussions of its fundamentals, detailed imaging manifestations in different spectral regions, and its promising role in revolutionizing photonic imaging towards bidirectional extension far beyond the visible spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important indicator for assessing regional water resources, the study of the spatiotemporal evolution and driving factors of water resources carrying capacity (WRCC) is essential for achieving sustainable water resource utilization. This study focuses on Yulin City, a typical arid region located on the Loess Plateau in northwestern China. By constructing an evaluation index system for regional WRCC and combining an improved fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model with the TOPSIS evaluation model, a comprehensive WRCC evaluation model is established. Additionally, Geodetector is used to explore the main driving factors behind the evolution of regional WRCC. This multidimensional analytical framework aims to deeply analyze the dynamic evolution trends of WRCC and the driving mechanisms of different factors in its spatiotemporal changes. The results indicate that (1) from 2011 to 2020, the overall WRCC of Yulin City showed a trend of positive improvement, with Shenmu, Yuyang, and Fugu areas performing the best, and by 2020, more than half of the counties had achieved Grade 3 or above; (2) the spatial variability of WRCC in Yulin City was more significant than its temporal changes; and (3) in terms of driving mechanisms, the northern six counties gradually shifted from traditional economic-driven factors to ecological and environmental drivers, whereas the southern six counties remained constrained by economic factors. Overall, water resource factors remain the primary driving force for the socio-economic development and environmental sustainability of the entire Yulin City. The study provides valuable information for water resource allocation and differentiated management in arid regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]