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Methane and ethanol were co-produced from different feedstock, including a mixture of dairy manure and soybean straw (DMS), a mixture of pig manure and soybean straw (PMS), and soybean straw alone (SS), after anaerobic digestion times of 30 and 60 days in mesophilic conditions. Digesting DMS for 60 days led to the highest methane yield of 115.3 g/kg dry raw feed; however, the lowest ethanol yield of 88 g/kg dry raw feed was observed. After 30 days, SS yielded the lowest methane levels (45.2 g/kg dry raw feed) but the highest ethanol levels (113.5 g/kg dry raw feed). Analysis of the net energy balance showed that the highest net energy balance, 6549 kJ/kg of dry raw feedstock, was achieved from the digestion of DMS for 60 days. Overall, both the type of feedstock and length of digestion time played important roles in the integrated processing of methane and ethanol from livestock manure and straw.

A series of manganese(II) coordination polymers containing the bridging ligand pyrimidine-4,6-dicarboxylate (pmdc) are prepared. The results have shown that these compounds have behaved as antiferromagnetics as a consequence of efficient magnetic exchange through the pmdc bridges.

The synthesis, structure and magnetic properties of a giant heterometallic [Cu.sup.I.sub.4][Cu.sup.II.sub.13][Mn.sup.II.sub.4][Mn.sup.IV.sub.12] cluster are presented. An approach is brought about to generate this cluster which contains an unprecedented adamantine-like [Mn.sub.28] core connected wholly by [Mn.sub.4][O.sub.4] cubane units and exhibits unusual magnetic properties.

Background: High tolerance to ethanol is a desirable characteristics for ethanologenic strains used in industrial ethanol fermentation. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying ethanologenic strains tolerance of ethanol stress may guide the design of rational strategies to increase process performance in industrial alcoholic production. Many extensive studies have been performed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli. However, the physiological basis and genetic mechanisms involved in ethanol tolerance for Zymomonas mobilis are poorly understood on genomic level. To identify the genes required for tolerance to ethanol, microarray technology was used to investigate the transcriptome profiling of the ethanologenic Z. mobilis in response to ethanol stress. Results: We successfully identified 127 genes which were differentially expressed in response to ethanol. Ethanol up- or down-regulated genes related to cell wall/membrane biogenesis, metabolism, and transcription. These genes were classified as being involved in a wide range of cellular processes including carbohydrate metabolism, cell wall/membrane biogenesis, respiratory chain, terpenoid biosynthesis, DNA replication, DNA recombination, DNA repair, transport, transcriptional regulation, some universal stress response, etc. Conclusion: In this study, genome-wide transcriptional responses to ethanol were investigated for the first time in Z. mobilis using microarray analysis.Our results revealed that ethanol had effects on multiple aspects of cellular metabolism at the transcriptional level and that membrane might play important roles in response to ethanol. Although the molecular mechanism involved in tolerance and adaptation of ethanologenic strains to ethanol is still unclear, this research has provided insights into molecular response to ethanol in Z. mobilis. These data will also be helpful to construct more ethanol resistant strains for cellulosic ethanol production in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes an approach to generate a giant heterometallic mixed-valent copper manganese cluster. The cluster contains an unprecedented adamantane-like manganese core connected wholly by Mn4O4 cubane units. The synthesis, structure and magnetic properties of the giant heterometallic cluster are also described.

Bamboo is perennial woody grass, which distributed widely in the world and belonged to the Gramineae family and Bambuseae subfamily. It may be consider as a candidate lignocellulosic substrate for bio-ethanol production for its environmental benefits and higher annual biomass yield. The conversion of bamboo into bio-ethanol, bio-methane, natural food, flavonoids, and functional xylo-oligosaccharides production were reviewed in this paper. Future prospects for research include pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation will also be performed to improve the whole process of ethanol production more economical. And revealing the molecular regulation mechanism of the fast growth of bamboo will provide chance for improving bamboo or other energy plants biomass yield through genetic engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title complex, [Cu2(NAA)4(DMSO)2]·2(HNAA)·2DMSO [NAA = α-naphthyl­acetate (C12H9O2) and DMSO = di­methyl sulfoxide (C2H6OS)], consists of a centrosymmetric dinuclear cage unit, in which two CuII atoms are separated by 2.626 (1) Å and bridged by four bidentate carboxyl­ate groups of naphthyl­acetates, with an average Cu—O distance of 1.961 (2) Å. Each CuII atom has a five-coordinate square-pyramidal environment with the di­methyl sulfoxide mol­ecule at the apical position. The Cu—O bond length to the DMSO mol­ecule is 2.160 (2) Å. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]