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Heavy Work Investment (HWI) is a construct that comprises both workaholism and work engagement. We tested a path analysis model on 364 Italian workers, with servant leadership as a predictor of HWI and HWI as a predictor of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCB) and Counterproductive Work Behaviors (CWB). We also performed ANOVAs and MANOVAs. Among the main findings, servant leadership is a positive predictor of both workaholism and work engagement. Work engagement is a positive predictor of OCB and a negative predictor of CWB. Conversely, workaholism, is a positive predictor of CWB, but it does not predict OCB. Hence, we encourage implementing soft-skills interventions aimed at making leaders aware of the different worker types in their organization to develop tailored measures to foster work engagement rather than workaholism. Also, we recommend controlling for work engagement when analyzing workaholism, given the different findings that arose when controlling or not controlling for work engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research highlights the positive effects of organizational CSR engagement on employee outcomes, such as job and life satisfaction, performance, and trust. We argue that the current debate fails to recognize the potential risks associated with CSR. In this study, we focus on the risk of work addiction. We hypothesize that CSR has per se a positive effect on employees and can be classified as a resource. However, we also suggest the existence of an array of unintended negative effects of CSR. Since CSR positively influences an employee's organizational identification, as well as his or her perception of engaging in meaningful work, which in turn motivates them to work harder while neglecting other spheres of their lives such as private relationships or health, CSR indirectly increases work addiction. Accordingly, organizational identification and work meaningfulness both act as buffering variables in the relationship, thus suppressing the negative effect of CSR on work addiction, which weakens the positive role of CSR in the workplace. Drawing on a sample of 565 Swiss employees taken from the 2017 Swiss Public Value Atlas dataset, our results provide support for our rationale. Our results also provide evidence that the positive indirect effects of organizational CSR engagement on work addiction, via organizational identification and work meaningfulness, become even stronger when employees care for the welfare of the wider public (i.e., the community, nation, or world). Implications for research and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to analyse the occupational well‐being of academics by using a person‐centred approach. Data was collected by an online self‐report questionnaire involving the academic population of a large Italian university. Cluster analysis showed the presence of four significantly different clusters, that were labelled engaged‐satisfied, engaged‐workaholic, exhausted‐workaholic and detached. Multivariate analysis of variances showed significant differences between clusters regarding well‐being dimensions, and the perception of work demand on academics as sources of hindrance or challenge. The findings of this study suggested, for the first time, the existence of a well‐being typology within the academic context, considering aspects, such as workaholism, that have been rarely taken into account. Moreover, it has been shown that the well‐being profile can influence the way in which academics perceived academic work demands, highlighting the potentialities of analysing well‐being profile in order to identify employees who are more or less at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past couple of decades the retirement counseling tasks of financial professionals have become increasingly challenging. Retirement options, choices, and practices have expanded to include early retirement, delayed retirement, phased retirement, and for some of us workaholics—never retirement. No doubt about it; working in retirement is here to stay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loscalzo and Giannini (2017) recently proposed the construct of studyholism (or obsession toward study) and a theoretical model highlighting its potential antecedents and outcomes. This study aims to analyze some of these antecedents and outcomes by means of a path analysis including both studyholism and study engagement. The participants are 1,958 Italian college students aged between 18 and 60 years (M age = 23.53 ± 4.43) and heterogeneous as far as their year and major of study are concerned, as well as concerning the city in which they attended their courses. They filled some instruments that allow evaluating studyholism and study engagement, along with individual and situational antecedents (e.g., worry and overstudy climate) and outcomes (e.g., sleep quality, study–relationships conflict, dropout intention). In addition to the path model we performed aiming to test the direct effects we hypothesized, we performed two MANOVAs for analyzing if there were differences on the antecedents and outcomes among the four kinds of student suggested by Loscalzo and Giannini (2017; i.e., engaged studyholics, disengaged studyholics, engaged students, and detached students). The results of this study support Loscalzo and Giannini's (2017) conceptualization of studyholism as an internalizing disorder, since worry is the strongest predictor of studyholism (ခβ =.67, p <.001). In addition, in line with Loscalzo and Giannini's (2017) theorization, we found some differences among the four kinds of student on both the antecedents and outcomes we analyzed. This study has critical theoretical, preventive, and clinical implications. It supports the definition of studyholism as an OCD-related disorder. Also, about preventive implications, it shows that interventions aiming to favor students' wellbeing should target also engaged students, since study engagement predicts social impairment as well as studyholism. Finally, it suggests that in a clinical setting, it is important to distinguish between disengaged studyholics and engaged studyholics as they have different relationships with some antecedents and outcomes; also, they both have functional impairment, even if in different areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing from role identity theory and social exchange theory, the current study presents a moderated mediation model which I use to examine how supervisor workaholism and the perception of subordinate’s family-work conflict affect family supportive behavior. This supervisor behavior further influences subordinate’s organizational citizenship behavior toward the supervisor and withdrawal behavior at work. Using a sample of supervisor-subordinate dyads in hotels, I found that (1) supervisor’s perception of subordinate’s family-work conflict enhanced the positive relationship between supervisor workaholism and family supportive supervisor behavior, (2) family supportive supervisor behavior was positively related to subordinate’s organizational citizenship behavior toward the supervisor and negatively related to subordinate’s withdrawal behavior at work, and (3) only when supervisor’s perception of subordinate’s family-work conflict was high did I find a significant indirect effect of supervisor workaholism on subordinate’s organizational citizenship behavior toward the supervisor and withdrawal behavior at work via family supportive supervisor behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated whether two sides of working to excess, namely working long hours and a compulsive work mentality (workaholism), are detrimental for employee health by using biomarkers of metabolic syndrome, a direct precursor of cardiovascular diseases. In addition, we examined if working to excess has the same health outcomes for employees who enjoy their work versus employees who do not. Despite the common sense belief that working long hours is bad for health, we did not find a relationship between work hours and risk factors of metabolic syndrome (RMS; e.g. high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol levels) in a study among 763 employees. Instead, we found that workaholism was positively related to RMS, but only when work engagement was low. Surprisingly, we found that workaholism was negatively related to RMS in the highly engaged group. When further exploring mediation mechanisms, we found that workaholism, but not work hours, was related to reduced subjective well-being (e.g. depressive feelings, sleep problems), which in turn elicited a physical health impairment process. We also found that, compared with nonengaged workaholics, engaged workaholics had more resources, which they may use to halt the health impairment process. Our findings underscore that not long hours per se, but rather a compulsive work mentality is associated with severe health risks, and only for employees who are not engaged at work.Work engagementmay actually protect workaholics from severe health risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As many as one in eight librarians report feeling like frauds in their careers. Shrinking library budgets reduce the training that new librarians receive while high performance expectations remain unchanged. This combination can perpetuate those fraudulent feelings unless librarians are willing to employ strategies to overcome their Imposter state of mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Workaholics may experience a range of personal and professional consequences; they endanger their physical and psychological health, their relationships with others, and may adversely affect the lives of their family and friends. Workaholism is framed in a number of ways, as having both positive and negative connotations. While in competitive organisational settings it is often implicitly condoned, in other settings, although considered an addiction with potentially wide-ranging adverse consequences that may extend far beyond the individual, it is an addiction that is nonetheless largely socially-accepted. An increasing participation of females in the workforce has created a need to understand workaholism more specifically in terms of gender-related factors. Although research findings about the relationship between workaholism and gender have been equivocal, questions persist about whether workaholism and its impacts are the same for men and women. This study examines workaholism and gender in an academic setting, employing a cross-sectional quantitative survey of 331 academics in New Zealand universities. Statistically significant findings suggest that dimensions of workaholism, such as the extent of involvement in work and drive at work, differ by gender. However, whilst such findings may suggest, a priori, the need for the development of alternative gender-specific methods of dealing with workaholism, they do not rule out the value of gender-specific intervention to achieve other behavioural objectives even where statistical significance is not evident. As such, this study contributes to understanding workaholism - in particular, workaholism in academia - it outlines implications for managers, and provides suggestions for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to present and test a model assuming that career-related variables might function as antecedents of workaholism—the tendency to work compulsively and excessively. More specifically, based on conservation of resource theory and social identity theory, the study tested whether personal (i.e., career insecurity, extrinsic career goals, and career commitment) and contextual variables (i.e., career barriers and perceived organizational support) are related to workaholism. We tested our assumptions by means of stepwise hierarchical regression analyses within a large sample of N = 685 scientists working in different occupational fields (e.g., social science, arts and humanities, economics, and science, technology, engineering, mathematics) in German research institutes and universities. The results showed that career insecurity, career barriers, career commitment, and extrinsic career goals were positively associated, and perceived organizational support was negatively associated, with workaholism. Furthermore, the set of analyzed career variables showed incremental validity and explained a significant portion of variance in workaholism beyond control variables (i.e., gender, age, work hours, and occupational field) and personality (i.e., extroversion, conscientiousness, and neuroticism). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Workaholism is recognized as a health risk for academics given the open-ended nature of academic work; however, current prevalence rates of workaholism in the academic setting are unknown. Aims To assess the prevalence of workaholism within academics and determine the impact of workaholism on psychological well-being, work-life conflict, work-life fit, job satisfaction and perceived work effort. Methods Academics in three Irish universities completed a survey including measures of workaholism, psychological well-being, work-life conflict and job satisfaction. Analysis of variance tests were used to compare workaholism types on the outcome measures. Results A total of 410 academics completed the survey and were categorized by workaholism type: workaholics (27%), enthusiastic workaholics (23%), relaxed workers (27%) and uninvolved workers (23%). Workaholics reported poorer functioning across all the outcome measures in comparison to the other three groups. Conclusions This study demonstrates the high levels of workaholism within academia and highlights the negative impact of workaholism on work-related outcomes and psychological well-being. These findings are significant given the highly intensive nature of academic work today and reducing resources within this sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnographic research probes both contextually situated and personally resonate values in ways that may provoke ethical tensions for researchers. Reflecting on my fieldwork, I demonstrate how my engagement with recovering workaholics disturbed the ontological security underlying my long-held understandings of “work ethic” and success. Subsequently, I encourage applied communication scholars to embrace the uncertainties they discover through their work—not as sites for resolution, but rather as sources for ongoing, heuristic inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Popüler basında işkoliklik kavramına önemli ilgi gösterilmesine rağmen, işkolikliğin anlaşılması için çok az sayıda araştırma yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, ilk olarak işkoliklik ve işkoliklik ile ilgili araştırmalar incelenmektedir. Daha sonra, işadamları üzerinde yapılan bir anket araştırması ile fazla/aşırı çalışmanın nedenleri ve sonuçları belirlenmekte ve işkolikliğe ilişkin demografik özellikler, davranış biçimleri ve iş alışkanlıkları analiz edilmektedir. Son olarak, işkolikliğin getireceği risk faktörlerini azaltmaları yönünde yöneticilere öneriler sunulmaktır.

Although provision of environmental enrichment is an effective tool to refine laboratory animal experiments, it is currently unknown which enrichments ferrets prefer. This study aimed to assess the suitability of a closed economy, two-chamber consumer demand set-up to determine ferrets’ preferences for selected enrichments. Twelve female ferrets were housed in a set-up consisting of a home and enrichment chamber (EC) connected by a weighted door. The maximum weights the ferrets pushed for food (MPP food ) and an empty chamber (MPP empty ) were determined to evaluate the maximum push capacity of the animals and as a control. Although the ferrets pushed significantly more for food (1325 ± 213 g) than for the empty chamber (1169 ± 193 g), the weight difference was minor (MPP empty was 89 ± 13% of MPP food ). To evaluate the ferrets’ underlying motivation to push for the empty chamber, a second study was performed in which MPP empty was tested in seven alternative set-ups. The first three set-ups included adapted versions of the standard design (set-up A 1 , A 2 and A 3 ), intended to determine the functional value of the empty chamber. The four other set-ups (set-up B 0 , B 1 , B 3 , B 4 ) aimed to evaluate the attractiveness of the door elements by allowing the ferrets to choose whether or not to use the weighted door to enter EC. Results demonstrated no significant differences in MPP empty between the A-set-ups, indicating that the value of the empty chamber could not be reduced by adapting the set-up. MPP empty reduced when allowing the ferrets free access to EC, demonstrating that the empty chamber had reinforcing properties. Nevertheless, the ferrets were still motivated to use the weighted door despite being granted free access to EC, indicating that the door also has reinforcing properties. The ferrets decreased the use of the weighted door most when, in a set-up with free access to EC, the nest box in the home cage (53 ± 22% of MPP food ) was replaced by a manipulable plastic bucket (26 ± 13% of MPP food ). These results indicate that availability of items in the home chamber may influence the results, which should be taken into account when designing motivation studies similar to the one performed in this study. The lack of differences between MPP food and MPP empty furthermore demonstrates that the two-chamber set-up is not suitable for evaluating the ferrets’ motivation for enrichments, thus necessitating other alternatives, such as a three- or multi-chamber consumer demand study, to be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For advanced academic trainees (i.e. doctoral students and postdoctoral trainees), success in the academy often involves stepping away from an ordinary ‘9 to 5’ working environment and into a space where workaholic tendencies are largely encouraged. While the daily care and nurturing of a family can be demanding (and itself represents a form of unpaid, often gendered, labour), evidence suggests that children can offer positive emotional benefits for parents, help curb workaholic tendencies, and offer a reason to step away from work and have fun with the family through leisure. This conceptual paper examines the realities of managing family and work lives for academic trainees, a group that has been largely under-recognized in published literature. Issues such as the current work-related expectations for academics (and the ways these expectations can influence leisure), the gendered experience of the academy and family life among academic trainees and the potential benefits of family to academic pursuits will be discussed. Specific strategies that could be implemented to assist academic trainee families, including enrolment and work schedule flexibility, increased institutional support policies and more family-friendly trainee leisure opportunities will also be explored. This conceptual work suggests that academic trainees may face unique challenges with regard to work/family management and, thus, require specific consideration by the research community and academic administrators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Recent research has suggested that for some individuals, educational studying may become compulsive and excessive and lead to 'study addiction'. The present study conceptualized and assessed study addiction within the framework of workaholism, defining it as compulsive over-involvement in studying that interferes with functioning in other domains and that is detrimental for individuals and/or their environment. Methods: The Bergen Study Addiction Scale (BStAS) was tested - reflecting seven core addiction symptoms (salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, relapse, and problems) - related to studying. The scale was administered via a cross-sectional survey distributed to Norwegian (n = 218) and Polish (n = 993) students with additional questions concerning demographic variables, study-related variables, health, and personality. Results: A one-factor solution had acceptable fit with the data in both samples and the scale demonstrated good reliability. Scores on BStAS converged with scores on learning engagement. Study addiction (BStAS) was significantly related to specific aspects of studying (longer learning time, lower academic performance), personality traits (higher neuroticism and conscientiousness, lower extroversion), and negative health-related factors (impaired general health, decreased quality of life and sleep quality, higher perceived stress). Conclusions: It is concluded that BStAS has good psychometric properties, making it a promising tool in the assessment of study addiction. Study addiction is related in predictable ways to personality and health variables, as predicted from contemporary workaholism theory and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the study on the 10-item version of the Dutch Work Addiction Scale (DUWAS) with regards to its factor structure. It offers information on DUWAS which measures workaholism based on two factors which are working compulsively (WC) and working excessively (WE). The results reportedly revealed that all 10 items tapped both WC and WE, which suggests that both factors are correlated, however each divides into two subdimensions.

Objective: According to the theory of work craving, a workaholic has a craving for self-worth compensatory incentives and an expectation of relief from negative affect experienced through neurotic perfectionism and an obsessive-compulsive style of working. Research has shown that workaholism and work engagement should be considered as two distinct work styles with different health consequences. However, the mechanisms underlying the adoption of these work styles have been neglected. The present study proposes that work craving and work engagement are differentially associated with self-regulatory competencies and health. In particular, we expected that the working styles mediate the relationships between emotional self-regulation and health. Methods: In the cross-sectional study, 469 teachers from German schools completed online administered questionnaires. By means of structural equation modeling, we tested two indirect paths: a) from self-relaxation deficits via work craving to poor health and b) from self-motivation competencies via work engagement to good health. Results: As expected, we found evidence that a) the negative relationship of self-relaxation deficits on health was partially mediated by work craving and b) the positive relationship of self-motivation competencies on health was partially mediated by work engagement. Conclusions: The present study emphasizes the importance of self-regulation competencies for healthy or unhealthy work styles. Whereas work craving was associated with a low ability to down-regulate negative emotions and poor health, work engagement was associated with a high ability to up-regulate positive emotions and good health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of the study presented was to verify empirically a conception of workaholism as a multidimensional syndrome. The study also investigated the notion of 'functional' and 'dysfunctional' types of workaholic, on the basis of the participants' cognitive evaluations of their quality of life. The research group comprised Polish managers who had graduated with, or were studying to attain, a Master's degree in Business Administration. The 137 participants completed a set of questionnaires that were based on five different research tools. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the theory that workaholism has a three-dimensional structure that includes behavioural, cognitive, and affective dimensions. Using cluster analysis, three types of worker were identified, two of which represented types of workaholic with different scores for the dimensions of workaholism and for aspects of quality of life. The research demonstrated that workaholism is a three-dimensional construct. It enabled the integration of different perspectives and also confirmed that dysfunctional and functional types of workaholic exist. Furthermore, this paper provides practical insights about workaholism for practitioners of human resources that can be used in the selection and evaluation of employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Work offers a positive side but also it can be a framework where some risks may appear that evolve in negative outcomes. This research focus on the possible relation between two aspects of the work context: irritation at work with its two dimensions, cognitive and emotional irritation, and workaholism. So far the two concepts have been studied in their relation to other variables, but there is a lack of studies on the relation between them. To carry out this investigation 285 subjects from different occupations answered the instruments used and we found results in the expected way. Irritation, both cognitive and emotional irritation, showed significant correlations with both factors of the DUWAS However, in the case of the WBAT the correlations were significant only for factor 1, working excessively. Regression analysis yielded interesting results in order to explain the relation between both concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the study which examines the stable tendency of compulsive and excessive working or workaholism and provides oversight of the research area which relates to its assessment, causes, and prevalence. The study involves clinicians and researchers where the findings identified through reviewing of the literature. Result shows that workaholism researches has expanded over the past two decades from 2013 and various screening equipment were developed to identify workaholics.

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the question of whether or not it would be beneficial for the tourism sector to recruit workaholic employees since they might be more suitable for this type of industry. A total of 2,000 questionnaires were distributed to employees working in the tourism industry in Taiwan and 420 valid samples were returned with a return rate of 21%, from them 82 were identified as workaholics. Workaholism in our research is differentiated in three categories: low-level, high-level and burnout workaholics and it's analysed by their relationship with work achievement and enjoyment, work involvement and inner work drivers. The core findings indicate that there are significant differences between high-level workaholism and the other categories. Therefore, it is suggested that tourism managements should select employees with high-level workaholism and this paper can serve as an indicator to assess recruiting procedures in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The work gives the person a sense of identity, affects its self-esteem and gives legitimacy to the family and society. However, there is a fraction of workers who carry it out in a very intense and compulsive way, which has negative implications. This sets a condition known as work addiction. Objective To describe the characteristics of workaholism and factors that predispose to it, as well as preventive actions to avoid workaholism at organizational and individual level. Methods: Literature review and critical and reflexive reading. workaholism within the following database: Medline, Cuiden, Cochrane, Pubmed and Google Scholar using as keywords: nursing, workaholism and clinical symptomatology during 2013. Results: The appearance of physical symptoms are usually indicators for detecting workaholism, however, these physical symptoms alone do not allow to point out a possible addiction, being also necessary to evaluate psychological and social aspects. Conclusions: It is difficult to differentiate between hard work and workaholism for four main reasons: 1) the rejection of the problem by the person affected 2) hardworking people are praised in society, excessive devotion is regarded as a quality 3) the lack of information to the population for awareness raising of work addiction as a disease, 4) non-existence of workaholism within the criteria of diagnostic manuals (ICD-10). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Based on a sample of 155 unpublished popular autobiographies from the Federal Republic Germany, Austria and Switzerland, the article addresses the interconnection of employment, masculinity, and health in the German-speaking world in the 20th century. The central question is whether or not it was, above all, work that made men sick. Methodologically, the study is designed as a discourse analysis of healthy lifestyles in everyday life focusing on both a subject and an action oriented perspective. Comparing the written autobiographies of men an women, it is argued that employment served as an universal autobiographical orientation in 20th century life writing, while significant structural gender inequalities persisted on all labor markets. Looking closer at three for the time typical health risks on the job, that is work accidents, occupational diseases, and work related diseases, the author elaborates on the resultant inequities at the potential expense of male employee’s health. The article finally concludes that work-centered life-style turned out as the main occupational health risk for men in the 20th century. The workaholic lifestyle lost much of it’s practical shaping power as the younger men, born in 1920s and 1930s, were increasingly reflecting the inherent conflict between work and health or family orientation.

A case study of a plant ecologist named Jan Šuspa LepŠ who does not take life seriously and is workaholic and likes saunas, skiing skating, and driving. Šuspa maintains very soft and low voice along with tone while talking to his friends and he forgets and lose objects in his daily routine. The article focuses on contrasting traits possessed by an individual ranging from keeping oneself calm to violent behavior.

While commonly construed as an ethic and/or balanceable life quality, work rarely is looked upon as being a disease. Drawing from theories of structuration as well as work–life balance literature, this study examines how societal trends of production and efficiency impact the embodied nature of human life, particularly for self-proclaimed workaholics. Through conducting a narrative analysis of texts written by workaholics, the author investigates how individuals reconstruct meanings for their work through their use of diagnostic and therapeutic terminology. Themes for the analysis center on how workaholics define and diagnose workaholism, express their experiences of this addiction, and reconstruct their lifestyles through recovery. The findings underscore the benefits of intersecting health discourse with occupational and ethical discourses surrounding work. Meanwhile, the author cautions that framing work as a disease focuses attention on individuals' problems and thus runs the risk of overlooking potentially “ill” societal conditions that warrant further concern. Suggestions are offered for promoting discussions that raise explicit awareness of the embodied interconnections between work and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study identifies the key features of communication and conflicts in workaholics' families based on the perception of the workaholics' partners. As a result of a qualitative methodological approach in which we used as research methods case study and observation, we emphasise the fact that communication effectiveness in workaholics' families is limited because of the problems occurred because of the transmission and reception of messages by family members; low active, interrupted hearing; disrespect of opinion of the other members of the family; paradoxical, confuse, or inappropriate messages. As for the conflict spectrum, it is a highly diversified but fluctuant one. The conclusion of the results point out the crucial role of communication in the family's functioning given that most conflicts are deeply rooted in the difficulties of communicating between family members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The article has a two goals: first, investigation of the types of workaholic that exist, and second, examination of why they work too much, taking into consideration their motivational characteristics. Material/Methods: We examined the differences in motivation between two types of workaholic identified among a sample of 137 Polish managers. Workaholism was evaluated using questionnaires that assessed behavioural, cognitive, and affective dimensions of workaholism. The criteria for the distinction between functional and dysfunctional types of workaholic were based on a subjective assessment of quality of life. On the basis of the Self Determination Theory of Deci and Ryan, and other conceptualizations that cover motivational variables, such as goals, values, and value crisis, we expected to discern differences between types of workaholics. We used ANOVA to compare the two types of workaholic. Results: Contrary to expectations, the type of motivation (autonomous vs. controlled) did not differ between the two types of workaholic. However, functional and dysfunctional workaholics differed in their values (hierarchy of values and value crisis), and were driven by different goals. The present study emphasises the importance of differentiating between functional and dysfunctional workaholics. Conclusions: The present study has three main limitations. First, only self-report methods were applied. Ideally, information should be collected from other sources to supplement and verify the data from primary respondents. Second, the use of a cross-sectional approach made it difficult to take the developmental perspective that is encouraged strongly in the investigation of processes. Third, the ability to generalise the conclusions to different occupational groups is limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

My title comes from Blanche Geer's (1964) famous paper 'First days in the field'. When she was about to do the preliminary fieldwork for the project that became Becker, Geer, and Hughes (1968) on liberal arts undergraduates, she reflected on her own student 'self. That young woman had a taste for 'milkshakes and convertibles' (p. 379), which to Geer as an adult woman seemed incomprehensible and foreign. Being British, my life has never included any enthusiasm for milkshakes or convertibles which do not figure in UK culture, but the phrase has always enchanted me, and I have always wanted to use it as a title. This autobiographical reflection is in two main parts. The first half is a reflexive examination of my current life and scholarly work. In some ways that will seem to be the self-portrait of a somewhat uni-dimensional workaholic with an uneasy relationship with the symbolic interactionist intellectual tradition. The second part of the piece is an account of my family history, childhood and adolescence spent with my eccentric mother, and the reader is invited to understand the choices made in adulthood as largely contrastive: designed to ensure my life was as unlike my mother's as possible. Just as Geer looked back to her college years and found her youthful self strange, I look back to my childhood and see a very different person. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study that investigated the difference between workaholism and work engagement over a period of seven months on 1967 Japanese employees involved in several occupations. It states the researchers of the study expected according to cross sectional study conducted earlier that woraholism will lead to low life satisfaction and ill health and vice versa in the employees that were engaged in work.

According to the proposal of the general factor of personality (GFP), socially desirable personality traits have been selected for throughout evolution because they increase fitness. However, it remains unknown whether people high on this factor actually behave in socially desirable ways or whether they simply endorse traits of positive valence. We separated these two sources of variance by having 619 participants respond to 120 personality adjectives organised into 30 quadruples balanced for content and valence (e.g. unambitious, easy-going, driven and workaholic tapped the trait achievement-striving). An exploratory six-factor solution fit well, and the factors resembled the Big Five. We subsequently extracted a higher-order factor from this solution, which appeared similar to the GFP. A Schmid-Leiman transformation of the higher-order factor, however, revealed that it clustered items of similar valence but opposite content (e.g. at the negative pole, unambitious and workaholic), rendering it an implausible description of evolved adaptive behaviour. Isolating this evaluative factor using exploratory structural equation modelling generated factors consisting of items of similar descriptive content but different valence (e.g. driven and workaholic), and the correlations among these factors were of small magnitude, indicating that the putative GFP capitalises primarily on evaluative rather than descriptive variance. Implications are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objectives: In this study, the relationship between levels of workaholism and obsession was investigated in a group that was composed of independent accountant-financial advisers and civil servants. Materials and methods: Two different scales were used in order to determine the workaholism and obsession levels. These two scales and a form to collect demographical variables were administered to 260 workers. Among them the data obtained from 170 workers were evaluated. Parametric tests and correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. The level of statistical significance was accepted as p<0.05. Results: The work enjoyment (WE) scores of independent accountant-financial advisers were higher than those of both civil servants and their employee. WE scores of participants who have graduated from university degree were higher than those of students who were high school graduates. There were positive correlations between WE score of workaholism scale and control and just-right scores. Additionally, work driven score of workaholism scale was found to be positively correlated with cleaning, ruminations, and control and just-right scores. Conclusion: It can be said that there is a positive correlation between workaholism sub components and obsessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research shows that executives' relationship to their work comprises a broad set of diverse variables. Drawing on the job demands-resources model and top management research, we identify four typical patterns of how top executives handle their work: detached professionals, internally driven compensators, externally driven workaholics, and relaxed self-managers. We use the job demands/resources model and a qualitative study with 42 top executives to identify relevant variables to distinguish different patterns of work relationships. Empirical verification of the typology comes from a quantitative study with 224 top executives and their life partners. Performance variables are further validated with objective performance data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article attempts to illuminate the connections between professional work, masculinity, and health in the 20th century, by asking the question whether a work-centered lifestyle made men ill in the 20th century. As a source, the author used 155 unpublished autobiographies of men and women from Germany, Austria and Switzerland, which deal with their years in school, career training, the course of their careers, and periods of unemployment. By comparing typical health risks on the job, the author is able to elaborate on inequities relating to the male employee's health.

Survey data show that Russians relegate free time and leisure activity to secondary status compared to work, and free time faces the threat of becoming devalued and losing its importance as a life value. At the same time, in the structure of Russians' leisure activities there is an ongoing tendency for leisure to become simpler, for active types of leisure to be reduced. This tendency is strengthened by the economic crisis, when spending on leisure activity is the first to be cut back in family budgets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study examined Spence and Robbins' (1992) worker types in terms of correlates of workaholism (e.g., work-life imbalance, obsessive-compulsive behavior). A survey was administered to professionals, who were then classified into different worker types following the traditional median-split technique. The data were also analyzed with three composite variables that capture the worker types in a continuous fashion. The results of the correlation analysis with the composites were similar to those obtained with the median-split approach. Specifically, workaholics had higher levels of work-life imbalance than work enthusiasts, whereas unengaged workers and relaxed workers had low levels; workaholics and positively engaged workers had high levels of obsessive-compulsive behavior, whereas work enthusiasts, unengaged workers, and relaxed workers showed low levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the results of experiments designed to test the theory of the optimal composition of prizes in contests. In the aggregate the behavior of subjects is consistent with that predicted by the theory, but we find that such aggregate results mask an unexpected compositional effect on the individual level. Whereas theory predicts that subject efforts are continuous and increasing functions of ability, the actual efforts of our laboratory subjects bifurcate. Low-ability workers drop out and exert little or no effort, and high-ability workers try too hard. This bifurcation, which is masked by aggregation, can be explained by assuming loss aversion on the part of the subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research demonstrates that students and some teachers often depict scientists as socially inept workaholic males; however, scholars rarely examine representative samples of adults. How the US general public stereotypes scientists may influence accepting science expertise because its practitioners can appear so eccentric. By expressing negative stereotypes, "typical adults" also can discourage youthful interests in science. This study analyzes general public interview data using identical questions from the 1983 and 2001 National Science Foundation Surveys of Public Understanding of Science and Technology, probability samples of 3219 adults. Despite many positive changes over nearly 20 years, and strong approval of a child's potential science career, sizable minorities of adults continued to negatively stereotype scientists.Women were more positive than men but had considered a science career less often. Images of scientists also were affected by age, educational variables, parental status, and a religiosity measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Workaholics spend their time mostly with their job-related activities and they are addicted to working. In the literature, there are currently many academic studies about why workaholism and presenteeism are harmful. Workaholism is also a significant problem in the Turkish National Police Organization which has a hierarchical structure. Presenteeism/workaholism is destructive not only for officers but also organization itself. Throughout the study presenteeism/workaholism, its reasons, its negative effects on individuals and organization and some solutions were discussed. Also, it was emphasized that presenteeism/workaholism is differently applied in the Turkish National Police than in other public and private organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examined the relationship of two workaholic job behaviors proposed by Mudrack (2007) and potential antecedents and consequences. The two workaholic job behaviors were Non-required work and Control of others. Data were collected from 309 male and female managers working in 3, 4 and 5 star hotels in Beijing China using anonymously completed questionnaires, a 90% response rate. The two workaholic job behaviors were significantly and positively correlated (r=.63, p<.001) Managers scoring higher on the two workaholic job behaviors were at higher organizational levels, worked in more intense jobs and worked more hours per week. Managers scoring higher on the two workaholic job behaviors were also more perfectionistic and delegated less often. Contrary to predictions, however, workaholic job behaviors had few relationships with work and career satisfaction, work-family and family--work conflict and indicators of psychological well-being. Mudrack's two workaholic job behaviors seemed to be measures of characteristics of high level jobs than actual workaholic behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the relationships between workaholism, perceived parental workaholism, self-acceptance, psychological well-being, and physical symptoms among 347 college students. Statistically significant relationships were found between college students' perceived parental workaholism and their own workaholism. Also, relationships between workaholism, self-acceptance, psychological well-being, and physical symptoms were discovered. Students with higher perceptions of parental workaholism reported lower levels of psychological well-being, lower levels of self-acceptance, and more physical health complaints. Implications and limitations are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large literature examines the addictive properties of such behaviors as smoking, drinking alcohol, gambling and eating. We argue that for some people addictive behavior may apply to a much more central aspect of economic life: working. Although workaholism raises some of the same health-related concerns as other addictions, compared to most of the more familiar addictions it is more likely to be a problem of higher-income individuals and is more likely to generate negative spillovers onto individuals around the workaholic. Using the Retirement History Survey and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we show that high-income, highly educated people exhibit behavior that is consistent with workaholism with regard to retiring--they are more likely to postpone earlier plans for retirement. The theory and evidence suggest that the presence of workaholism calls for a more progressive income tax system than otherwise, although other more targeted policies may be part of optimal policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined antecedents and consequences of workaholism among 327 women and men in a variety of professional and managerial jobs. Three workaholism types were considered (Work Enthusiasts, Work Addicts, Enthusiastic Addicts) using measures developed by Spence and Robbins (1992). Antecedents included a number of personal demographic and work situation characteristics, and measures of three aspects of perfectionism. Consequences included several validating job behaviors and work outcomes likely to be associated with workaholism. Although the three workaholism types were similar on personal and work situation characteristics, Work Addicts indicated greater perfectionism, more difficulty delegating tasks to others, less job satisfaction, and lower levels on three measures of work engagement than one or both of the other workaholism types. Interestingly, Work Addicts worked fewer hours per week than did Enthusiastic Addicts. Key Words: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We all experience stress as a regular, and sometimes damaging and sometimes useful, part of our daily lives. In our normal ups and downs, we have our share of exhaustion, despondency, and outrage—matched with their corresponding positive moods. But burnout and workaholism are different. They are chronic, dysfunctional, self-reinforcing, life-shortening habits. Dentists, nurses, teachers, ministers, social workers, and entertainers are especially susceptible to burnout; not because they are hard-working professionals (they tend to be), but because they are caring perfectionists who share control for the success of what they do with others and perform under the scrutiny of their colleagues (they tend to). Workaholics are also trapped in self-sealing cycles, but the elements are ever-receding visions of control and using constant activity as a barrier against facing reality. This essay explores the symptoms, mechanisms, causes, and successful coping strategies for burnout and workaholism. It also takes a look at the general stress response on the physiological level and at some of the damage American society inflicts on itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]