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Using random H-1B visa lotteries as a natural experiment, we find that firms respond to shortages of high-skilled workers by acquiring firms that employ such workers. The effect is stronger among firms with high human capital and more senior workforces, firms facing tight labor markets and legal barriers to poaching workers, and firms lacking foreign affiliates. The acquired workers are highly educated, sharing skills and occupations similar to those of the acquirer's existing workers. Our findings suggest skilled labor is an important driver of acquisitions and acquiring is an effective means of obtaining skilled labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The H-1B visa program allows companies to hire skilled foreign workers. Before 2014, the vast majority of these visas were allocated on a first-come-first-served basis. Since then, the program has been severely oversubscribed and all cap-subject visas have been allocated through lotteries. The authors merged Compustat data with administrative firm-level data on the universe of approved petitions for H-1B visas. Using difference-in-differences and matching estimators, this article finds that the switch in the visa allocation system negatively affected the growth of companies that used the H-1B program. Results indicate that these effects are quantitatively large and that their magnitudes grow over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residence-by-investment schemes, which enable wealthy people to acquire a visa in return for a financial investment, have become increasingly common. In this article, an original immigration policy index and case studies are used to examine the political economy of residence-by-investment policies in three European countries: France, Spain, and the UK. Two contributions are made to the literature. First, the article compares investment with work visas and shows that across all three countries investor routes are significantly more open and generous than work routes, including for the highly skilled. Second, drawing on theories of comparative political economy, it is explored how investor visas are shaped by capitalist diversity. Based on these three cases, it is argued that investor visa policies are conditioned by national-level economic models and the political interests that underpin them. The article aims to advance understanding not only of how investor visas vary, but why they do so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate a novel link between skilled immigration restrictions, corporate innovation, and industry consolidation. Binding restrictions on H1B visas are a shock to firms' R&D labor supply, leading firms to shift R&D expenditures and employees overseas. Organizationally and financially constrained firms are less able to adjust to the restrictions. They reduce basic research and patenting, are less able to acquire other firms for intellectual property, and are more likely to exit. Industry concentration and firm-level markups increase when firms are better able to adjust. This increase in market power is an unintended consequence of skilled immigration restrictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The rapid increase in the number of international graduates seeking employment opportunities in host countries has been accompanied by a corresponding growth in related discourse regarding how international students could successfully benefit from post‐study work visa schemes and whether or not they are ‘career‐ready’ in local job markets. This study focuses on the linguistic capital among international graduates during their study–work transition processes. The qualitative analysis highlights that international graduates encounter various language‐related challenges during their transitions. However, their increased investment in English could not be simply interpreted as actions to overcome the language‐related challenges that they had encountered but was also for gaining access to their imagined communities, achieving non‐linguistic goals and employment outcomes. The study draws implications for understanding how international graduates could be better accommodated and encouraged to participate in the wider communities in their host countries. This is important knowledge, as enhancing employment outcomes is not only a goal for students pursuing international education but also of critical interest to countries seeking to sustain the international education industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigrants are highly entrepreneurial. But, what is the broader relationship between high-skilled immigration and regional entrepreneurship activity beyond the ventures that immigrants establish themselves? Using administrative data on newly awarded H-1B visas in the United States, we document a positive relationship between high-skilled immigration and regional entrepreneurship. A doubling of immigrants to a metropolitan statistical area is followed by a 6% increase in entrepreneurship within three years. In contrast, continuing H-1Bs and the arrival of unskilled immigrants (H-2B visas) do not increase regional entrepreneurship. Focusing on Indian immigrants (representing about 70% of all H-1B visas), we find the effect is stronger in metropolitan statistical areas with a larger local Indian population, but not other nationalities, suggesting that presence of conationals facilitates the relationship between high-skilled immigration and regional entrepreneurship. We present this and other evidence as consistent with a knowledge transfer mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the chemical composition of compounds found in the rhizomes of Hedychium convexum, a plant species commonly found in tropical Asia. The researchers collected the plant from China and conducted extractions and chromatographic separations to isolate and identify four compounds. The structures of these compounds were determined using spectroscopic methods. The document also provides information on other compounds isolated from H. convexum, including their chemical formula, physical properties, and spectroscopic data. The research was supported by the Key Laboratory and Science and Technology Innovation Team of Higher Education in Yunnan, China. [Extracted from the article]

In 2015, the Obama administration eased the rules regarding employment for accompanying spouses of some temporary foreign workers who hold an H-1B visa. The policy change allowed some spouses of H-1B visa holders who were in the queue for a permanent resident visa to work. This study uses data from the National Survey of College Graduates to examine the impact of the policy change on employment rates among dependent spouses of temporary visa holders. The results indicate that the policy change increased their employment rate substantially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the potential contribution of foreign medical graduates (FMGs) to the physician-scientist workforce in infectious diseases (ID). The number of physician-scientists in the US has declined, and FMGs could help mitigate this shortage. The article suggests integrating FMGs into the ID physician-scientist pathway by collaborating with residency programs, offering the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) Research Pathway, and providing protected research time during residency and fellowship. It also highlights the challenges FMGs face, such as visa requirements and limited funding opportunities. The article emphasizes the value of FMGs' diverse perspectives and experiences and calls for recognizing and harnessing their potential. [Extracted from the article]

This article explores the effects of same-sex marriage legalization in Europe on the number of skilled workers migrating to the United States. The study reveals that the implementation of marriage equality policies in European countries resulted in a decrease in skilled labor admissions to the US, with each country experiencing an average decline of 600 workers annually. However, the impact on US admissions becomes more significant in the five years following the policy change. Additionally, the research indicates that when the US government recognizes same-sex marriages, the decline in European skilled labor admissions is less pronounced. These findings suggest that marriage equality and its recognition can influence the attraction and retention of foreign skilled workers. [Extracted from the article]

Using the National Survey of College Graduates, this study examines the return to pre‐ and post‐migration human capital of high‐skilled immigrants in the United States to provide an empirical evaluation of their skill transferability. I find that, on average, high‐skilled immigrants exhibit no wage return to foreign work experience, yet they demonstrate a relatively substantial return to foreign education. Delving into the heterogeneity across gender, occupation, and entry visa categories reveals the subsequent insights: female immigrants transfer less foreign experience and education than males; STEM immigrants are more adept at transferring foreign work experience than their non‐STEM counterparts; temporary work visa holders exhibit a heightened ability to transfer work experience, while green card and dependent visa holders have limited transferability of foreign work experience. Lastly, English proficiency is positively associated with the transferability of work experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly skilled workers are not only a crucial and relatively scarce input into firms' productive and innovative processes, but are also a critical resource determining competitive advantage. An increasingly high proportion of these workers in the United States were born abroad and permitted to work on skilled worker visas. How do multinational firms respond when artificial constraints, namely, policies restricting skilled immigration, are placed on their ability to hire scarce human capital? This paper combines visa microdata and comprehensive data on U.S. multinational firm activity to demonstrate that firms respond to restrictions on H-1B immigration by increasing foreign affiliate employment at the intensive and extensive margins, particularly in China, India, and Canada. The most impacted jobs were R&D-intensive ones, but there is some evidence that non-R&D employment was also affected. The paper highlights a means by which firms can circumvent constraining policies and mitigate country-level risk, and it also suggests that, for the average multinational company (MNC), this means is imperfect; for every visa rejection, they hire 0.4 employees abroad. The most globalized MNCs are the most likely to respond to these restrictions by offshoring, highlighting that firm capabilities—in the form of prior internationalization—shape the decision and ability to offshore in response to skilled immigration restrictions; indeed, these firms hire 0.9 employees abroad for every visa rejection. More broadly, the paper provides evidence of a push factor for internationalizing knowledge activity: artificial constraints on resources result in firms circumventing restrictive policies in ways that may not be anticipated by policy makers. This paper was accepted by Alfonso Gambardella, business strategy. Funding: This work was supported by the Mack Institute for Innovation Management. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4715. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China serves as an indispensable recruitment market for higher education institutions across the globe. Using large-scale administrative and survey data from one of China's pipeline provinces for sending students abroad, we provide new evidence on the factors influencing Chinese students' graduate school choices internationally. We model international student mobility as a function of schooling-constrained, international migration, and consumption values. Descriptive results from nested logit model and multinomial logit model support the model predictions. We also construct counterfactual policy simulations by examining what would have happened under different potential scenarios in both China and destination countries. The simulation results show that the changes in Chinese college quality and family income are likely to affect the number of Chinese students studying abroad but not their distribution patterns among destination countries. In the meanwhile, factors including scholarship opportunities, work visa policies, and recruitment efforts in the destination countries would substantially shift Chinese students' choice of destination country and therefore the specific graduate school location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent literature on skilled migration has addressed the socially constructed nature of the notion and category of "skilled" migrants, revealing the roles of the host state and its admission policy in shaping these migrants. This article adds to the literature by examining how the host state can also socially (or politically) create "skilled" migrants through policy that facilitates the post‐study employment of international students. The extant research on the social construction of skill and skilled migration informs the hypothesizing of three strategic ways in which host states seek to retain international students who may otherwise be excluded from the host labour market after graduation: (1) the creation of new work permits, (2) the discretionary relaxing of criteria for issuing work visas and (3) the provision of skilling support for finding employment. The case of Japan empirically validates all these strategies and indicates the particular significance of the second strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of H-1B and other work visas to hire foreign professionals in the United States has been controversial and has caused policy debates. Using the 2010, 2013, 2015, and 2017 cycles of the National Survey of College Graduates (NSCG), this study examines the wage gap between college graduate immigrants working in the U.S. on a work visa and their native counterparts. We find that over the course of 2010-2017, temporary work visa holders, on average, have a 0.258 log point (approximately 25.8%) wage premium over natives. This premium, however, increases from 15.6% in 2010 to 31.9% in 2017. Although the differences between the two groups in socioeconomic and demographic factors explain the majority of this wage gap, due to existence of some unobservable characteristics, some portion of the gap remains unexplained. According to our results, this wage premium is larger for immigrants born in English-speaking countries and those who obtained their highest degrees from a non-U.S. university or college. It is also larger among bachelor's degree holders, and among those having a degree or job in computer related or engineering fields. However, we find no such a wage gap in certain occupations/fields or among doctoral and professional degree holders. Our results can therefore lead to important policy implications, such as changing skilled worker immigration rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the barriers faced by international medical graduates (IMGs) in the U.S. accounting for one in four physicians, and discusses a new Tennessee law aimed at reducing these barriers. Topics include the mandatory residency program for IMGs, challenges in obtaining work visas, and the potential impact of the Tennessee law in expanding opportunities for IMGs to practice medicine.

Skilled foreign-born workers are critical to firms. Yet political or cultural factors can lead governments to restrict skilled immigration. To what extent, and how, does lobbying help firms overcome immigration barriers? This study explores these questions by focusing on the case of US firms and an exogenous increase in H-1B high-skilled visa denial rates following the election of Trump in 2016. I construct an original firm-level data set that combines the universe of US temporary high-skilled visa petitions through 2017 with firms' immigration lobbying reports and financial information. Leveraging the data and text analysis, I document key stylized facts about US immigration lobbying behavior: who, how, and what firms lobby. Using a difference-in-differences design, I find that firms' bureaucratic lobbying under the Trump administration reduced denial rates on their visa petitions by at least 4.5 percentage points. These findings bridge existing research on immigration policy making and lobbying effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes cases on international refugee law. In RRFM v. Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs, the Administrative Appeals Tribunal granted an applicant's protection visa request. In DFO 19 v. Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs, the Full Court of the Federal Court of Australia dismissed appeals concerning an Iranian's eligibility for protection visas. In Haghshenas v. Canada, the court denied review of a work permit application.

The purpose of the study is to determine the possible consequences of a sharp increase in the number of virtual labor migrants for the national economy and outline the main threats to information security in connection with the involvement of "hybrid workers". Based on the analysis of open sources, the working conditions of "hybrid workers" are outlined, as well as the possibilities of their cooperation with employers. The influence of regulatory and legal regulation of the work of freelancers on the modernization of their activities is highlighted. The main trends in the development of virtual labor migration in the conditions of increasing speed and volume of information transmission via the INTERNET network have been determined. The mostly temporary nature of labor relations causes a relatively low level of wages for virtual labor migrants, but it is a powerful means of countering the spread of unemployment. Virtual labor migrants, as a rule, are not limited in their work by obligations to a specific employer. Their business interests may also conflict with the national interests of the country where they permanently reside. This nature of work carries the threat of unauthorized dissemination of certain data, as well as the performance of certain tasks by foreign employers, which threaten the economic interests of the country of residence of "digital nomads" or its individual enterprises. This carries a potential threat to the business interests of both individual states and certain transnational corporations, which will require strengthening measures in the field of information security of production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each year, hundreds of thousands of workers enter the United States on H-2 temporary worker visas for low-wage, seasonal employment. These workers are each legally tied to their U.S. employer in industries largely outside of public view, such as agriculture, food processing, construction, landscaping, amusement, and forestry. Although H-2 visa workers are integral to the U.S. economy, exploitation against them and systemic violations of their legal rights are rampant. Little scholarship has examined the working conditions that H-2 visa workers face through the lens of the international prohibition of forced labor. This Comment establishes that the conditions H-2 visa workers toil under in the United States may rise to the level of forced labor as defined under international law through a comprehensive review of reports regarding the H-2 visa program, a survey of international laws pertinent to the international prohibition of forced labor, and the use of a case study. The United States, through international conventions and customary international law, is obligated to ensure that all workers in the United States are not subjected to forced labor. This Comment then utilizes the human rights paradigm of prevention, protection, and accountability to analyze what changes the United States should make to the H-2 visa program to comply with this international obligation and to discuss some advocacy avenues currently available under domestic and international law to challenge forced labor in the H-2 visa program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A common assumption within the migration ethics literature is that it is only states that have the power to admit foreigners to their territory. However, this assumption misses something important. While it is true that it is states that have the ultimate power to admit, other actors can possess a derivative power from the laws that states put in place. By establishing a system of work visas, for instance, states lend private corporations, and other employers, the power to nominate foreigners for admission by making job offers. For many foreigners, a job offer is what they require to start a new life in a new country. The question then arises how corporations should use this derivative power? One might assume that they should use it as they typically do: to pursue their business interests and by doing so (we hope) benefit their stakeholders including the state and its citizens. However, could there not be other reasons, besides profit seeking, to offer refugees a visa-conferring job? If hiring refugees does not greatly harm their business, it is arguable that corporations could be obliged to use their derivative power to do so on humanitarian grounds. Moreover, some corporations also seem to be obliged to use this power on grounds of corrective justice. This paper advances these possibilities. It has three sections. First, I will look at how much discretion corporations have in terms of employment and migration laws in some European countries. Second, I will present an argument for why corporations are morally permitted to facilitate admission for refugees by offering them a visa-conferring job. In the final section, I will then defend a stronger claim, namely that corporations are possibly obliged to do so on humanitarian grounds or on grounds of corrective justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Management & Economics Research is the property of Journal of Management & Economics Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent years, temporary foreign workers (TFWs) have not only played an important role in filling Canada’s labour shortages and advancing Canada’s broad economic and cultural interests but are also seen as a large source of permanent residents admitted to Canada. TFWs come to Canada through various work permit categories under the Temporary Foreign Worker Program (TFWP) and the International Mobility Program (IMP). This research uses the 2019 Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB) to examine the factors that predict the transition rates of TFWs admitted to Canada between 2005 and 2014. The results of this study show that the five-year cumulative transition rates of TFWs are strongly associated with their work permit categories. Further, this study reveals that age, skill level, and initial destinations significantly affect the transition rates of TFWs in Canada. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings for economic immigration policy and make suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Research Note provides the first reliable figures on the numbers of seasonal workers from the Pacific Islands who participated in the Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) scheme between July 2007 and June 2022. The method for deriving these figures is explained briefly before examining the frequency of return by men and women for employment in subsequent seasons from the nine participating Pacific states. Clarification of the numbers of seasonal workers involved in the scheme, as distinct from work visas issued each year for RSE employment, is timely for two reasons. Firstly, the RSE scheme is under review in March 2023 by Immigration New Zealand. Secondly, the three major sources of Pacific seasonal labour are raising questions in 2023 about the impact of the scheme on their domestic labour markets and economies. Robust data on numbers of Pacific seasonal workers during the scheme's first 15 years contributes important information in both these contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper advances a focus on emotions as a key dimension of the actualisation of workplace exploitation experienced by temporary migrants. In doing so, we extend understandings of forced labour, unfreedom and migration and their concern for the operation of coercion in employment relations. While political-economic and legal accounts of work and oppression can tell us much about systems that underpin the occurrence of exploitation, we argue that the fluidity of unfreedoms in labour exploitation are fundamentally embodied and shaped by emotional experiences and manipulation. In order to advance this emotional account, we draw on interviews with people holding work and study visas who have experienced workplace exploitation in Aotearoa New Zealand, a context where the rapid growth in temporary migration has been associated with growing evidence of labour market abuse. Our paper addresses three key emotional dimensions of workplace exploitation that emerged in this research: inducement into exploitation, entrapment and the emotional sustenance of exploitation. Through this account we demonstrate how unfreedom is felt in the lives of temporary migrants and point towards the need to rethink both scholarly accounts of forced labour and policy responses to the workplace exploitation of temporary migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The research aimed to identify what causes some highly skilled migrants from Ukraine to work according to their qualifications and others work below their qualifications. Design/methodology/approach: This article discusses the results of a survey conducted among 248 highly skilled economic migrants from Ukraine working in Poland. Two groups were analysed: working according to their qualifications and working below their qualifications. The study was carried out between December 2021 and March 2022. The CATI method has been used. Findings: There is a statistically significant relationship between the length of work experience of respondents in Ukraine and whether or not they are working according to their qualifications or below their qualifications. There is a statistically significant relationship between working in accordance with or not in accordance with qualifications and the assessment of whether it is difficult for a Ukrainian to get a job in Poland in accordance with his/her qualification. Research limitations/implications: The limitation of the conducted research is that it is conducted exclusively from the perspective of the migrant and does not take into account external factors such as the situation in the labour market of the host country, legal conditions, employers' attitudes towards employing foreigners in positions requiring higher education. This should be taken into account in future research. Practical implications: The research also has implications for the management of organisations. They show that there are people among the Ukrainian workforce whose potential is not being used. Their talents could be utilised within the organisation. Further research should look at companies and examine how the process of hiring foreign workers works and determine when a company decides to hire a highly qualified Ukrainian according to his/her background. Social implications: Poland has become a country of immigration. Economic migrants from Ukraine were joined by refugees from that country after 24.02.2022. The proper use of migrants' qualifications is therefore important from the point of view of the economy, but also of the host society. Originality/value: It shows the possibility of using highly qualified migrants from Ukraine in the organisation. In the Polish labour market migrants from Ukraine are mainly employed as manual workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foreign workers holding H‐1B visas gained recourse to federal employment rights under the Immigration & Nationality Act (INA) for the very first time when Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1990 (IMMACT90). This paper examines H‐1B employment rights enforcement under the INA as it has intersected with broader features of the American legal system: what political scientists call judicial retrenchment and the quasi‐judicial state. I first show how H‐1B rights, already limited by the domestic politics that shaped the IMMACT, became subject to judicial retrenchment when the federal courts confined H‐1B disputes under the INA to the quasi‐judicial state at the Department of Labor (DOL). I then use published data on DOL investigation outcomes, published and unpublished administrative case records, and judicial cases reviewing agency action to examine the extent to which and how H‐1B workers can use the quasi‐judicial state to solve workplace problems. My empirical findings contribute to a new understanding of the relationship between rights retrenchment, the judiciary, and the rise of alternatives to court in immigration and employment law and point to possible fine‐grained changes for future immigration reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

About 1.1 million international students were enrolled in U.S. institutions in the 2019-2020 academic year (Institute of International Education, 2021). Given limited work visas and the ever-changing political climates that impact migration, most international students will return to their home countries and will be unable to remain connected with alumni activities in their former host countries. A few institutions have attempted to maintain relationships with these former international students through their alumni relations office. The book Engaging International Alumni as Strategic Partners offers innovative ideas and approaches on how institutions can effectively develop, grow, and sustain such programs of engagement and why institutions should be strategic in their engagement with international alumni. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Orientación y Sociedad is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

South Korean migration to Malaysia is a relatively new phenomenon that began in the new millennium. By 2019, approximately 20,861 Koreans were residing in Malaysia under various types of visas: work, study, and under the Malaysia My Second Home (MM2H) program. This paper examines Korean attitudes and adjustment to Malaysian temporality (after accounting for their reasons for emigration) to make causal connections between developmentalist modernity, hypercelerity (extreme speed) and the lack of happiness that drive them to search for better opportunities in the Global South. Coming from a culture of hypercelerity and expected efficiency and immediacy, Koreans have to acclimatize to a culture of slowness. Drawing from a broad span of respondents interviewed between late 2014 to 2021, that includes university students, education migrants (parents), working expatriates, retirees and those on business visas from ages 16 up to their 60s, I argue that Koreans are filled with ambivalence regarding slow time. Such ambivalence is shaped by factors such as age, occupation, circumstance and context, their life course, and extent of openness to cultural difference (cosmopolitanism). This essay focuses on the challenges Koreans face and the strategies they deploy while negotiating the slower temporality of living in the Global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-US citizen international medical graduates (IMGs) make up a significant proportion of the physician workforce, especially in physician shortage areas and specialties. IMGs face barriers matriculating in US residency programs. Whether a program reports accepting J-1 visas and sponsoring H-1B visas influences their decision to apply, it remains unclear which institutional factors shape programs' likelihood to consider visa-seeking applicants. We investigated factors associated with programs reporting accepting J-1 visas or sponsoring H-1B visas for non-citizen applicants in internal medicine, the specialty most sought after by IMGs. We performed multivariable regression analyses using publicly available data to identify characteristics associated with reported visa acceptance (J-1 and or H-1B). Covariates included university affiliation, program size, program type (academic, university-affiliated community, or community), and Doximity reputation ranking. We identified 419 programs: 267 (63.7%) reported accepting J-1 visas. Among programs that accepted J-1 visas, 65.6% (n=175) accepted only J-1 visas while 34.5% (n=92) sponsored H-1B and accepted J-1 visas. Ranking in the third quartile (vs first quartile) was associated with lower odds of accepting J-1 (aOR 0.12; 95% CI 0.02-0.87; P=.04) and sponsoring H-1B visas (aOR 0.19; 95% CI 0.05-0.76; P=.02). Community status (vs academic) was associated with lower odds of accepting J-1 visas (aOR 0.2; 95% CI 0.06-0.64; P=.007), as was county hospital affiliation vs non-county hospitals (aOR 0.22; 95% CI 0.11-0.42; P<.001). While prior evidence shows that most internal medicine programs that substantially enroll IMGs are low ranking, high-ranking internal medicine programs are paradoxically more likely to report that they consider and sponsor visa-seeking applicants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formal work is essential to gain legal residence in Chile and the reason why Latin American and Caribbean migrants purchase fake contracts on the black market. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork with migrant Haitian women applying for work visas in Santiago, this article explores the effects of desired formality and its promises of a good life on contemporary statehood in Chile. The analysis shows how Haitian women's efforts to become formal workers transform their experiences as racialized and gendered migrants in Chile, and impact how state institutions manage and control migration. Desired formality reveals the paradoxical character of state policies that help create a racialized and precarious labor force within its legal frameworks and explain why migrants attach themselves to fragile good-life projects in new countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence on the labor‐market effect of immigration focuses on permanent migrants, though a large share of international labor mobility is temporary and seasonal. This paper estimates the marginal native employment effect of policy restrictions on foreign seasonal farm workers in the United States. It exploits two natural experiments: a legal requirement to give hiring preference to natives, and an exogenous change in natives' next‐best employment options during the Great Recession of 2007–2008. The local elasticity of natives' occupational labor supply is 0.0015, implying a minimal marginal effect of seasonal work visa restrictions on native employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compare winning and losing firms in lotteries for H-1B visas, matching administrative data on these lotteries to administrative tax data on US firms and to approved US patents. Winning one additional H-1B visa crowds out about 1.5 other workers at the firm. Additional H-1Bs have insignificant and at most modest effects on firm innovation. More general evidence from the universe of US firms and the universe of H-1B visas using alternative estimation strategies is consistent with these results. Firms that hire H-1Bs grow faster and innovate more because they are different in other ways from firms that do not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In September 2021, Immigration New Zealand (INZ) announced the offer of a one-off residence visa category – the 2021 Resident Visa, to over 165,000 temporary migrant workers and their family members living in the country. The offer was a response to the backlog and growing numbers of applications that INZ was unable to attend to largely because of the lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on relevant statistical data, news media reports and available academic publications, this research note examines how New Zealand's sanitization policies during the pandemic affected the lives of temporary migrant workers who hold various work visas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study how access to high-skill labor affects the outcomes of start-up firms. We obtain exogenous variation in firms' ability to access skilled labor by using win rates in H-1B visa lotteries. Relative to other firms that also applied for H-1B visas, firms with higher lottery win rates are more likely to receive additional venture capital funding and to have a successful exit via an IPO or acquisition. H-1B visa lottery winners also subsequently receive more patents and patent citations. Overall, our results suggest that access to high-skill labor is a critical determinant of success for start-up firms. This paper was accepted by Gustavo Manso, finance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

America's farm economy has long been sustained by foreign migrant labor. One significant legal source of foreign agricultural labor is the H-2A visa program. The H-2A visa program allows U.S. employers to bring foreign workers into the United States to fill temporary or seasonal agricultural jobs when two conditions are satisfied: (1) there are not enough U.S. workers willing and able to perform the work, and (2) the employment of H-2A workers will not adversely affect the wages and working conditions of similarly employed U.S. workers. The H-2A program has been widely critiqued for failing to adequately protect migrant workers who face human trafficking and other labor abuses, displacing American workers who are otherwise willing and able to perform agricultural work, and denying U.S. agricultural employers prompt access to a foreign labor supply in the event of actual labor shortages. However, many critiques of the H-2A program focus on reforming the process to improve the outcomes for only one group of process participants. The following Note seeks to engage in a comprehensive analysis of the H-2A program, examining how the administration of the program in its current form simultaneously fails foreign workers, American workers, and U.S. agricultural employers. I argue that two changes are necessary to address the structural deficiencies of the H-2A program to align with its statutory objectives: first, eliminating the labor certification process, and second, issuing visas directly to workers rather than their employers. The designation of farmworkers as "essential" workers during the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic emphasizes the critical labor these workers provide and highlights the importance of ensuring that the H-2A program functions effectively for all process participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The book "Migration of Topeña Women with H2B Visa to the Seafood Industry in Louisiana, United States," published by the Indigenous Autonomous University of Mexico in 2019, focuses on the migration of Topeña women to the United States with H2B visas to work in the seafood industry. The book analyzes the problem, the background, and the methodology used, as well as the results obtained. It also mentions other studies on women with H2B visas and highlights the intensification of migration of women from Tabasco and Sinaloa to North Carolina and Louisiana. The book's approach is qualitative and is based on in-depth interviews with six migrant women. The article analyzes theories of dual labor markets, labor market segmentation, and capitalist accumulation in relation to the migration of Topeña women with H2B visas to the seafood industry in Louisiana, United States. The importance of including a gender perspective in research is emphasized, and the androcentric approach in science is criticized. The H2B work visa program is also examined, and it is noted that there have been abuses and human rights violations against migrant workers. The experiences of six interviewed women are presented, who faced precarious working conditions and verbal and physical violence. The article concludes by highlighting the importance of making the experiences of migrant women visible and promoting a bilateral agreement on the labor rights of temporary workers with H2B visas. [Extracted from the article]

It will be politically difficult to liberalize international economic migration without some form of compensation for host-country workers. The paper explores the scope for managing migration using a government-regulated competitive market for work permits (WPs). We propose that host-county workers should be granted the legal option of renting out their WPs for a period of their choice, while foreigners can purchase taxable time-bound WPs. The proposed market is anonymous, with no need for personalized matchings of those on its two sides. The market can have either one price or be differentiated by occupation or region. There would probably be some losers, but potentially large gains, including through enhanced social protection in host countries. Using its power to tax WPs, the host country can achieve any desired floor to labour earnings. The market for WPs can also provide a new instrument for implementing industrial and regional development policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigrant workers in the U.S. mobilize through labor unions, worker centers and even autonomously for their rights. But existing literature on immigrant workers' movements mentions only low‐wage, low‐skilled and undocumented immigrants, who represent the majority of non‐citizens in the country. There is no discussion on how high‐skilled 'nonimmigrant' workers (or immigrants on temporary work visas) mobilize. A relatively small section of migration literature pays attention to high‐skilled nonimmigrants' challenges. But scholars in this group, too, are silent about these workers' organizing capacities. In this critical review, I draw attention to this mutual silence in two groups of literature. I also refer to some empirical instances of mobilization by high‐skilled nonimmigrants. I suggest that this is a potential field of research, which may contribute to social movement, migration and labor scholarship. Additionally, it may identify possibilities of solidarity across immigrant groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 2000 and 2020, undocumented migration declined, temporary labor migration rose, and legal permanent residents arrived at a steady pace--together creating a new system of Mexico--U.S. migration based on the circulation of legal temporary work ers and per ma nent res i dents. Drawing on data from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the Mexican Migration Project, we spec ify multinomialevent-history models top redict the likelihood of departure on first and later trips via four entry categories: no documents, noncompliant tourist visas, temporary work visas, and legal residence visas. The models reveal how the accumulation ofen try mode--specific social and human capital powered a system of undocumented migration that emerged between 1965 and 1985, and how that system deteriorated from 1985 to 2000. After 2000, employers took advantage of new visa categories to recruit legal temporary workers, leading to the accumulation of migration related human and social capital specific to that mode of entry and the emergence of a new system of Mexico-- U.S. migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving policy goals often requires different policies for different places, but the assignment of places to policies is often arbitrary, political, or based on anecdotal evidence. We argue that there are simple analytical techniques to improve policy by allocating places into corresponding 'policy regimes' in a more objective manner. We show how to implement this approach using a threshold model and relate the policy design to the underlying concept of agglomeration economies. Policies are implicitly based on an underlying hypothesis that adjusting specific factors will generate the desired outcome. The threshold approach modifies the underlying theory to allow for stepwise regimes, rather than a continuous function. These regimes determine bands of similar regions, or thresholds define when key variables have the greatest rate of rapid change in slope. Policy-makers can then assign places to policy regimes either according to bands in which similar places would require similar policy settings, or to target places just below thresholds to achieve greater impact by shifting places between thresholds. Bands and thresholds are determined by the data, rather than by anecdotal evidence, arbitrary assignment, bureaucratic experience, or political aims. We use the example of agglomeration economies in Australian cities to demonstrate this suggested approach. • This study proposes that a threshold regression can be used to objectively inform place-based policy designs. • The approach is applied to examining agglomeration economies in Australia to inform the design of regional work visas. • The results show that agglomeration economies strengthen across the range of sizes of Significant Urban Areas in Australia. • The absence of agglomeration diseconomies in the results suggests that policy should not prevent settlement in the largest cities. • Thresholds imply that cities with working age populations just below 30,104 and 91,148 would benefit from increases in size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the distinct and varied racialized harms that children experience in the immigration system through the example of Special Immigrant Juveniles Status (SIJS). Topics include SIJS is the only immigration status created for and limited to children with U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS); and how to apply for a work permit and lawful permanent resident (LPR) how racial justice imperative reimagine immigrant children's rights with special immigrant juveniles.

The article discusses problems with the statutory cap on U.S. visas for H-2B temporary foreign worker program and its implications for businesses and proposes change in the Immigration and Nationality Act.

The perils of doing outsourced or fixed-term work are well documented among the general workforce. These studies often find that workers are more vulnerable than in the past but those with advanced schooling are best prepared for today's economic vagaries. However, little research has focused on non-standard employment among subpopulations such as H-1B visa workers. This paper uses data from the career histories of migrant professionals to explore the strategies they use to improve their careers in the U.S. labour market. The agency of temporary workers is constrained by their social location, the legal architecture of the H-1B visa programme and the institutional configuration of the information technology labour market. I find that these factors structure H-1B workers' definition of good jobs, and the actions they take to maintain a valid legal status, remain continuously employed and build a life in the United States. Key contributions include bridging the literatures on non-standard employment and temporary migrant worker programmes; and, describing the creative responses of workers with high aspirations who encounter significant mobility barriers. These findings lend important insights for how workers manage uncertainty and opportunity as the dual practices of outsourcing and temporary worker programmes expand around the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses a gap in the scholarly literature on the legal regulation of temporary labour migration by tracing the legislative history and regulation of work visas for short stay specialists and occupational trainees. By reason of their acute temporariness, both short stay workers and occupational trainees could be regarded as having a migration status that makes them vulnerable in their work relations. In addition, this vulnerability means they may accept terms and conditions that undercut domestic labour standards. Although the detailed legislative tracing of both visas reveals various attempts to re-regulate both visas in favour of greater scrutiny of employer requests for overseas labour, tightening access requirements and increasing enforcement and monitoring capacity, these have been largely incapable of preventing instances of egregious exploitation. These case studies on two little-known visas mirror the growing concerns around the integrity of Australia's temporary labour migration program more generally and point to the myriad tensions, challenges and complexities inherent in the regulation of temporary labour migration programs around the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]