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Automatic detection and recognition of wheel hub text, which can boost the efficiency and accuracy of product information recording, are undermined by the obscurity and orientation variability of text on wheel hubs. To address these issues, this paper constructs a wheel hub text dataset and proposes a wheel hub text detection and recognition model called HubNet. The dataset captured images on real industrial production line scenes, including 446 images, 934 word instances, and 2947 character instances. HubNet is an end-to-end text detection and recognition model, not only comprising conventional detection and recognition heads but also incorporating a feature cross-fusion module, which improves the accuracy of recognizing wheel hub texts by utilizing both global and local features. Experimental results show that on the wheel hub text dataset, the HubNet achieves an accuracy of 86.5%, a recall of 79.4%, and an F1-score of 0.828, and the feature cross-fusion module increases the accuracy by 2% to 4%. The wheel hub dataset and the HubNet offer a significant reference for automatic detection and recognition of wheel hub text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an in-depth analysis of steering and guidance problems of independently rotating wheels (IRWs) in railway vehicles and provides an engineering insight into the possibilities for passive and/or semi-active control possibilities that do not require expensive full-active systems. The theoretical development is then supported in the study by carrying out a comprehensive performance evaluation in comparison with a full active control. The study demonstrates that the independently rotating wheelset may be effectively controlled via semi-active approaches to provide the wheelsets with the necessary steering on curves and self-centring ability on a straight track with irregularities with performance comparable with full active systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A graph G with p vertices and q edges has antimagic labeling if there is a bijection from the edge set of the graph to the label set { 1 , 2 , ... , q } such that p vertices must have distinct vertex sums, where the vertex sums are determined by adding up all the edge labels incident to each vertex v in V (G). Hartsfield and Ringel conjectured that every connected graph is antimagic, except P 2 . In this study, we identified a class of connected graphs that lend credence to this conjecture. In this paper, we proved that the tensor product of a Wheel Graph, Helm Graph, and Flower graph with Star is antimagic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let W $W$ be any wheel graph and G ${\mathscr{G}}$ the class of all countable graphs not containing W $W$ as a minor. We show that there exists a graph in G ${\mathscr{G}}$ which contains every graph in G ${\mathscr{G}}$ as an induced subgraph. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on available models and experimental data, the sputtering of target atoms in long-term experiments with intense heavy ion (HI) beams has been considered. The experiments on the synthesis of superheavy nuclei (SHN), which are carried out in laboratories around the world, are examples of such experiments encountering the target atoms sputtering in specific conditions. Rotating wheels with a relatively large target annulus area are used in these experiments to reduce the temperature and radiation loads on the target. Large areas of rotating targets allow one to reduce the sputtering yields of target atoms significantly. The question arises about the reliability of these yields in experiments on the synthesis of SHN with Z>118. These nuclei can be produced with extremely low cross sections, requiring HI beam doses exceeding 10 $ ^{20} $ 20 particles passed through the target to observe several decay events of the thus synthesized SHN. Estimates based on approximations and simulations considered in this work are presented and compared with some data on actinide target sputtering obtained in experiments performed on the synthesis of SHN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rack railway is a rail transportation that utilizes the gear-rack engagement to supply the traction forces on large-slope lines, primarily employed in mountainous regions where the conventional trains cannot operate due to the wheel-rail adhesion limitations. However, there is limited research on this system dynamics and further analysis is required to understand the interaction mechanism between the rack vehicle and track. Based on the typical vehicle-track coupled dynamics theory, the rack vehicle-track spatially coupled dynamics model is developed in this paper to evaluate the dynamic behaviours of the rack vehicle and the track system running on large-slope line with a detailed modeling of the longitudinal motion for the rack and sleeper, where the time-varying gear-rack mesh stiffness and the rail geometrical irregularity are incorporated. The excellent agreement observed between simulated and field-test results serves as strong validation for developed dynamics model. The results demonstrate that the vibration responses of the wheelset and the rack are dominated by the gear-rack mesh excitations. It should be noticed that the wheel loads are reduced by the presence of the gear-rack engagement. Furthermore, the vibration of the sleeper can explicitly reflect the gear-rack mesh characteristics through the transfer of the rack fastener. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The working principle of a self-balancing robot is similar to that of an inverted pendulum, with the mobile robot's controller playing a crucial part in both self-balancing and stabilization. It is the kind that constantly modifies itself to keep balance when it rides on two wheels. This review will center on the basic construction of the suggested robot, summarize the recent studies relative to control methods and the building of the two-wheeled self-balancing robot, and discuss the outcomes of control experiments conducted on hardware systems. It will assist researchers in building and designing two-wheeled mobile robots in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents a method for learning world models for wheel loaders performing automatic loading actions on a pile of soil. Data-driven models were learned to output the resulting pile state, loaded mass, time, and work for a single loading cycle given inputs that include a heightmap of the initial pile shape and action parameters for an automatic bucket-filling controller. Long-horizon planning of sequential loading in a dynamically changing environment is thus enabled as repeated model inference. The models, consisting of deep neural networks, were trained on data from a 3D multibody dynamics simulation of over 10,000 random loading actions in gravel piles of different shapes. The accuracy and inference time for predicting the loading performance and the resulting pile state were, on average, 95% in 1.2 ms and 97% in 4.5 ms, respectively. Long-horizon predictions were found feasible over 40 sequential loading actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Smart Rail Transit is the property of Smart Rail Transit Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This work attempts to demonstrate the root causes of failure of the bearing of rail vehicle wheel sets. The work presents the recommended methodology for analyzing damage to the bearing of rail vehicle wheel sets. It was important that the end result of the analyzes was to correctly identify the root cause of the bearing failure. The results of the failure analysis of selected bearings showed that the most probable causes of their failure were: irregularities during the maintenance phase (including failure to comply with inspection intervals), lack of sufficient supervision and/or failure to properly secure the bearing pressure cap mounting bolts, intrusion of external contaminants and/or contamination of the lubricant at the stage of installation and maintenance activities, electrical erosion. The above-mentioned possible causes of bearing damage provide important information that allows for better prevention of damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Railway Standard Design is the property of Railway Standard Design Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents a procedure for estimating the motion capabilities of an omnidirectional mobile platform with three omni wheels arbitrarily distributed and oriented. This procedure is based on the analysis of the bidirectionality compliance between the inverse and forward kinematics of a mobile platform for a wide set of discrete motion commands. This procedure has been applied to analyze eleven alternative mobile platform configurations with three omni wheels. The estimation of the omnidirectional motion capabilities of these platforms agrees with state-of-the-art methods while providing new differentiated information on the translational capabilities of each platform. The procedure can be applied in the design stage of new omnidirectional mobile platforms in order to verify the motion capabilities of new designs with omni wheels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Machine Tool & Hydraulics is the property of Guangzhou Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (GMERI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The wheel-rail contact asymmetry on the left and right sides of the wheelset while navigating high-speed vehicles through turnouts can lead to lateral motion of the wheelset, ultimately resulting in substantial vibrations in the vehicle system. This study employs the trace method to examine the changing pattern of the wheel-rail equivalent conicity in the turnout area as the wheel profile evolves. A coupled system dynamics model containing flexible turnouts is established. Specifically, the model examines the lateral position of wheel-rail contact points, the lateral motion of the wheelset, and the lateral vibration acceleration of the vehicle system. The study indicates that the lateral motion characteristics of high-speed trains passing through turnouts are influenced by the degree of wheel wear. When the wheels are slightly worn (for mileage below or equal to 100,000 km), the lateral dynamic responses of the vehicle system are affected by the inherent structure of the turnout. When the wheels are severely worn (for mileage above or equal to 150,000 km), the lateral dynamic response of the vehicle system is no longer affected by the inherent structure of the turnout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rail side wear in small radius curved track of metro lines is a serious problem in railway maintenance, which reduces the curve passing performance and shortens the service life of the wheel and rail. To improve the vehicle's curve passing performance and reduce rail wear, a localized grinding profile design method for sharp curves was developed. The GFC profile generation method was used to generate the profiles for the curved track of the metro line. Then a metro vehicle-track dynamic model was established to calculate the wheel rail contact parameters, objectives and constraints. The profiles are optimized by the KSM-PSO optimization algorithm. Finally, a simulation analysis of the curve passing performance and wheel-rail wear of the optimized profile was carried out. When the metro vehicle passes through the curved track with a curve radius of 450m, the optimized rail profile can effectively reduce the wear of the rail, the wear of the high rail in the curved track is reduced by 20.18%. The localized rail grinding of the curved track can effectively reduce the rail side wear, the GQI index is also significantly improved. This study can guide the design of rail grinding profiles for the metro lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve the complicated steering control of small vehicles in the agriculture and difficult steering on complex roads, this study designed a wheel-track composite vehicle. The vehicle incorporated a novel power differential steering mechanism with dual driving, enabling steering through the differential rotation of the rear two wheels. The vehicle is simple to control, small in size, and is able to work under the conditions of complex roads, such as hills, mountains, and muddy land. The study initially focused on presenting the design, theoretical analysis, and dynamic simulation analysis of the power differential steering mechanism with dual driving. Subsequently, the vehicle underwent modeling and simulation using UG software to validate the reasonability of the values. Finally, utilizing test data, four mathematical models for the actual steering radius of the vehicle on four road surfaces were derived through neural network fitting. The maximum relative error between the model results and the actual steering radius value was reported to be 3.53%. The advantages of the vehicle included continuous radius steering, deceleration and torsion increase, differential lock, etc. This made it well-suited for applications in all-terrain military and civilian vehicles, as well as various special equipment mobile platforms equipped with walking devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Geopyörä breakage test uses two counter-rotating wheels to nip and crush rock specimens with a tightly controlled gap between rollers. This paper presents the detailed measures conducted to evaluate the accuracy and precision of energy measurements across various ore types using the Geopyörä. Force measurement was assessed just for its precision. The outputs were compared directly to the drop weight test (DWT) measures of fragmentation at the same energy and fitted A and b parameters. Test reproducibility was evaluated using a Round-Robin methodology, testing several samples in multiple laboratories. The results confirmed that the new test has sufficient accuracy to match DWT results and excellent precision to assure reproducibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Mechanical Engineering is the property of Editorial Board of China Mechanical Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Chongqing University of Technology (Natural Science) is the property of Chongqing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper shows the usage of a numerical analysis model that enables the calculation of the life of railway wheels used for low-floor freight wagons as a function of its primary operating factors, which allows for carrying out sensitivity analyses. Low-floor wagons are being increasingly used for combined transport applications, and many types of bogies have been proposed to constitute the wagons. Due to the uniqueness of this type of wagon, the bogie configurations in terms of wheelbase and axle load have hardly been analyzed so far. The numerical analysis model used addresses the primary challenges that arise in the vehicle–track interaction and establishes the relations among them. The main aspects of this model have been described in this paper, which has been later used to calculate the life of an ordinary-diameter wheel for several wheelbase and axle load values. This study has been replicated with reduced-diameter wheels, which are commonly used for low-floor wagons. In this way, it is possible to know the evolution of the life depending on the wheelbase and the axle load. The observed behaviors are not so dissimilar for the different types of wheels, and they point out huge increases in wear as the axle load and the wheelbase rise, especially with axle load. The root causes can be explained by the entire understanding of the rolling phenomenon provided by the full analytical work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the research results on the influence of wheel dressing technological parameters on minimum Surface Roughness (SR) and maximum Material Removal Rate (MRR) of Hardox 500 steel. The Box-Behnken planning method with 4 factors was used, including rough wheel dressing depth ar, the number of rough wheel dressing times nr, fine wheel dressing depth af , and the number of fine wheel dressing times nf . The impact of these factors on the objectives of the grinding process was evaluated. Furthermore, an optimal grinding mode was proposed to increase MRR while minimizing SR. The proposed model can be used in industry and further research can investigate the grinding of workpiece materials with high-alloy or high-speed steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of the paper is to give the crossing number of the join product G* + Dn for the graph G* isomorphic to 4-regular graph on six vertices except for two distinct edges with no common vertex such that two remaining vertices are still adjacent, and where Dn consists of n isolated vertices. The proofs are done with the help of well-known exact values for crossing numbers of join products of four subgraphs Hk of G* with discrete graphs. Further, we give a conjecture concerning crossing numbers of the join products of Dn with Wm\e for both types edges e of wheels Wm of m + 1 vertices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is devoted to condition-based maintenance using vibration analysis. It proposes a numerical and experimental methodology to assist in the detection and vibratory monitoring of chipping faults on gear teeth. The aim of this work is to model the dynamic behavior of the gear link and to treat the vibration behavior of gear flaws theoretically and experimentally. This article is going to study the case of a breast gear, a defect located on the wheel, another defect on the pinion and the wheel and the insufficient center distance defect based on experiments carried out on a test bench manufactured in the laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wayside monitoring is a promising cost-effective alternative to predict damage in the rolling stock. The main goal of this work is to present an unsupervised methodology to identify out-of-roundness (OOR) damage wheels, such as wheel flats and polygonal wheels. This automatic damage identification algorithm is based on the vertical acceleration evaluated on the rails using a virtual wayside monitoring system and involves the application of a two-step procedure. The first step aims to define a confidence boundary by using (healthy) measurements evaluated on the rail constituting a baseline. The second step of the procedure involves classifying damage of predefined scenarios with different levels of severities. The proposed procedure is based on a machine learning methodology and includes the following stages: (1) data collection, (2) damage-sensitive feature extraction from the acquired responses using a neural network model, i.e., the sparse autoencoder (SAE), (3) data fusion based on the Mahalanobis distance, and (4) unsupervised feature classification by implementing outlier and cluster analysis. This procedure considers baseline responses at different speeds and rail irregularities to train the SAE model. Then, the trained SAE is capable to reconstruct test responses (not trained) allowing to compute the accumulative difference between original and reconstructed signals. The results prove the efficiency of the proposed approach in identifying the two most common types of OOR in railway wheels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the trajectory tracking control for a perturbed wheeled mobile robot (WMR) with slipping and skidding. The external disturbances and uncertainties caused by the slipping and skidding compose the "total" disturbance. By analyzing the stable state of the controlled system, the WMR reference model driven by a favorable disturbance is constructed. This article proposes an enhanced extended state observer (EESO) to reckon the difference between the "total" disturbance and the favorable disturbance. Then, a practical prescribed time tracking method is developed. By introducing a time‐dependent scaling function, the initial value restriction can be relaxed, and the peaking phenomenon caused by the EESO can be tolerated. With the proposed EESO and the prescribed time tracking controller, the estimation error is input‐to‐state stable, and the tracking control of WMR with global prescribed performance is achieved. Simulation results show the advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Active wobble control: New method for spinning satellites using reaction wheels. • Reduced weight: Eliminates balancing processes and additional ballast. • Enhanced robustness: Handles uncertainties and high thrusting disturbances. • Minimized oscillations: Lowers average thrust and spin axis variations. • Hardware validated: Successful testing with air-bearing HIL setup. This paper introduces a novel active nutation/wobble rejection control method for spinning satellites enduring thrusting disturbances and reaction wheel limitations. Our approach employs two tilted reaction wheels in reaction-momentum mode, actively controlling wobble/nutation while enhancing disturbance rejection for dynamically unbalanced satellites. This eliminates the need for balancing processes or additional ballast, reducing system weight. A new wheel arrangement and momentum analysis effectively dampens wobble generated by dynamic imbalances. We prove that increasing wheel angular speed about the spinning axis enhances immunity against transverse disturbances. Unlike existing controllers, our method minimizes average thrust/spin axis oscillation while eliminating undesired rates and wobble. Stability is rigorously established through linearized equations and Routh stability criteria. Validation via air-bearing hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) and Monte Carlo tests demonstrates close agreement between predictions and experimental data, highlighting the controller's robustness against high thrusting disturbances. This work represents a significant contribution by achieving active stabilization of unbalanced spin satellites using onboard reaction wheels, potentially paving the way for wider adoption in future spacecraft designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the anti-disturbance capability of controller in automatic parking system and optimize the execution effect of control law, the closed-loop layered controller of front wheel angle was designed. The non-smooth control law based on the fal function was designed with driving distance as non-time reference to output the target front wheel angle. The front wheel angle observer was designed based on the Ackerman steering model, and the fuzzy sliding mode controller was used to implement closed-loop lateral control. The Carsim/Simulink co-simulation was built to verify the feasibility, tracking effect and robustness of the designed controller by simulating typical parking scenarios. A real vehicle test platform was used for testing. The results show that the closed-loop layered controller of front wheel angle can quickly and accurately track the target path, improve the lateral control accuracy of the parking system and ensure the tracking control effect under unknown steering nonlinear disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explain the phenomenon of corrugation on measured line sections of the modern tram, a numerical model of modern tram-track coupling has been established by utilizing the multi-body dynamics method, and the formation mechanism of corrugation has been studied from the perspective of wheel-rail contact creep. The results show that the smaller the curve radius is, the greater the probability of corrugation occurs. The corrugation wavelength range is 40 mm~50 mm, the wave depth range is 0.05 mm~0.1 mm, and the wave depth is relatively small compared with the corrugation wave depth of metro lines, which is in line with the characteristics of the light-load operation of the tram. The formation mechanism of corrugation on modern tram sharp curves can be described as wheel-rail contact creep saturation leads to the generation of corrugation, and the source of creep is related to the guiding mechanism of the longitudinally coupled independent wheelset bogie. The formation of corrugation on the straight line of the modern tram is related to the difference in wheel diameters between the front and rear wheelsets on the same side, which can lead to different longitudinal velocities, thus generating longitudinal creep forces and inducing rail corrugation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rail rolling stock undercarriage condition monitoring is proposed by using an automated measuring system, located on the railway track and measuring the specified parameters of the wheels directly, while the train is moving. Regular undercarriage condition monitoring reduces the costs of preventive maintenance of rolling stock without compromising the traffic safety. An algorithm has been developed for the operation of a special software package for visualizing and assessing monitoring data on the condition of the undercarriage of rail rolling stock. The software package consists of separate software modules that can be used independently of each other. It is possible to make short- or long-term predictions of the behavior of any of the monitored parameters using an proposed automated measuring system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work describes the features and methods of measuring the forces of interaction between the wheel pairs and rails by measuring wheel deformations at control points. The work also contains recommendations for direct measurements of the forces of interaction between the wheels and rails to determine the actual margin of stability of wheel pairs from derailment. The result of the work is general requirements for the system of direct measurement of the strength of interaction of the high-speed rolling stock wheel pairs with rails and scientifically based recommendations for direct measurement of the interaction forces of wheels and rails. The problems of interaction between the wheel pairs and rails do not significantly depend on the track width and are general in nature for different countries of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modeling structures of rollers, mecanum wheels, and mecanum wheeled mobile robots presented in the literature use single contact force assumption. This assumption may give good results in a simulation environment; however, it is not strong enough to reflect reality. To make an improvement, a new aspect of mecanum wheel model is proposed in this study. The model takes the variable roller contact forces into account and investigates their effects on the performance of motion of a mecanum wheeled mobile robot. It uses all points on each roller's curved shape so that the slippage phenomena is also taken into consideration which makes it possible to get less position estimation errors in real-time operations. The modeling structure introduced aims to reflect reality both in simulation and real applications. A simulation environment is developed for this study. To make verification, an experimental setup including a four-mecanum-wheeled mobile robot, its mechanical and electrical hardware and software infrastructures, and a ground-truth system is designed and constructed. A Robot Operating System (ROS) based control system is created and integrated into the experimental system. Different types of reference trajectories including straight-line, square-shaped, Z-shaped, and wave(S)-shaped are used to test the performance of the model proposed in both simulation and experimental studies. The tests are also conducted using the model that involves single contact force assumption to make comparisons. The details of the variable contact forces model proposed, simulation environment developed, experimental setup built, simulation and experimental studies, their results, and comparisons are given in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to estimate the structural load applied to the attachment and frame of a wheel loader by using pressure and acceleration, which have a load correlation, instead of strain. First, we propose a data-driven modeling methodology for load estimation. Load features as model input are derived based on cylinder pressure and frame acceleration. The relationship between features and the load is expressed through correlation coefficients and generalized by using the supervised machine learning technique. Next, to experimentally collect the large data set for learning, two wheel loaders of different classes are selected to build sensor cars. Then, the measurements on both wheel loaders are performed repeatedly with four experienced operators according to the test cases. Using conventional learning algorithms, model selection is performed for five parts that make up the attachment and frame. Then, the model learning and evaluation are performed. As a result of an out-of-sample test, the average estimation error for each part is approximately 5 % and the proposed methodology is experimentally verified that it is effective in estimating load for CUP monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an adaptive controller is proposed for an active suspension system to achieve optimal compromise performance for vehicles equipped with non-pneumatic wheels under different road conditions. Firstly, the effective vertical stiffness of the non-pneumatic wheel (NPW) was identified through the static force-deflection tests. Then, the effect of the variations in NPW stiffness and mass on the vibration responses was investigated using a quarter-vehicle model. In order to coordinate the ride comfort and handling performance of the vehicle for different road excitations, an adaptive controller was synthesized using the model predictive control (MPC) theory together with an H ∞ state observer. The control gains for different control objectives were determined using a genetic algorithm (GA). Simulations indicate that the proposed controller can adapt to different road excitations and effectively enhance the dynamic performance of the vehicle. Specifically, by applying adaptive control, the root-mean-square (RMS) value of sprung mass acceleration (SMA) and the dynamic wheel load (DWL) coefficient are reduced by 19.4% and −9.3% on Class B roads and 12.4% and 3.8% on Class C roads, respectively, which is superior to the modified skyhook control (19.4% and −11.8% on Class B roads, and 19.3% and −12.3% on Class C roads). The effectiveness of simulation results was subsequently verified through hardware-in-the-loop experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crossing number of a graph is a significant measure that indicates the complexity of the graph and the difficulty of visualizing it. In this paper, we examine the crossing numbers of join products involving the complete graph K 5 with discrete graphs, paths, and cycles. We analyze optimal drawings of K 5 , identify all five non-isomorphic drawings, and address previously hypothesized crossing numbers for K 5 + P n , and K 5 + C n . Through a simplified approach, we first establish cr (K 5 + D n) and then extend our method to prove the crossing numbers cr (K 5 + P n) and cr (K 5 + C n) . These results also lead to new hypotheses for cr (W m + S n) and cr (W m + W n) involving wheels and stars. Our findings correct previous inaccuracies in the literature and provide a foundation for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic interaction between the vehicle and track is strongly influenced by out-of-round wheels and turnout rail profile geometries, which result in high-magnitude contact forces and abnormal vibrations. This study presents the dynamic response of the tram-turnout interaction due to polygonal wheel wear and analyses its transmission between the wheelsets. A three-dimensional coupled tram-turnout dynamic model was formulated, taking into account the polygonal wear on the front bogie wheelsets. Through numerical simulations, the dynamic characteristics of a tram passing through the turnout switch and crossing panels under the influence of polygonal wear were simulated. Furthermore, the impact of polygonal wear amplitudes and tram speeds on the transmission of dynamic impact forces and vibrations from the front bogie wheelset to the trailer bogie wheels are described. According to the numerical findings, when the flexible wheelset experiences polygonal wear, it can lead to substantial impact forces and vibrations as the tram moves through the turnout switch and crossing zones. Moreover, the transmission of dynamic impact forces and vibrations from the front bogie wheelset to the trailer wheels increases as the wheel wear amplitude and the vehicle speed increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mouse wheel may induce physical fatigue by requiring users to clutch the wheel repeatedly when scrolling long distances. To address this problem, some mouse products provide a free-spinning mode in which users can spin the wheel to initiate inertial scrolling. However, the time and effort required to toggle the free-spinning mode may lower the usability of the mouse wheel. To enable inertial scrolling without the overhead of mode switching, we present TouchWheel, a physical mouse wheel with touch sensitivity and a virtual wheel model that enables users to perform flick-and-stop operations as they do on touchscreens. A user experiment revealed that participants could actively use TouchWheel's flick-and-stop operation according to their different scrolling needs. For tasks that frequently required long-distance scrolling, TouchWheel outperformed a normal mouse wheel in task completion time and required fewer clutching and mode-switching actions than the normal mouse wheel and a spin-enabled mouse wheel. For tasks that required short-distance scrolling, TouchWheel performed similarly to other baseline options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the technological progress that has been made in the field of wheels and tires. It explains the evolution of wheels from wooden spokes to carbon fiber, and the transition from spoked wheels to solid wheels with hubcaps. The article also explores the development of pneumatic air-filled tires and the dangers of blowouts. It includes a class project idea for students to compare the pressure exerted by a tire on the road with the air pressure inside the tire. The article concludes with a discussion on the rotational motion of wheels and the concept of simulated gravity in rotating habitats. [Extracted from the article]

In this research, a moldboard plough was first attached to the Tractor, and the path coordinates of lower and upper hitch points were measured in the movement range of the lift arms. Then, to investigate the effect of the geometric parameters of the 3-point hitch system on its performance, SolidWorks software was used to simulate the motion of the 3-point hitch system. The path of the hitch points was plotted, and geometric performance parameters were calculated using the measured data. The workshop results showed that when the upper link was attached to the lower pivot point, the vertical convergence distance was less than the ASAE standard value. Therefore, when using tillage implements, the upper link should be attached to 2nd or 3nd pivot point, and if the lower pivot point is used, the stability of the Tractor may be disturbed. The simulation results showed that by increasing the distance of the connection point of the lift rod to the lower link, the mechanical advantage increased to 3.18, but the movement range of the arms decreased by 95.28 mm. Also, by reducing the length of the lift rod, the mechanical advantage increased to 3.16, while the movement range of the arms decreased by 487.11 mm. By reducing the distance of the connection point of the lift rod to the lower link, as well as increasing the length of the lift rod at heights lower than the ASAE standard for lower links, the position of the virtual hitch point was moved to the rear of the rear wheels of the Tractor. The reason may affect the stability of the Tractor, especially on hills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the question of which posture trailing-arm vehicles (TAVs) should be adopted while driving, this study introduces an innovative active posture controller (APC) to improve both path-following and handling stability performance. Leveraging a nonlinear tire model that considers corner load variation and wheel camber, alongside the kinematics and double-track model of TAVs, the impact of vehicle body posture on handling performance has been investigated. To fully utilize the four-wheel independent drive and posture adjustable characteristics of the TAV mechanisms, an integrated nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) combining APC and tire forces distribution is devised. Through simulations conducted using Simulink-Multibody (2023a), the effectiveness of the proposed controller is demonstrated, particularly when compared to the scheme that does not account for the unique posture adjustment mechanisms of TAVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper designs a kind of air suspension mechanical-vibration-reduction wheel for mining engineering vehicles; the research work on topology analysis and the structural optimization of the inner and outer rims are carried out with this wheel as the research object. Using Workbench finite-element analysis software, taking the results of static analysis and modal analysis of the two as constraints, a variety of structural improvement styles are obtained through a topology analysis method and compared and verified, and a more reasonable improvement result is selected and assembled into a whole wheel for final analysis and verification. The results show that the optimization results of the wheel still meet the design's load-bearing requirements, and the weight is lighter; the topology analysis results are ideal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid wheel–track systems have found extensive applications due to the advantages a combination of wheels and tracks. However, the coupling influence between the wheeled and tracked mechanisms poses a challenge to stable and efficient controller design and implementation. This paper focuses on the lateral dynamic control of a vehicle in scenarios where both tracks and wheels are in contact with the ground. A dynamic model of a vehicle is first established based on the tire brush model and linearized general track model. Based on the dynamic model, a novel adaptive model predictive control (AMPC) method is designed considering the coupling and nonlinearity of the wheels and tracks to simultaneously regulate both mechanisms. Compared with traditional model predictive control approaches, the AMPC controller takes the side-slip angle and slip ratio as constraints to prevent the vehicle from reaching unstable states. Simulations are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the controller, and the results indicate that the controller has the capacity to optimize the objective's yaw-rate response while maintaining lateral vehicle stability and preventing slip by imposing constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptive active suspension systems, integral to specialized vehicles, hold significance for their stability and safety. This study introduces a novel adaptive active suspension system featuring four independently controlled wheels employing wheel-hub motors, hydraulic cylinders, pump motor power, controllers, and sensors. A rapid and, within a certain range, leveling and height adjustment control strategy is proposed for this system, utilizing the Kalman filter algorithm. Additionally, the paper examines the front-wheel Ackermann steering model and four-wheel reverse Ackermann transition model to enhance the suspension's stability. Subsequently, experiments on leveling and height adjustment are conducted, demonstrating the system's capability to swiftly and accurately rectify the vehicle's deviation angle within the specified threshold. Following adjustments made by the leveling and height control algorithm, the vehicle body promptly returns to the preset level state and designated height. The leveling control system holds broad applicability in intelligent agriculture, logistics handling, off-road equipment, and other domains, presenting significant practical utility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a design of a unique "roller wheel" structure combining rigid MXene and flexible liquid metal (LM), aiming to construct an epoxy composite coating with simultaneous advanced mechanical strength and lubrication properties. The antiwear property of the epoxy composites is improved by 72.8% when the LM is 0.5 wt% and MXene is 0.03 wt%. The incorporation of LM‐MXene improved the mechanical properties of the epoxy composite coating, resulting in an approximately 136.6% increase in elastic modulus. The unique "roller wheel" structure provides additional mechanical support and leads to lower adhesion between the MXene layers and LM. As a result, LM reduces the stripping and sliding of the interface between MXene layers during the friction process, further enhancing the lubrication performance of the epoxy composite coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractShimmy is a self-accident lateral and yaw vibration of a wheel caused by the interaction between the dynamic behavior of the tire and the supporting structure. The shimmy affects road vehicles, motorcycles, and aircraft landing gears. This undesired vibration can increase to a considerable amplitude, producing loss of control and may even result in severe damage to the wheel-suspension system. Suitable tools and models are required to assess the system’s stability properties and understand shimmy mechanisms. This research focuses on the technical solutions to reduce the shimmy phenomenon. The suspension, axle, and bearing part on the axle work together in a united way to protect against the forces transmitted by the wheels’ imbalances. This physical phenomenon suggests balancing the wheel by considering a mechanical system consisting of suspensions, axles, and wheels. In the design phase, the research suggests balancing the axle and wheels, comparing two planes, and influencing coefficient methods. An inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor can capture mechanical vibrations on the wheel at various vehicle speeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheeled mobile robots are prone to wheel slippage on soft and complex terrains, which affects trajectory tracking accuracy. To improve the trajectory tracking accuracy of robots under such conditions, an adaptive slip compensation controller (ASCC) based on fault‑tolerant control (FTC) is proposed. Firstly, a kinematic model of a four‑wheeled mobile robot (4 WMR) is established by considering wheel slippage rates, and the corresponding trajectory tracking error model is constructed. Then, based on the FTC method, a slippage compensation term is designed. The stability of the ASCC is proven using Lyapunov stability theory, achieving accurate compensation for the velocity error caused by wheel slippage. Finally, experiments under two working conditions are conducted on the 4 WMR. The results show that the designed controller enables the mobile robot to track the desired path under unknown wheel slippage rates, and it exhibits stronger robustness and higher tracking accuracy compared to the conventional controllers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Train wheels are crucial components for ensuring the safety of trains. The accurate and fast identification of wheel tread defects is necessary for the timely maintenance of wheels, which is essential for achieving the premise of conditional repair. Image-based detection methods are commonly used for detecting tread defects, but they still have issues with the misdetection of water stains and the leaking of small defects. In this paper, we address the challenges posed by the detection of wheel tread defects by proposing improvements to the YOLOv8 model. Firstly, the impact of water stains on tread defect detection is avoided by optimising the structure of the detection layer. Secondly, an improved SPPCSPC module is introduced to enhance the detection of small targets. Finally, the SIoU loss function is used to accelerate the convergence speed of the network, which ensures defect recognition accuracy with high operational efficiency. Validation was performed on the constructed tread defect dataset. The results demonstrate that the enhanced YOLOv8 model in this paper outperforms the original network and significantly improves the tread defect detection indexes. The average precision, accuracy, and recall reached 96.95%, 96.30%, and 95.31%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A gear form-grinding optimization method is proposed to obtain an optimal profile of a form-grinding wheel by solving a transcendental equation of the contact line between a form-grinding wheel and a helical gear workpiece. Since the equation of the contact line is transcendental, the relationship between the installation angle of the form-grinding wheel and the shape of the contact line cannot be represented by explicit functions, which makes it difficult to obtain the optimal profile of the form-grinding wheel. An optimization method of the contact line between the form-grinding wheel and the gear is proposed using three evaluation parameters that are the overrun, the shift, and the offset. Some gear form-grinding performances, such as machining stroke, tooth deviation, and grinding chatter, can be quantitatively described using those evaluation parameters. Further, a method for optimizing evaluation parameters is proposed, which uses a particle swarm optimization-support vector machine (PSO-SVM) model with the advantage of small-sample robustness to solve evaluation parameters. The PSO-SVM model is trained under the condition of different installation angles of the form-grinding wheel as the input and the evaluation function as the output. The R-squared value of the overrun is 0.986 that vilidate the high accuracy of the PSO-SVM model. Gear form-grinding test results show the proposed method can effectively improve grinding accuracy. • Effects of the contact line shape on gear form-grinding are studied. • A particle swarm optimization-support vector machine (PSO-SVM) model is developed. • A form-grinding wheel optimization method using the PSO-SVM model is developed. • The optimization method can improve accuracy of gear form-grinding. • Effectiveness of the optimization method is verified by form-grinding tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Timely monitoring of wheel polygon is of great importance for the formulation of railway wheel maintenance strategies. In this study, a novel data-driven method for onboard and quantitative detection of wheel polygon is presented. First, the axle box acceleration (ABA) signal preprocessing method and stationarity test are introduced to select the relatively stationary signal from the measured data of ABA. Next, an iterative algorithm is developed to accurately extract the quasi-stationary ABA signals, representing each wheel rotation period. Then, an improved frequency domain integration method is developed to quantitatively capture the orders and roughness levels of the wheel polygon. Finally, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method is verified using the field-measured data of ABA and the wheel polygon in one cycle of wheel re-profiling. The results show that the proposed method can quantitatively capture the dominant characteristics of single- and multi-orders wheel polygons at different operating mileages with minimum and maximum absolute errors of 0.04 dB re 1 µm and −2.33 dB re 1 µm, respectively. The comparative analysis demonstrates that the proposed method outperforms the traditional time and frequency domain integration algorithms in the detailed characterisation of wheel polygon roughness levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]