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The composition of seed storage proteins determines the suitability of bread wheat cultivar for different end-use products. high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits are the major determinants of the processing quality of bread wheat flour. The spontaneous translocation of the 1RS arm of Secale cereale L. in bread wheat is associated with higher grain yield and abiotic stress tolerance, but it leads to deterioration in the end-use quality due to the presence of rye storage secalin protein encoded by Sec-1 locus. The 1RSWR.1BL recombinant line W1635 without Sec-1, over-expressed Glu1-Bx7 (Bx7OE) and two stripe rust resistance genes Yr5 and Yr17 were used as the donor for marker-assisted breeding in the bread wheat cultivars UP2338 and HS240 with 1RS.1BL translocation. A strong positive correlation was found between the micro-SDS sedimentation test (MST) values and Bx7OE in the derivatives along with Glu-D1 (5 + 10) indicating the efficacy of Bx7OE in improving the end-use quality. In addition to this, the introgression of Yr5 and Yr17 genes led to stripe rust resistance in the derivatives for their stable and environment friendly production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wheat–rye 1RS.1BL translocation has been extensively utilized in wheat breeding programs across the world for multiple disease resistances, abiotic stress tolerance and higher grain yield. The Sec-1 locus present on the 1RS and codes for rye storage protein secalin which causes stickiness in the dough leading to poor bread quality. In addition to this, the absence of Glu-B3/Gli-B1 on 1BS in this translocation further deteriorates the bread-making quality of wheat. In the present study, Pavon MA1 was used as the donor parent, and two elite wheat cultivars HS240 and UP2338, having 1RS.1BL translocation, were used as the recipient parents. Pavon MA1 has 1RSWW.1BL translocation in which the Sec-1 locus is absent whereas Glu-B3/Gli-B1 is present. This 1RSWW.1BL translocation was introgressed in the two wheat cultivars using marker-assisted backcross breeding, and BC2F5 derivatives were developed for both the cultivars. The dough quality of these derivatives was analyzed through the micro-SDS-sedimentation test (MST), high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMWGS), loaf volume and micro-dough laboratory test. The dough analysis showed that the elimination of secalin in the derivatives led to the higher loaf volume, dough development time, dough stability and water absorption thus improving its bread-making quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant gene editing has become an important molecular tool to revolutionize modern breeding of crops. Over the past years, remarkable advancement has been made in developing robust and efficient editing methods for plants. Despite a variety of available genome editing methods, the discovery of most recent system of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats–CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) has been one of the biggest advancement in this path, with being the most efficient approach for genome manipulation. Until recently, genetic manipulations were confined to methods, like Agrobacterium-mediated transformations, zinc-finger nucleases, and TAL effector nucleases. However this technology supersedes all other methods for genetic modification. This RNA-guided CRISPR-Cas system is being rapidly developed with enhanced functionalities for better use and greater possibilities in biological research. In this review, we discuss and sum up the application of this simple yet powerful tool of CRISPR-Cas system for crop improvement with recent advancement in this technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the major cereal crops utilized worldwide for bread making. The presence of secalin locus on 1RS leads to the sticky dough and poor bread-making quality of wheat. In the present study, two donor parents, one with distal rye chromatin (1RS44:38) and another with distal wheat chromatin (Pavon MA1) without secalin, and one recipient elite wheat cultivar HD2967 were used. In 1RS44:38, the distal rye region has the Pm8 gene to which the QTL for superior root traits is linked, while in Pavon MA1 with Glu-B3/Gli-B1, the Pm8 gene was found to be absent. This distal rye region having root trait QTL was introgressed into the HD2967 derivatives using marker-assisted backcross selection. The derivatives with distal rye region introgression had higher root biomass, drought resistance, and 6–8% higher yield than the recipient parent cultivar. HD2967 is highly susceptible to yellow rust. Therefore, in the second backcross, the rust-resistant version of HD2967 (Lr57 + Yr40) was used to introgress rust resistance in the derivatives. Background selection was done using polymorphic wheat anchored SSR markers of A, B, and D genomes of wheat which led to the selection of derivatives with > 90% background of the recipient cultivar. The significant findings in this study include higher root biomass, improved yield, rust resistance in the derivatives, and retaining the alleles of Glu-B3/Gli-B1 along with Pm8 and the absence of secalin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of wheat products has been a new challenge next to wheat production which was achieved substantially during green revolution. The end-use quality of wheat is an essential factor for its commercial demand. The quality of wheat is largely based on the wheat storage proteins which extensively influences the dough properties. High molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMWGS), low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMWGS) and gliadins significantly influence the end-use quality. Genomics and proteomics study of these gluten proteins of bread and durum wheat have explored new avenues for precise identification of the alleles and their role in end-use quality improvement. Secalin protein of Secale cereale encoded by Sec-1 loci and is associated with 1RS.1BL translocation has been known for deterioration of end-use quality. Chromosomal manipulations using various approaches have led to the development of new recombinant lines of wheat without secalin. Advanced techniques associated with assessment of end-use quality have integrated the knowledge of useful or deteriorating HMWGS/LMWGS alleles and their potential role in end-use quality. This review gives a comprehensive insight of different aspects of the end-use quality perspective for bread making in wheat along with some information on the immunological interference of gluten in celiac disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since ages, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Syzygium cumini and Hibiscus sabdariffa are being used for various health-promoting purposes. Often such beneficial effects have been strongly correlated with flavonoid and anthocyanin contents of these plants. To separate the compounds, present in these species, an efficient and quick analytical method was developed using an ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) system consisting of a BEH C18 reverse phase column. Separation was achieved by a binary solvent system of 80/20 acetonitrile and 0.3% phosphoric acid. The developed method simultaneously separated all six major anthocyanidins with good resolution, linearity and shorter run time within 6 mins. The mean recoveries of anthocyanidins after spiking were found to be between 98.082 and 101.988%. This is one of the few reports of simultaneous separation and identification of anthocyanidins using UPLC in shortest possible time. The anthocyanin containing extracts showed potential antioxidant activity assessed by in-vitro hydroxyl radical scavenging assay and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhdrazyl assay. This study generated industrially useful data for efficient recovery and identification of anthocyanidins from a few important ethnopharmacological plant species which has potential for exploitation as antioxidant rich functional food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food waste, a by-product of various industrial, agricultural, household and other food sector activities, is rising continuously due to increase in such activities. Various studies have indicated that different kind of food wastes obtained from fruits, vegetables, cereal and other food processing industries can be used as potential source of bioactive compounds and nutraceuticals which has significant application in treating various ailments. Different secondary metabolites, minerals and vitamins have been extracted from food waste, using various extraction approaches. In the next few years these approaches could provide an innovative approach to increase the production of specific compounds for use as nutraceuticals or as ingredients in the design of functional foods. In this review a comprehensive study of various techniques for extraction of bioactive components citing successful research work have been discussed. Further, their efficient utilization in development of nutraceutical products, health benefits, bioprocess development and value addition of food waste resources has also been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofertilizers consists of the microorganisms bringing about the improvement of the nutrients of the soil enhancing their accessibility to the crops. Plant nutrients form the most vital components of the sustainable agriculture. Producing healthy crops for the fulfillment of the demands of the world's growing population is completely dependent upon kind of the fertilizers being used to provide the plants with all the major nutrients but more dependability on the chemical fertilizers is destroying the environmental ecology and negatively influencing the health of humans. Thus, using microbes as bioinoculants is believed to be the best substitute of chemical fertilizers as eco-friendly manner for plant growth and soil fertility. These microbes are known to be the potent tool to provide substantial benefits to crops for sustainable agriculture. The beneficial microbes colonize the plant (epiphytic, endophytic and rhizospheric) systems of crops and plays significant role in nutrient uptake from surrounding ecosystems of plants. The plant associates microbes have ability to promote growth of plant under the natural as well as extreme conditions. These plant growth promoting microbes enhance the plant growth by various direct and indirect plant growth promoting mechanisms such as biological nitrogen fixation, the production of various plant growth hormones, siderophores, HCN, various hydrolytic enzymes and solubilization of potassium, zinc, and phosphorus. Extensive work on the biofertilizers has been done and even available which clearly reveals that these microbes possess the potential of providing the vital nutrients to the crops in adequate quantities for the enrichment of yield of the crops without disturbing the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification of transfers of useful alien genes for metal homeostasis from non-progenitor Aegilops species using the widely available anchored wheat SSR markers is difficult due to their lower polymorphism with the distant related wild species and the lack of locus specificity further restricts their application. The present study deals with the development of intron targeted amplified polymorphic (ITAP) markers for the metal homeostasis genes present on chromosomes of groups 2 and 7 of Triticeae. The mRNA sequences of 27 metal homeostasis genes were retrieved from different plant species using NCBI database and their BLASTn was performed against the wheat draft genome sequences in Ensemblplants to get exonic and intronic sequences of the corresponding metal homeostasis genes in wheat. The ITAP primers were developed in such a way that they would anneal to the conserved flanking exonic regions of the genes and amplify across highly variable introns within the PCR limits. The primers led to the amplification of variable intronic sequences of genes with polymorphism between non-progenitor Aegilops species and the recipient wheat cultivars. Further, the polymorphic ITAP markers were used to characterize the transfers of metal homeostasis genes from the non-progenitor Aegilops species to the BC2F5 wheat-Aegilops derivatives, developed through induced homoeologous pairing. The derivatives with significant percent increase in grain Fe and Zn content over the elite cultivar PBW343 LrP showed the introgression of some of the useful Aegilops alleles of the metal homeostasis genes. The use of different metal homeostasis genes using this approach is the first report of the direct contribution of the genes for increasing the grain micronutrient content for developing biofortified wheat lines with reduced linkage drag. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]