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A reaction of methoxybenzenes or phenols with isobutyric aldehyde and 2-amino-5-nitro- or 2-amino-4-chlorobenzonitriles in concentrated HSO medium was used for the preparation of new pyrrolo[3,2- l]acridinone derivatives. Analogous reactions using 2-amino-3-pyridinecarbonitrile enabled the synthesis of previously unknown benzo[ b]pyrrolo[3,2- c][1,8]naphthyridinones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences, which serve as DNA barcodes, have been used to associate immature and adult stages of insects and to delineate species. The partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences for South Korean Megaloptera (all known in the adult stage) were tested to identify undetermined larvae as a rapid and effective method from 31 specimens (16 adults and 15 larvae). The COI gene sequences distinguished all six known Megaloptera species, with a low genetic distance between larvae and adults (0.50±0.21%). Based on the COI gene sequences, we associated five types of larvae with known adults including the following four species of newly described larval stages: Sialis annae Vshivkova, 1979 (Megaloptera: Sialidae); Neochauliodes formosanus (Okamoto, 1910) (Megaloptera: Corydalidae); Parachauliodes asahinai Liu et al., 2008 (Megaloptera: Corydalidae); and Protohermes xanthodes Navás, 1913 (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). The known larval stage of Sialis koreana Jung and Bae, 2012 (Megaloptera: Sialidae) was confirmed, and the morphological variation in the male genitalia of Sialis longidens Klingstedt, 1932 (Megaloptera: Sialidae) is discussed. A larval key to the six South Korean species of Megaloptera is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Describes two new species of the genus Plectrocnemia Stephens. Plectrocnemia levanidovae from Sakhalin Island and the southern Kuril Islands; Plectrocnemia martynovae from southern Primorye; P. tortosa Group; Sister species of P. tortosa Banks from China and P. appensata Mey from Vietnam.

An abstract of the article "Synthesis of 1-Functionalized Di- and Tetramethyl-3,4-dihydrobenzofuro[3,2-g]- and [2,3-h]isoquinoline Derivatives" by T. S. Vshivkova and colleagues is presented.