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The modernization of electoral systems through digital technologies, such as electronic voting, has marked significant progress in emerging regions like Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador. However, these systems still face challenges that have hindered their full acceptance by citizens. This study analyzed key elements to ensure the viability and impact of electronic voting within the local electoral system, employing the neutrosophic Delphi method. Findings indicated that trust in electronic voting is bolstered when security measures are in place, and transparent access to information is provided. Additionally, citizen participation in audits and digital education contributes to greater social acceptance of the system. In conclusion, both digital literacy and transparency are essential in establishing reliability in the system. Future research should focus on enhancing cybersecurity and digital education to foster trust in electronic voting systems further.

Despite full recognition of strategic management in the success of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), little attention has been paid to the factors that contribute to the failure of its implementation in the Ecuadorian context. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the obstacles that hinder the successful implementation of strategic management in SMEs in Ecuador. A quantitative study approach was employed. The initial sample comprised 105 entrepreneurs, who were administered a checklist to evaluate the status of strategic planning implementation within their organizations. Based on their responses, nine entrepreneurs were selected for in-depth analysis, categorized as follows: three entrepreneurs with a high level of strategic management implementation, three with a moderate level of implementation, and three with minimal or no strategic management practices. This identified the primary obstacles to effective strategic management implementation. Finally, a comprehensive survey was applied to all participants to quantify these barriers, which allowed the construction of the final model used for the subsequent analysis. Through structural equation modeling, the study demonstrated that these obstacles negatively and significantly correlated with the level of strategic management implementation, revealing that businesses with minimal or no implementation experienced significantly different sales performance compared to those with higher levels of strategic management practices.

In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), metabolic rewiring and resistance to standard therapy are closely associated. PDAC cells show enormous requirements for glucose‐derived citrate, the first rate‐limiting metabolite in the synthesis of new lipids. Both the expression and activity of citrate synthase (CS) are extraordinarily upregulated in PDAC. However, no previous relationship between gemcitabine response and citrate metabolism has been documented in pancreatic cancer. Here, we report for the first time that pharmacological doses of vitamin C are capable of exerting an inhibitory action on the activity of CS, reducing glucose‐derived citrate levels. Moreover, ascorbate targets citrate metabolism towards the de novo lipogenesis pathway, impairing fatty acid synthase (FASN) and ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) expression. Lowered citrate availability was found to be directly associated with diminished proliferation and, remarkably, enhanced gemcitabine response. Moreover, the deregulated citrate‐derived lipogenic pathway correlated with a remarkable decrease in extracellular pH through inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and overall reduced glycolytic metabolism. Modulation of citric acid metabolism in highly chemoresistant pancreatic adenocarcinoma, through molecules such as vitamin C, could be considered as a future clinical option to improve patient response to standard chemotherapy regimens.

Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) deficiency is caused by genetic abnormalities that impair its biosynthesis and recycling, which trigger neurochemical, metabolic, and redox imbalances. Low BH4 levels are also associated with hypoxia, reperfusion reoxygenation, endothelial dysfunction, and other conditions that are not genetically determined. The exact cause of changes in BH4 in nongenetic disorders is not entirely understood, but a role for oxidant species has been implicated. The oxidation of BH4 generates several products, including 7,8-dihydrobiopterin (BH2), the accumulation of which is predicted in cells with low dihydrofolate reductase activity. The relative efficiency of oxidant species at causing variations in BH4/BH2 levels in cells furnished with several antioxidant enzymes has not yet been systematically analyzed. This study examined the quantitative changes of BH4/BH2 in cells challenged with several oxidants. We showed that BH2 is not a major product of treatments with hydrogen peroxide or RSL3, as indicated by the moderate effect of dihydrofolate reductase-inhibitor methotrexate on the accumulation of BH2. However, we found a net loss in BH4/BH2, suggesting that products other than BH2 were generated. These reactions were further examined in NOX4-expressing HEK cells producing hydrogen peroxide. These cells showed slightly decreased BH4/BH2 ratios compared with HEK wild-type cells, and, again, methotrexate treatment moderately increased BH2 levels. In contrast, peroxynitrite-producing RAW 264.7 cells showed dramatically decreased BH4 levels without BH2 accumulation. Following the activation of peroxynitrite production with PMA in lipopolysaccharide-treated cells, we also found a significant time-dependent decline in GTPCH-I protein levels. We conclude that hydrogen peroxide is the least effective oxidant species at decreasing intracellular BH4 levels, while peroxynitrite is highly effective by targeting GTPCH-I and BH4 directly. Moreover, we conclude that BH4/BH2 levels are not a determinant of RSL3 cytotoxicity.

RESUMEN Con la victoria de Caseros en 1852, el general Urquiza se convierte en el líder político de la Confederación Argentina. En la nueva capital provisional del Estado, Paraná, comenzó a publicarse un nuevo diario: el Nacional Argentino, controlado por el gobierno central, encargado de nombrar a sus editores. En este artículo se busca exponer qué línea editorial sostuvo el diario con respecto al gobierno de Urquiza durante los primeros años (1853-1854), momento en que se fue forjando el liderazgo del general entrerriano. Para ello, se aborda desde el análisis del discurso, poniendo el énfasis en la producción de discursos políticos, en los conceptos y cómo se estructuraron durante estos años para sostener la figura de Urquiza y rechazar a otros personajes políticos que podía rivalizar con su poder. En general, el Nacional Argentino recurrió a la unidad nacional como núcleo de su discurso, pero planteada como resultado de una relación dialogada entre el centro y las provincias y apoyando la formación de clubs en diferentes ciudades donde se pudieran expresar los intereses y asociarlos a los de la nación.

Durante los últimos años se ha priorizado el estudio de la adqui-sición de lenguas indoeuropeas sobre las indígenas. La UNESCO (2020) ha declarado la década del 2022 – 2032 como el mayor tiempo de declive en su documentación, por lo tanto, existe un llamado urgente a la investigación y registro de la adquisición en lenguas indígenas en el mundo (Kelly et al., 2015). Este estudio explora la adquisición de los verbos de dos niños/as que adquieren el chedungun como primera lengua en la región del Biobío (VIII). Específi-camente, nos hemos propuesto: a) Describir el orden de adquisición de ver-bos b) Comparar la adquisición de los verbos según el modo y el tiempo. Esta investigación sigue un diseño longitudinal de evolución de grupos o cohort. Este proceso es in situ con participación directa de las familias y contempla el registro periódico de los niños/a durante un año. Dentro de los resultados, se evidencia una adquisición sistemática de verbos, en ambos niños/as mapuche. Respecto a Javiera entre los 1;6 y 2;6 años presenta verbos simples de tiempo presente y pasado y marcas morfológicas de modos indicativo e imperativo. En el caso de Mateo entre 4;6 a 5;6 años, presenta verbos más complejos con tiempos verbales presente, pasado y futuro y modos imperativo, indicativo y subjuntivo. Sin embargo, aunque Mateo presente estructuras gramaticales más complejas que Javiera, aún faltan algunos elementos gramaticales para tener un desempeño lingüístico similar a la de un hablante adulto del chedungun.

Introducción: El carcinoma basocelular es una neoplasia maligna de piel y su tratamiento está dirigido a la remoción o destrucción de la totalidad del tumor. Resulta un gran desafío para la cirugía reconstructiva, particularmente en regiones anatómicas complejas como la aurícula, donde tanto los resultados estéticos como funcionales deben equilibrarse cuidadosamente. Objetivo: Presentar un caso clínico de una paciente con reconstrucción del antihélix con un injerto libre del pecho después de exéresis de un carcinoma basocelular. Presentación del caso: Se trata de una paciente femenina, de 55 años de edad, color de piel blanca, ocupación agrícola, con antecedentes de lesiones de cáncer de piel no melanoma que acude a consulta del Hospital Vladimir Ilich Lenin. Se le diagnostica un carcinoma basocelular nodular de 1,5 cm localizado en la antihélix del oído izquierdo apta para exéresis quirúrgica y reconstrucción. Conclusiones: La exéresis del carcinoma basocelular en el antihélix resultó exitosa, la reconstrucción con injerto libre del pecho evidenció resultados estéticos y funcionales satisfactorios y no presentó complicaciones a pesar de la complejidad topográfica y anatómica del oído. Palabras clave: carcinoma basocelular, reconstrucción, injerto

Background: The recent COVID-19 pandemic and the emergence of infectious diseases at the human-animal interface highlight the global challenge of mitigating zoonotic risks. The One Health approach emphasizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, urging for holistic and interdisciplinary strategies in disease prevention. Despite growing interest, the attention to wildlife in pandemic prevention remains limited. This systematic literature review aims to evaluate recent One Health research on zoonotic diseases and wildlife in terms of study design, interdisciplinary collaboration, and participatory approaches. Key questions addressed include the consideration of One Health domains, disciplinary involvement, and the inclusion of non-academic stakeholders. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, PubMed and Web of Science were searched for primary research papers on zoonotic diseases and wildlife from 2018 to 2023. Eligibility criteria included a focus on wildlife, zoonotic diseases, and adoption of the One Health approach. Results: A total of 228 primary research papers were retrieved. Out of these, 105 studies were included in the review. Few studies integrated human, animal, and environmental domains simultaneously in data collection (4.8 %) and knowledge generation (29.5 %). While extensive knowledge was generated for animal health (97.1 %) and human health (84.8 %), environmental health (34.3 %) remained underrepresented. Laboratory methods predominated (82.9 %), with limited integration of social science methodologies (19 %). The majority were epidemiological studies (86.7 %), yet analytical design within these was sparse (17.1 %). Participation of non-academic stakeholders was limited (36.2 % included non-academics; 3.8 % encompassed participative approaches). Conclusions: The synthesis of the domains human, animal and environmental health remained fragmentary in the studies reviewed. Environmental health is underrepresented and the interdisciplinary involvement of social sciences lacks. Neglecting these fields of competence impedes comprehensive understanding of disease dynamics and hampers effective zoonosis prevention strategies. In result, greater inter- and transdisciplinary collaboration, along with participatory approaches, are still needed for advancing One Health research.

La educación en Ecuador enfrenta el desafío de formar ciudadanos competentes para el siglo XXI en un contexto global y tecnológico. En este marco, la innovación educativa se presenta como una respuesta a las necesidades científicas, tecnológicas y socioculturales de la sociedad. El objetivo general de esta investigación fue analizar las percepciones de docentes y estudiantes de Azogues sobre la innovación en ambientes de aprendizaje y su impacto en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. La metodología empleada fue mixta, con una muestra de estudiantes y docentes, utilizando encuestas en escala Likert validadas y análisis por correlación de Spearman. Los resultados destacaron que las categorías de innovación pedagógica y espacial tienen un impacto significativo en la motivación, creatividad y desarrollo de habilidades. La propuesta Aprende Haciendo se presentó como un modelo de capacitación docente basado en la práctica, que busca desarrollar competencias para generar ambientes de aprendizaje innovadores. En conclusión, la innovación en los ambientes de aprendizaje es necesario para mejorar la calidad educativa y preparar a los estudiantes para los desafíos futuros, integrando elementos pedagógicos, tecnológicos y espaciales de manera efectiva.

En la actualidad, la enseñanza escolar se centra considerablemente en fortalecer la comprensión lectora, dado su papel crucial en el aprendizaje de diversas disciplinas académicas; sin embargo, es esencial reconocer que la mejora de esta habilidad no se logra únicamente por el deseo de hacerlo; más bien, requiere la implementación de estrategias específicas; como también el poder acudir a la tecnología, lo cual es importante pero en algunos casos resulta imposible debido a su acceso. En virtud de esta necesidad, el presente estudio se enfoca en examinar un conjunto de documentos oficiales que en estos últimos años introdujeron las tecnologías digitales en el Perú, con el objetivo de evaluar su importancia, acceso, cobertura o aporte hacia una gran problemática en nuestro país, como es la comprensión lectora. Este estudio se basa en un enfoque de análisis de documentos y en la investigación educativa etnográfica de tipo exploratorio, descriptivo y bibliográfico en ciertas fuentes y documentales. Los hallazgos revelaron que en nuestro país se está utilizando la tecnología digital de manera integral, destacándose como un recurso fundamental para potenciar la comprensión lectora; sin embargo, aún existe una amplia brecha digital que limita el trabajo a realizarse originando ciertas desigualdades e incumpliendo en priorizar el derecho a la educación. Se concluye, que la situación de la comprensión lectora en el Perú aún es crítica, a pesar de que se observa cierto progreso en la última evaluación PISA 2022. No obstante, el país persiste en sus esfuerzos por fomentar y reforzar el hábito de la lectura desde el hogar, mediante el respaldo de la tecnología digital. Este enfoque tiene como objetivo convertir la lectura en una experiencia interactiva, proporcionando plataformas digitales personalizadas, atractivas, llenas de color y rica en relatos de descubrimientos tanto para los niños como para sus familias; como también tratando de incentivar la lectura realizando diferentes concursos a nivel nacional integrando el uso de las TICs.

The tolerance of tree growth to drought in diverse mixed forests subjected to seasonal water shortage is understudied despite their ecological and economic relevance. By combining intra- and inter-annual analyses of radial growth responses to climate and drought at daily and monthly scales, different strategies to acclimate to hydroclimate variability of coexisting conifers and broadleaves were unveiled. We analyzed the growth patterns and responses to hydroclimate variability in two conifers (Pinus engelmannii, Juniperus deppeana) and two broadleaves (Quercus grisea, Arbutus arizonica) co-occurring in a Madrean pine-oak forest located in NW México. The strongest positive response to daily precipitation was found in the two conifers, but this response peaked earlier in J. deppeana than in P. engelmannii, which presented a more delayed formation of radially-enlarging tracheids. The latest negative response to temperature was found in Q. grisea, which agrees with its more delayed xylogenesis than A. arizonica. P. engelmannii presented the highest responsiveness to water shortage, driven by lower precipitation and high maximum temperatures, responding to longer droughts ending in autumn (r ​= ​0.72), whilst A. arizonica showed the lowest responsiveness to short spring droughts (r ​= ​0.39). Growth of P. engelmannii was linked to climate-atmospheric circulation patterns over the near Pacific Ocean. Overall, P. engelmannii and A. arizonica showed high growth rates and earlier growth onset, whilst J. deppeana and Q. grisea showed slower growth rates and later growth onset. The Vaganov-Shashkin growth model evidenced that winter-spring soil moisture was the key driver of growth. Under more arid conditions and more frequent and hotter droughts, pine stands could rapidly shift towards mixed pine-oak forests.

Objetivo: Evaluar si la competencia motora (CM) se correlaciona con el medio natural (MN), las horas de práctica de actividad física al día (HPAFD), y la satisfacción por el juego motor (SJM) en niños peruanos. Métodos: Participaron 291 niños (M=8.35, DE=1.29), a quienes se les administró el test de desarrollo motor grueso (tercera edición), versión peruana, y un cuestionario sociodemográfico. Resultados: La CM de los niños participantes se encontró en gran porcentaje en el nivel promedio (64.9%). Asimismo, la CM de los niños según el MN, las HPAFD y la SJM presentaron diferencias significativas (p≤.017). Por último, se encontraron correlaciones positivas significativas entre la CM y las HPAFD (rs=0.198; p=.001), y entre la CM y la SJM (rs=0.170; p=.004). No se encontró correlación significativa entre la CM y el MN (rs=.076; p=0.199). Conclusión: Más de la mitad de los niños participantes presentaron una CM promedio con riesgo a pasar al nivel inferior. Los niños del MN de la selva presentaron una CM superior frente a los niños de la costa y la sierra. Los niños que realizan más horas de AF al día y que sienten satisfacción al participar en los juegos motores presentaron una CM superior. La CM de los niños se correlacionó significativamente con las HPAFD y la SJM, mas no con el MN. Queda demostrado que la CM del niño puede ser un factor que beneficia o que pone en riesgo la práctica regular de AF y de sentir satisfacción en la participación de los juegos motores. Palabras clave: Competencia motora, actividad física, juego motor, niños, Educación Física. Abstract. Objective: To assess whether motor competence (MC) correlates with natural environment (NE), hours of physical activity per day (HPAD), and satisfaction with motor game (SMG) in Peruvian children. Methods: A total of 291 children (M=8.35, SD=1.29) participated and were administered the gross motor development test (third edition), Peruvian version, and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Results: The MC of the participating children was found in a large percentage at the average level (64.9%). Likewise, children's MC according to NE, HPAFD and SMG presented significant differences (p≤.017). Finally, significant positive correlations were found between MC and HPAFD (rs=0.198; p=.001), and between MC and SMG (rs=0.170; p=.004). No significant correlation was found between MC and NE (rs=.076; p=0.199). Conclusion: More than half of the participating children presented an average MC with risk to move to the lower level. Children from the jungle NE presented a higher MC compared to children from the coast and highlands. Children who performed more hours of PA per day and who felt satisfaction when participating in motor games had a higher MC. Children's MC was significantly correlated with HPAFD and SMG, but not with NE. It is demonstrated that the MC of the child can be a factor that benefits or jeopardizes the regular practice of PA and of feeling satisfaction when participating in motor games. Keywords: Motor competence, physical activity, motor game, children, Physical Education.

The entorhinal cortex (EC) and hippocampal (HC) connectivity is the main source of episodic memory formation and consolidation. The entorhinal–hippocampal (EC-HC) connection is classified as canonically glutamatergic and, more recently, has been characterized as a non-canonical GABAergic connection. Recent evidence shows that both EC and HC receive inputs from dopaminergic, cholinergic, and noradrenergic projections that modulate the mnemonic processes linked to the encoding and consolidation of memories. In the present review, we address the latest findings on the EC-HC connectivity and the role of neuromodulations during the mnemonic mechanisms of encoding and consolidation of memories and highlight the value of the cross-species approach to unravel the underlying cellular mechanisms known. Furthermore, we discuss how EC-HC connectivity early neurodegeneration may contribute to the dysfunction of episodic memories observed in aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Finally, we described how exercise may be a fundamental tool to prevent or decrease neurodegeneration.

Early-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus has increased in prevalence in recent years. The main risk factors for suffering from it in adolescents are: obesity, genetic predisposition and family history. The case of a 15-year-old female patient who attended health services with a previous diagnosis of prediabetes and overweight is presented. The physical examination revealed overweight and central fat distribution. Laboratory tests indicated hyperglycemia and thyroid hormones within normal ranges. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was diagnosed and treatment with diet, physical exercise and metformin was proposed. She was reassessed after 3 months and it was found that the patient was not fully complying with the treatment. This case report aims to describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics of an adolescent patient diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus because early diagnosis and intensive treatment is essential in the management of this pathology in this age group.

The Treponema pallidum particle agglutination (TPPA) has been used for decades for serological diagnostics of syphilis but is no longer available. Therefore, we evaluated the Treponema IgG ELISA (TpG) alone and in combination with the Treponema IgM ELISA (TpG+M, both from Euroimmun) as possible substitutes for TPPA as a confirmatory test in a two-tier syphilis screening algorithm. Furthermore, we investigated whether a TPPA titer of 5,120 which is used as cut-off for therapeutic decision in pregnant women in Germany can be transferred to an appropriate cut-off value of the TpG.

Vegetable proteins derived from legumes, cereals or pseudocereals have increased in popularity in recent years, becoming very interesting for the food industry. In addition to their nutritional interest, these products have techno-functional properties that allow them to be used in the production of a wide variety of foods. This research has studied the nutritional and mineral composition of 12 samples of rice, pea and soy concentrates. The objective was to investigate the influence of this nutritional composition, mainly mineral components, on the techno-functional properties (water- and oil-binding capacity, swelling, emulsifying, gelling and foaming capacities) of these concentrates. For this purpose, a Pearson correlation matrix and a GH biplot method were applied. The results showed that there is a correlation between mineral content and functional properties. Mg, K and Ca were positively correlated with protein solubility index, oil absorption capacity and swelling capacity. Na and P contents were positively related to water absorption capacity and emulsifying capacity. Gelling capacity was positively correlated with Mg contents and negatively correlated with Cu and Fe contents. The preliminary results reported in this study highlight the necessity to further assess the influence of non-protein components on the techno-functionality of protein concentrates.

Wheat germ is a byproduct of the cereal industry that contains high levels of protein, fiber, B vitamins, minerals, and other functional microcomponents. However, so far, few applications have been found in the meat industry despite the growing interest in replacing meat with vegetable proteins. Therefore, the use of wheat germ for the production of low-fat frankfurters was considered. Five different formulations were prepared: control with pork meat and the following four to achieve 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% lean meat substitution by wheat germ. Proximal composition, color, texture, emulsion characterization, fatty acid profile, fat oxidation, and consumer acceptance were then analyzed. The results showed that the incorporation of wheat germ improved emulsion stability, decreasing significantly total expressible fluid and jelly/fat separation, although increasing the back extrusion force. In terms of the final product, the progressive substitution of meat by germ resulted in significant increases in carbohydrates, in special of fiber, and ash as well as significant decreases in moisture and total fat. Sausages made with germ were darker (L*), as well as harder, chewier, and gummier, but less cohesive and elastic. Similarly, wheat germ substitution improved the quality of the lipid profile showing higher levels of, but decreased acceptability for replacements > 25%. Substitution of meat was feasible up to 25%, a formulation for which there was hardly any significant difference with the control.

El propósito del siguiente artículo es presentar una propuesta metodológica para investigar el desarrollo fonológico en niños y niñas de 18 a 42 meses de edad que están aprendiendo mapuzungun en dos áreas geográficas con una fuerte vitalidad lingüística, ubicadas en las regiones del Biobío (VIII) y La Araucanía (IX). Esto se lleva a cabo a través de la implementación de un estudio a lo largo del tiempo, convirtiéndose en la primera investigación sobre la adquisición fonológica del mapuzungun. La ejecución de esta metodología participativa y contextualizada en el proceso de investigación ha llevado a una reflexión constante por parte de las familias sobre su lengua y la importancia de transmitirla y enseñarla a sus hijos. Esta conciencia sociolingüística se hizo evidente en las conversaciones, reuniones y apoyos, y se observó cómo las familias se involucraron cada vez más en este proceso, especialmente aquellas que provienen de La Araucanía, donde la transmisión representa un desafío significativo.

Abstract Objective: to analyze the meaning attributed by parents to the extended and permanent survival of childhood cancer. Method: qualitative narrative inquiry, developed with parents of adolescents and young adults who survived childhood cancer. Recruitment and data collection involved virtual and in-person approaches. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed according to reflective thematic analysis. Results: a total of ten parents were included in the study. Two thematic narrative syntheses were constructed: “Times of war”; and “Time of uncertain peace”, with their respective sub-themes. The cancer diagnosis marks the beginning of times of war in the parents’ lives. They experience cancer treatment as “highs and lows” with potential threats to their children’s lives. After that, “Time of uncertain peace” are reached, and the balance of the family unit is reestablished. However, the fear of recurrence makes the family peace uncertain, and its maintenance requires constant vigilance and attention to the signs and symptoms of a possible new battle. Conclusion: the results highlight the experience of being a parent of a childhood cancer survivor and can be applied to develop models of care centered on the survivors’ family.

Neste artigo analisamos quais operações estético-formais que o longa-metragem “E agora? Lembra-me” (Joaquim Pinto, 2013) lança mão para subverter o caráter colonial-patológico deste corpo-fílmico que o próprio realizador denomina de “caderno de apontamentos de um ano de ensaios clínicos”. Nossa reflexão aprofunda o estudo de narrativas doentes como potência de visibilização de corpos diversos em sentido formal e temático, expandindo assim a doença como uma experiência naturocultural e um instrumento para subversão formal. Esta perspectiva está assentada em uma abordagem teórica e metodológica que temos denominado como patologias fílmicas e na Teoria de cineastas (respeitando o caráter autobiográfico do filme). Utilizamos a base filosófico-política dos estudos crip para propor um outro tipo de arquivamento, a somateca anticolonial, onde manifesta-se potência de vida.

Los informes de los agentes de la Dirección Federal Seguridad son una fuente documental que nos permite analizar movimientos sociales. Con esta documentación estudiaremos los reportes que el agente Ayax Segura Garrido enviaba al director de la Dirección Federal de Seguridad en los años de 1972 a 1975, cuando estuvo comisionado en el estado de Guerrero, e investigó la guerrilla del Partido de los Pobres de Lucio Cabañas Barrientos y las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Carmelo Cortés Castro. Su red de información permitirá develar con mayor detalle las acciones contrainsurgentes, con el objetivo particular de dotar de información de los acontecimientos a los tomadores de decisiones: Ejercito mexicano, Secretaría de Gobernación y Presidencia de la República. La vigilancia de los guerrilleros, luchadores sociales y campesinos permitió catear domicilios, nombres, conocer documentación con las estratagemas de los investigados; ayudó para dar con el paradero de los líderes, así como la detención extrajudicial de algunos miembros de estos grupos por ser considerados “sospechosos”, interrogarlos y aniquilar las organizaciones sociales por medio de la violencia.

En los últimos 70 años los estudios sobre la adquisición del lenguaje han cobrado especial importancia dentro de la lingüística, lo cual se ha visto reflejado en el surgimiento de variadas teorías, que bajo distintos prismas han intentado explicar dicho proceso. En la actualidad, existe relativo consenso en que ninguna teoría puede explicar algo tan complejo y multifactorial como lo es la adquisición de la lengua materna. Sin embargo, hasta ahora sólo se ha documentado el 1% de las lenguas del mundo, por lo que el estudio de la adquisición y desarrollo en lenguas originarias es aún más escaso. La siguiente revisión presenta las investigaciones que se han hecho en mapuzungun evidenciando que la mayoría de éstas se han enfocado en etapas posteriores de la adquisición.

The present bibliographic review gathers essential information about medicinal plants and their contribution to improve people´s health and welfare. Since the past, when people used to dedicate their lives to agriculture and farming, plants have been essential part of their growing and development, since ancient people really trusted in their benefits and took advantage of the medicinal properties that plants have and contribute to improve people´s quality of live. In this sense, the present study aims to highlight the importance, medicinal properties and benefits that plants provide to people, not only in the Andean region but in Ecuador. The research methodology involves a multidisciplinary approach, which includes biological, botanic and socio cultural perspective. The main result indicates that even though researches have dedicated to investigate about medicinal plants, there is some lack of updated information that permits to identify specific plants and their scientific benefits in particular cases.

Knowing the path traveled is an important step to be able to distinguish what remains to be traveled. In correspondence with this idea, this study seeks to analyze the investigations carried out by administrative science researchers on the African continent. To achieve this end, we carry out a bibliometric study, starting from an analysis of publications on Administrative Sciences by researchers from the continent reported in Scopus. Once 100% of these publications are reviewed, 86.8% of them are worked on by defining the functions or areas of knowledge where they develop, in the same way the temporal evolution is analyzed, as well as the areas and countries where they develop. In addition, some elements related to the collaboration links between the countries are characterized according to the development of the study, the main journals where the investigation results have been published, and the behavior of the authors with the largest number of publications.

La auditoría de gestión es un proceso integral que tiene como objetivo evaluar y mejorar la eficacia, eficiencia y sostenibilidad de una organización. Para ello, se utilizan diversas metodologías como COSO II, Balanced Scorecard, Norma ISO 9001, Modelo de enfoque sistémico y Análisis FODA. Estas herramientas han demostrado ser efectivas al revelar deficiencias en áreas clave y proponer medidas correctivas concretas. El presente estudio se centra en responder a la pregunta de cómo mejorar la toma de decisiones estratégicas en las organizaciones. Con este fin, se analiza la influencia de la auditoría de gestión y se proponen mejoras para optimizarla. La investigación se lleva a cabo mediante un enfoque cualitativo, utilizando el método inductivo y el análisis documental. Los resultados de la investigación concluyen que la influencia de la auditoría de gestión en la toma de decisiones estratégicas es fundamental. Esto se debe a que esta auditaría permite optimizar los procesos internos de la organización, contribuyendo así al desarrollo sostenible y al crecimiento de la misma.

Family farming units and their complex production systems provide the majority of global agricultural production. Aim of the study was to Characterize and evaluate each of the agricultural systems considering social, cultural, productive, and cosmic aspects. The study was carried out in several communities of Chimborazo - Ecuador, with four types of producers: Chacareros, who are references of the production systems; Producer in the process of transition to Chacarero; Conventional Producer and Subsistence Producer. In this study, several production, economic, technological, social, food security and biodiversity indicators were evaluated. It was established that the production systems of the Chacareros and producers in transition are more profitable and efficient than conventional and subsistence producers and are in better conditions to achieve food security. It was found that Chacareros and producers in transition are less vulnerable to the volatility of market prices and external factors. The Chacareros’ production systems generate positive externalities that are not incorporated in the characterization of the production systems. Additionally, their priorities are different from other producers: First they produce to feed the family and animals, to share and save, and the rest to market. This study fundamentally presented the interpretation of the development of the productive systems of peasant family agriculture in the highland region of Ecuador. In conclusion, The chacareros' production system was much more efficient than the conventional producers one since an average net profit per hectare of 6,150 USD was obtained and an average efficiency rate was 145%, while conventional producers obtained an average net profit per hectare of 1,749 USD and an average efficiency rate of 119%. Chacareros were less vulnerable to the volatility of input prices and food products in the markets. Over 70% of the food consumed and 90% of the inputs used came from the farm itself, compared to less than 50% of the food and inputs in the case of conventional producers.

Abstract Aim To translate and culturally adapt the FRAIL scale into Spanish and perform a preliminary test of diagnostic accuracy in patients admitted to intensive care units. Design Cross‐sectional diagnostic study. Methods Five intensive care units (ICU) in Spain were participated. Stage 1: Three native Spanish‐speaking bilingual translators familiar with the field of critical care translated the scale from English into Spanish. Stage 2: Three native English‐speaking bilingual translators familiar with critical care medicine. Stage 3: Authors of the original scale compared the English original and back‐translated versions of the scale. Stage 4: Five nurses with more than 5 years of ICU experience and five critical care physicians assessed the comprehension and relevance of each of the items of the Spanish version in 30 patients of 3 different age ranges (65 years). Results The FRAIL scale was translated and adapted cross‐culturally for patients admitted to intensive care units in Spain. The process consisted of four stages: translation, back translation, comparison and pilot test. There was good correspondence between the original scale and the Spanish version in 100% of the items. The participating patients assessed the relevance (content validity) and comprehensibility (face validity) of each of the items of the first Spanish version. The relevance of some of the items scored low when the scale was used in patients younger than 65 years. Conclusions We have cross‐culturally adapted the FRAIL scale, originally in English, to Spanish for its use in the critical care medical setting in Spanish‐speaking countries. Implications for Professionals Physicians and nurses can apply the new scale to all patients admitted to the intensive care units. Nursing care can be adapted according to frailty, trying to reduce the side effects of admission to these units for the most fragile patients. Reporting Method The manuscript's authors have adhered to the EQUATOR guidelines, using the COSMIN reporting guideline for studies on the measurement properties of patient‐reported outcome measures. Patient or Public Contribution In a pilot clinical study, we applied the first version of the FRAIL‐Spain scale to intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Five nurses with more than 5 years of ICU experience and five critical care physicians assessed the relevance (content validity) and comprehensibility (face validity) of the five items of the first Spanish version. Relevance was assessed using a 4‐point Likert scale ranging from 1 (no relevance) to 4 (high relevance), and comprehensibility was assessed as poor, acceptable or good. Each health professional applied the scale to three patients (total number of patients = 30) of three different age ranges (65 years) and recorded the time of application of the scale to each patient. Although the frailty scales were initially created by geriatricians to be applied to the elders, there is little experience with their application in critically ill patients of any age. Therefore, more information is needed to determine the relevance of using this scale in critical care patients. In this pilot study, we considered that nurses and critical care physicians should evaluate frailty using this adapted scale in adult patients admitted to the Intensive Care Units.

El objetivo es analizar las redes de poder durante el gobierno provincial de Mariano Fragueiro en Córdoba. Su nombramiento en 1858 permitió que en el espacio provincial se formaran nuevas facciones políticas (rusos y liberales) compuestas por viejos actores políticos de la élite provincial. En esta labor, fue fundamental los nuevos canales de opinión pública, como la prensa, que sirvieron de altavoz de propuestas críticas. Además, el artículo busca comprender mejor las dinámicas de centro-periferia durante los años finales de la Confederación Argentina y cómo desde las provincias fueron surgiendo argumentos que cuestionaban o discutían sobre el poder del ejecutivo nacional.

This research focuses on characterizing the orientation of the research that shows the contributions in the field of administrative sciences in Latin America. To do this, publications on Administrative Sciences by researchers in the region reported in Scopus were analyzed. After an initial review of all these publications, the sample was reduced to 87%, identifying the functions or areas of knowledge towards which they were oriented, their evolution over time, the sectors and countries where they were published, the collaboration networks between countries based on the development of the research and the main journals where they have been published. The results show that the administrative sciences are present in the epistemological development of Latin America, its conception and evolution correspond to the theoretical and methodological principles that established it as a science; They also reflect the existence of a vast network of collaboration in research in this field between countries in the region and beyond. At the same time, they show the need to strengthen the ties of collaboration between the most prolific researchers to strengthen the existence of an autochthonous school that responds to the particularities of the socioeconomic environment where they develop.