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Orbital cellulitis is an acute onset, rapidly progressive and potentially sight-threatening disease of the eye. It is more prevalent in developing regions and low socio-economic strata and may be associated with a host of other systemic diseases, such as paranasal sinus or dental infections, diabetes mellitus, urinary tract infections and sepsis. Often, orbital cellulitis is associated with an orbital or periosteal abscess, which can be diagnosed with orbital imaging and may sometimes require drainage to relieve the pressure. A 63-year-old male patient presented with orbital cellulitis of the right eye. The patient did not reveal any focus of infection upon investigation. Orbital imaging revealed a well-defined intraconal tumour with contrast enhancement, abutting but not involving the optic nerve, likely a cavernous haemangioma. The patient was admitted and managed with parenteral antibiotics, showing an excellent response to treatment. Given that the clinical signs did not support a benign tumour, repeat imaging was performed and again favoured a cavernous haemangioma. Presently, the patient is asymptomatic with slight proptosis and is under observation. This is an uncommon and interesting presentation of proptosis with a hyperacute cause superimposed on a more chronic lesion.

Copper (Cu) is highly sought for its excellent electrical and thermal conductivity. However, its limited mechanical strength hinders its wider application in demanding fields. This work explores the potential of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) as a strengthening agent for Cu. Cu-GNP composites with varying GNP content (0.1–1.5 wt%) were fabricated using a combined ball milling and powder metallurgy approach. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the composites were comprehensively analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy. Compared to pure Cu, the Cu-GNP composites showcased significantly improved mechanical performance. Notably, the Cu-1.0 wt% GNP composite exhibited a remarkable ∼27% and ∼53% enhancement in compressive strength and micro-hardness, respectively. This improvement is attributed to the effective load transfer between Cu and well-dispersed GNPs, which act as reinforcement elements and inhibit dislocation movement. These findings demonstrate the promising potential of Cu-GNP composites for applications requiring high strength.

Electrochemical (EC) biosensors based on coordination compounds have risen as an impeccable way to detect biological moieties due to their cogent results. Metal complexes are widely recognized as they have been employed in many areas of human wellness. Starting with detection of oxygen, glucose, and urea to now detecting pathogens like SARS-CoV-2, EC-sensors are gaining attention across many fields. In the medical field, they hold an important place as they can diagnose harmful elements/diseases in early stages, lowering the risk of death. Thus, the innovative research is essential to control impairments of microbial actions by advancing metal complex based EC-biosensors.

The integration of renewable energy resources (RESs) into the existing power grid is an effective approach to reducing harmful emission content. Environmental economic dispatch is one of the complex constrained optimization problems of power systems. These problems have become more complex as a result of integrating RESs, as the availability of solar and wind power is stochastic in nature. To obtain the solution of such types of complex constrained optimization problems, a robust optimization method is required. Literature shows that chaotic maps help to boost the search capability through improvisation in the exploration and exploitation phases of an algorithm; hence, they are able to provide superior solutions during optimization. Therefore, in this study, a new optimization technique was developed based on the Jaya algorithm called the chaotic Jaya algorithm. Here the main aim was to investigate the impact of RES integration into conventional thermal systems on total power generation cost and emissions released to the environment. The proposed approach was tested for two standard cases: (i) scheduling of a committed generating unit for a specific time and (ii) scheduling of a committed generating unit for a time period of 24 hours with 24 intervals of 1 hour each. The simulation results show that a tent map is the best-performing map for a sample problem under consideration, as it provides better results. Hence, it has been considered for detailed analysis.

The role of materials and materials science is increasing day by day; with newer applications in the domain of engineering and technology. The metal matrix composites have revealed their potential in the advanced applications and proved their worthiness where monolithic conventional materials failed to deliver. Further, the variety of reinforcements available can alter the properties and can help in obtaining tailor-made properties as per requirements. The functional properties can be incorporated and further enhanced by adding the relevant reinforcements in the metal matrix. Copper based MMC's are widely used in many thermal and electrical applications coupled with high strength, better heat transfer, and excellent corrosion resistance. These properties can further be altered and improved by addition of carbon nanotubes (CNT's) reinforcement to the copper matrix. The present work focusses on the processing routes of CNT's and copper-CNT's MMC's with focus on microstructures, properties and correlation with reinforcement percentages and processing methods. A detailed review on the processing of Cu-CNT MMC's is presented with the effect of reinforcement on mechanical (strength and hardness), thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity and functional properties.

Room temperature low-trace detection (lower than 2 ppm) of sulphur dioxide (SO2) through compact, economic and sustainable chemiresistor has created a large demand-supply gap in sensor market. For the first time, this communication reports the room-temperature detection of 1 ppm of airborne SO2 utilizing tin-oxide (SnO2)/carbon nanotube (CNT) hybrids based chemiresistors in variable humidity and temperature environment. The precursor's concentrations were optimized in terms of conductivity to attain utmost sensitivity and lowest detection limit. Amongst all engineered hybrids and pristine precursors, the chemiresistor possessing the highest conductivity (S-2: 0.5 wt% of CNT) exhibited utmost sensitivity (2.3%) towards 1 ppm of SO2 at room temperature under 67% RH. The sensing response is rapid (110 s), repeatable, recoverable (110 s), and steady (for 7 weeks), showing high selectivity against prominent interfering analytes. It is attributed to the formation of p–n type interfacial heterojunctions and faster charge transport pathways in hybrid. Besides, the underlying room temperature SO2 sensing phenomenon is explained in terms of space charge modulation in the depletion region of the p–n hybrid using band theory. These unprecedented outcomes highlight the prospects of engineering intelligent, sustainable and point-of-detection SO2 monitoring strategies based on SnO2/CNT hybrids in terms of cost, time, human resources, energy requirements, and stability.

Abstract Biofabrication of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using the aromatic essential oils is highlighted due to its simple, economical, low toxicity, and eco-friendly nature. Essential oil of Cymbopogon flexuosus (CF), an economically valuable medicinal plant, exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. For the first time, this research accounts for the biosynthesis, physicochemical, photocatalytic, antifungal, antibacterial properties of biogenic AuNPs, fabricated using CF essential oil collected from different altitudes (S1-Palampur, S2-Haryana, S3-Dehradun). The altitudinal disparity in the phytochemical composition of essential oils is highlighted. The average crystallite size ranged from 10 to 32 nm and was influenced by CF samples used in the synthesis. The spectroscopic outcomes revealed the involvement of bioactive reagents from CF essential oil in the fabrication and stabilization of AuNPs. The fabricated AuNPs exhibited excellent antimicrobial activities against all tested strains (Staphyloccucs aureus, Escherichia coli, Fusarium oxysporum), showing their efficacy as an antimicrobial agent to treat infectious diseases. Moreover, AuNPs exhibited excellent photocatalytic efficacy of around 91.8% for the degradation of methylene blue under exposure of direct sunlight for 3 h without the assistance of an external reducing agent. The outcomes highlight a potential economic and environmentally friendly strategy to fabricate biogenic AuNPs for diversified industrial applications where antimicrobial and photocatalytic efficacies are the key requirements.

Abstract Emergent application of antimicrobial strategies as symptomatic treatment in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and linkage of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 with microbial infections, has created colossal demand for antimicrobials. For the first time, this communication explore the physicochemical, antifungal, antibacterial, and photocatalytic properties of biogenic magnesium nanoparticles (MgNPs), synthesized using essential oil of Cymbopogon flexuosus's as an efficient multifunctional reducing and stabilizing/capping reagent. It is observed that MgNPs (ranging in size: 8–16 nm) of varying phytochemical compositions (MgS1, MgS2, MgS3) exhibited various useful physicochemical, antimicrobial, and photocatalytic properties. FTIR outcomes highlight the functional biomolecules-assisted reduction of Mg from Mg+ to Mg0. Among all, MgS3-Nps owing to the smallest particle size exhibited superior photocatalytic efficacy (91.2%) for the methylene blue degradation upon direct exposure to the sunlight for 3 h without using any reducing agents. Fabricated MgNPs also exhibited excellent antifungal (against Fusarium oxysporum) and antibacterial (versus Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) efficacies compared to state-of-the-art antimicrobial agents deployed for the treatment of infectious diseases. Based on this investigated greener approach, imperative from economic and environmental viewpoint, such essential oil based-MgNPs can be a potential nanosystem for various industrial applications where photocatalytic, and biomedical attributes are the key requirements.

Abstract Amid ongoing devastation due to Serve-Acute-Respiratory-Coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2), the global spatial and temporal variation in the pandemic spread has strongly anticipated the requirement of designing area-specific preventive strategies based on geographic and meteorological state-of-affairs. Epidemiological and regression models have strongly projected particulate matter (PM) as leading environmental-risk factor for the COVID-19 outbreak. Understanding the role of secondary environmental-factors like ammonia (NH3) and relative humidity (RH), latency of missing data structuring, monotonous correlation remains obstacles to scheme conclusive outcomes. We mapped hotspots of airborne PM2.5, PM10, NH3, and RH concentrations, and COVID-19 cases and mortalities for January, 2021-July,2021 from combined data of 17 ground-monitoring stations across Delhi. Spearmen and Pearson coefficient correlation show strong association (p-value 0.60) and PM10 (r > 0.40), respectively. Interestingly, the COVID-19 spread shows significant dependence on RH (r > 0.5) and NH3 (r = 0.4), anticipating their potential role in SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. We found systematic lockdown as a successful measure in combatting SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. These outcomes strongly demonstrate regional and temporal differences in COVID-19 severity with environmental-risk factors. The study lays the groundwork for designing and implementing regulatory strategies, and proper urban and transportation planning based on area-specific environmental conditions to control future infectious public health emergencies.

Conventional diagnostic platforms often lack point-of-care, simple, economical, prompt and personalized detection features, whereas nanomaterial-supported intelligent biosensors belonging to the 5 ^th /6 ^th generation are vital vectors in medical diagnostics. The tunable and enhanced physicochemical properties of nanomaterials such as surface area, surface chemistry, band gap, and flexibility, nano-biosensors exhibit high sensitivity, specificity, and prompt and accurate detection. Despite substantial research and an exponentially growing market, projected to reach $46.4 billion by 2028, biosensors face considerable challenges in clinical implementation. This article underlines the manifold translational challenges, such as regulatory barriers, safety and toxicity concerns related to nanomaterials, technical and manufacturing issues, hesitancy in adopting new tools, and economic constraints. Besides discussing the perspectives of material scientists, medical doctors, data scientists, and public health professionals, this article presents a comprehensive overview of the current state and prospects of integrating next-generation nanomaterial-based artificial intelligence-supported biosensors into clinical practice. It emphasizes the need to address these barriers, which can enhance early disease detection, improve patient outcomes, and reduce the overall burden on healthcare systems. Their applications can be extended to one health management team with dedicated collaborations to achieve sustainable development goals.

Groundwater is an important natural resource and has a significant role in the economy of any nation. The Dang district situated in the south-eastern part of the Gujarat state, Western India faces potable water problems in almost every summer season though the region receives heavy rainfall during monsoon months. The region has steep slopes causing heavy runoff during monsoon. The people of the district mainly rely on agriculture and the major source of the surface water is the perennial flows in Ambika, Purna and Khapri rivers that criss-crosses the district. In this study, we have employed an integrated approach to find out the groundwater potential regions in the Waghai Taluka based on geology, geomorphology, tectonic set-up, present wells’ static ground water level and slope length of the region. The field observations were also considered for the verification of our final inputs. The thematic maps are prepared with the use of remote sensing and GIS tools. The groundwater potential zones are classified into potential and non-potential zones based on integrated results and verified with existing well sites in study region. It was found that about 11% of the area comes under non-potential zones has least prospect of finding groundwater, while 89% of the region has more probability of finding groundwater under the potential zones.

Abstract The continuous deterioration of the environment due to extensive industrialization and urbanization has raised the requirement to devise high‐performance environmental remediation technologies. Membrane technologies, primarily based on conventional polymers, are the most commercialized air, water, solid, and radiation‐based environmental remediation strategies. Low stability at high temperatures, swelling in organic contaminants, and poor selectivity are the fundamental issues associated with polymeric membranes restricting their scalable viability. Polymer‐metal‐carbides and nitrides (MXenes) hybrid membranes possess remarkable physicochemical attributes, including strong mechanical endurance, high mechanical flexibility, superior adsorptive behavior, and selective permeability, due to multi‐interactions between polymers and MXene's surface functionalities. This review articulates the state‐of‐the‐art MXene–polymer hybrid membranes, emphasizing its fabrication routes, enhanced physicochemical properties, and improved adsorptive behavior. It comprehensively summarizes the utilization of MXene–polymer hybrid membranes for environmental remediation applications, including water purification, desalination, ion‐separation, gas separation and detection, containment adsorption, and electromagnetic and nuclear radiation shielding. Furthermore, the review highlights the associated bottlenecks of MXene–Polymer hybrid‐membranes and its possible alternate solutions to meet industrial requirements. Discussed are opportunities and prospects related to MXene–polymer membrane to devise intelligent and next‐generation environmental remediation strategies with the integration of modern age technologies of internet‐of‐things, artificial intelligence, machine‐learning, 5G‐communication and cloud‐computing are elucidated.

Current theranostics for neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) management are majorly symptomatic due to a lack of identification of early-stage biomarkers and the inefficiency of drugs to penetrate through the blood-brain barrier. Recently, the Neuro-nanotechnology interface has emerged as a potential strategy for diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of NDDs owing to smaller particle size, high specific surface area, tunable physicochemical attributes and rich surface functionalities. However, toxicity and biocompatibility are two significant challenges restricting their commercial prospect in NDD management. On the contrary, green nanosystems fabricated using plant extracts, microorganisms, biome-based precursors, repurposed-byproducts, exosomes, and protein-based bio-nanomaterials are economical, eco-friendly, biocompatible and renewable due to the abundance of biodiversity. This prospect explores the novel and cutting-edge interface of green nanosystems and NDDs for developing diagnostic and implantable devices, targeted drug delivery strategies, surgical prostheses, therapeutics, treatment, nanoscaffolds for neurogeneration, and immunity development. Besides, it discusses the challenges, alternate solutions and advanced prospects of green nanosystems with the integration of modern-age technologies for the development of sustainable green Neuro-nanotechnology for efficient management of NDDs.

Organic pollutants in industrial waste must be handled with viable and eco-friendly approaches. In particular, releasing toxic effluents like dyes into the environment pollutes water bodies, causing fatal diseases in humans and is hazardous to aquatic life. It necessitates the removal of effluent dyes before being discharged into the water bodies. The photocatalytic degradation method using metal oxide nanoparticles is the preferred choice amongst various dye remediation strategies. However, state-of-the-art metal oxide nanoparticle-based dye remediation involves developing non-toxic, economic, and eco-friendly metal oxides using green chemistry. Plant-mediated ZnO-based nanoplatforms exhibited substantial photocatalytic properties, non-toxicity, biocompatibility, and cost-effectiveness, possessing the potential to replace conventional dye remediation strategies. This review focuses on the development and performance of green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles towards degrading various dyes for wastewater remediation. It comprehensively summarizes the state-of-the-art green ZnO nanoparticle fabrication from various plant extracts (like leaves, seeds, juice, and fruits), illustrates their dye removal efficacies, and details their photocatalytic dye degradation mechanism. This review aims to serve as a fundamental structure to guide future research on green ZnO-based nanoplatforms for wastewater treatment, where photocatalytic attributes and green chemistry are prerequisites.

Thank you so much for forwarding the critical analysis the author (VK) conducted on our recently published modelling study ‘A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis to Avert Rabies Deaths in School-Aged Children in India’ in your reputed journal [...]

Hybrid molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)-MXene (Ti3C2) was added as an additive in SAE 5W-40-based engine oil in an attempt to reduce interfacial friction between contact surfaces. It was found that the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear scar diameter (WSD) were reduced by 13.9% and 23.8%, respectively, with the addition of 0.05 wt.% MoS2-Ti3C2 compared to base engine oil due to the interlaminar shear susceptibility of MXene. However, we postulate that the high surface energy and presence of -OH, -O and -F functional groups on the surfaces limited the dispersibility and stability of MXene in base oil, while high activity of MoS2 nanoparticles due to large surface area and vigorous Brownian motion prompted fast settling of nanoparticles due to gravitational force. As such, in the present study, hybrid MoS2-Ti3C2 were amine-functionalized to attain stability in SAE 5W-40-based engine oil. Experimental findings indicate that amine-functionalized 0.05 wt.% MoS2-Ti3C2 exhibited higher COF and WSD, i.e., 12.8% and 12.3%, respectively, compared to base oil added with 0.05 wt.% unfunctionalized MoS2-Ti3C2. Similarly, Noack oil volatility was reduced by 24.6% compared to base oil, indicating reduced oil consumption rate, maximal fuel efficiency and enhanced engine performance for a longer duration.

Children contribute to one-half of the total painful rabies mortalities in India. The state-of-the-art rabies mortality averting strategies need exploration for the effective implementation of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in India. This study reports on the economic evaluation of various PrEP and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) strategies to avert rabies mortalities in school-aged children in India. A decision tree model has been developed for children in the age group of 5–15 years to evaluate various PrEP + PEP and PEP only regimens. The 2-site intradermal regimen administered on day zero and seven was chosen as the intervention [PrEP (I)]. ICER was calculated from the quasi-societal and quasi-health systems’ perspectives for the base case analysis, along with one-way sensitivity, and scenario analyses for each regimen. The incremental DALYs averted per million population with the implementation of PrEP (I) ranged between 451 and 85,069 in 2020. The ICER was reported in the range of USD 384–352/DALY averted (non-dominant) in comparison to PEP regimens from a quasi-societal perspective. PrEP (I) is reported to be ‘very cost effective’ in comparison with PEP regimens from the quasi-societal and quasi-health systems’ perspectives and reduce deaths by up to 89.9%. This study concludes that the PrEP (I) regimen is a cost-effective and life-saving strategy to avert painful mortalities due to rabies in school-aged children in India.

Water scarcity due to contamination of water resources with different inorganic and organic contaminants is one of the foremost global concerns. It is due to rapid industrialization, fast urbanization, and the low efficiency of traditional wastewater treatment strategies. Conventional water treatment strategies, including chemical precipitation, membrane filtration, coagulation, ion exchange, solvent extraction, adsorption, and photolysis, are based on adopting various nanomaterials (NMs) with a high surface area, including carbon NMs, polymers, metals-based, and metal oxides. However, significant bottlenecks are toxicity, cost, secondary contamination, size and space constraints, energy efficiency, prolonged time consumption, output efficiency, and scalability. On the contrary, green NMs fabricated using microorganisms emerge as cost-effective, eco-friendly, sustainable, safe, and efficient substitutes for these traditional strategies. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art microbial-assisted green NMs and strategies including microbial cells, magnetotactic bacteria (MTB), bio-augmentation and integrated bioreactors for removing an extensive range of water contaminants addressing the challenges associated with traditional strategies. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the efficacies of microbe-assisted green NM-based water remediation strategy with the traditional practices in light of crucial factors like reusability, regeneration, removal efficiency, and adsorption capacity has been presented. The associated challenges, their alternate solutions, and the cutting-edge prospects of microbial-assisted green nanobiotechnology with the integration of advanced tools including internet-of-nano-things, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence have been discussed. This review opens a new window to assist future research dedicated to sustainable and green nanobiotechnology-based strategies for environmental remediation applications.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a “wicked evil” in this century due to its extended progression and huge human mortalities. Although the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 viral infection is made simple and practical by employing reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) investigation, the process is costly, complex, time-consuming, and requires experts for testing and the constraints of a laboratory. Therefore, these challenges have raised the paradigm of on-site portable biosensors on a single chip, which reduces human resources and enables remote access to minimize the overwhelming burden on the existing global healthcare sector. This article reviews the recent advancements in biosensors for long coronavirus disease (COVID) management using a multitude of devices, such as point-of-care biosensors and lab-on-chip biosensors. Furthermore, it details the shift in the paradigm of SARS-CoV-2-on-chip biosensors from the laboratory to on-site detection with intelligent and economical operation, representing near-future diagnostic technologies for public health emergency management.

Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) is a newly developed swarm intelligence based optimization method. Its analytical model mimics self-organized swarming and foraging behavior of salps. Salps are found in the ocean and they form a swarm called salp chain for their organized movement and foraging. Since its inception in 2017, SSA has been applied to many engineering domains. This paper presents the solution of complex constrained multi-area economic dispatch problem of power system with and without stochastic wind integration using SSA. Simulation analysis has been carried on four different constrained test cases with diverse dimensions/complexity level. They are (i) four area system with sixteen thermal units (ii) four area system with forty thermal units (iii) two area system with forty thermal units and (iv) two area forty-unit system with wind integration. Comparison of simulation results obtained by SSA with other methods reported in the recent literature has proven SSA’s capability of constrained handling and offered promising and efficient solutions.

Background: Supraglottic airway devices are used for anesthesia in elective surgical procedures circumventing the need for intubation. We investigated the efficacy and safety of Baska® mask in comparison to an I-Gel® device. Methods: In this cross-sectional, observational study, we randomized 100 female patients (age 18–45 years, American Society of Anaesthesiologists grade I or II) undergoing elective short gynecological procedures into two groups, to receive ventilation with either Baska mask® (group 1, n = 50) or an I-Gel® device (group 2, n = 50). We excluded patients with obesity, short neck, and known systemic and upper airway disorders. The primary outcome was the oropharyngeal airway seal pressure, and the secondary outcomes were the ease of insertion and the complication rate. The results were analyzed using Mann–Whitney U-test and Fisher's exact test, and correlation analysis was done by Spearman's correlation test. Results: A total of 56 patients underwent dilatation and curettage, whereas the remaining had hysteroscopy in the study. The airway seal pressure achieved was higher with Baska® mask than I-Gel® device (35.8 ± 10.3 and 26.9 ± 7.5 of cm H2O, respectively; P < 0.0001). The ease of insertion (P < 0.0001) was better in group 1 and the complication rates were similar in both the groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Baska® mask offers a superior airway seal pressure with minimum complications in comparison to an I-Gel® device. Further studies with a large number of patients in different surgical settings are required to confirm our findings.

Plant pathogens massively affect crop productivity and are one of the significant challenges in attaining sustainable development goals related to agriculture, food production, and addressing hunger issues. Conventional techniques of generic seasonal chemical spraying severely damage the environment and human health. On the contrary, nanomaterials-based biosensors have emerged as economical, efficient, selective, prompt, and precise strategies for plant pathogen and disease diagnosis. The integration of nano-biosensors with artificial intelligence, internet-of-things, cloud computing, drones, and 5G communication has recently raised the paradigm of internet-of-nano-things-inspired intelligent plant-diagnostic biosensors. This prospect highlights these modern-age plant-pathogen biosensors for shaping smart and 5th generation agricultural practices.

Ammonia (NH3) is a vital compound in diversified fields, including agriculture, automotive, chemical, food processing, hydrogen production and storage, and biomedical applications. Its extensive industrial use and emission have emerged hazardous to the ecosystem and have raised global public health concerns for monitoring NH3 emissions and implementing proper safety strategies. These facts created emergent demand for translational and sustainable approaches to design efficient, affordable, and high-performance compact NH3 sensors. Commercially available NH3 sensors possess three major bottlenecks: poor selectivity, low concentration detection, and room-temperature operation. State-of-the-art NH3 sensors are scaling up using advanced nano-systems possessing rapid, selective, efficient, and enhanced detection to overcome these challenges. MXene–polymer nanocomposites (MXP-NCs) are emerging as advanced nanomaterials of choice for NH3 sensing owing to their affordability, excellent conductivity, mechanical flexibility, scalable production, rich surface functionalities, and tunable morphology. The MXP-NCs have demonstrated high performance to develop next-generation intelligent NH3 sensors in agricultural, industrial, and biomedical applications. However, their excellent NH3-sensing features are not articulated in the form of a review. This comprehensive review summarizes state-of-the-art MXP-NCs fabrication techniques, optimization of desired properties, enhanced sensing characteristics, and applications to detect airborne NH3. Furthermore, an overview of challenges, possible solutions, and prospects associated with MXP-NCs is discussed.

BACKGROUND: Covaxin is the first indigenous vaccine developed in India against COVID-19. The purpose of this study was to analyze the news stories on Covaxin published in the online media between two statements issued by Indian Council for Medical Research on 2nd and 4th July for their content, quality of information, and reporting standards. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic search was performed on Google to identify the news stories related to Covaxin in the English language published between these two statements. The selected news stories were subjected to content analysis and reviewed using the screening points developed through a consultation by two independent experts using ten prevalidated criteria for health news review. The data were analyzed in MS Excel and StataMP14. RESULTS: The final analysis included 24 news stories. The mean and median score of the news stories is 10.71 and 12 (out of 20), respectively, with a score ranging from 2 to 17. The stories did not promote disease or vaccine mongering (100%), adequately mentioned the true novelty of the vaccine (95.8%), and source of the information (83.3%). However, they mostly failed to mention the information on costs, research data related to benefits, and harms and quality of the available evidence. CONCLUSION: There is a lack of reporting of detailed analysis about the methodology of development of the vaccine and limitations in its research design by health journalists. It is important to train journalists on proper reporting of health news to improve its quality in Indian media.