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Sutherlandia frutescens , commonly known as cancer bush, is a popular herbal remedy which has been used traditionally for the treatment of internal cancers, stress, influenza, fever, diabetes, stomach ailments and as a tonic. SU1 (syn = sutherlandioside B) is a major cycloartane-type triterpene glycoside in the leaf material and it has been used as a biomarker for quality control. Vibrational spectroscopy in combination with chemometric data analysis has been successfully used to quantify target compounds in various materials and is considered a green alternative method to traditional analytical methods. In this study, the variation in SU1 content in S. frutescens wild-type samples was investigated using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometery (UHPLC–MS). This UHPLC–MS reference dataset was used in conjunction with vibrational spectroscopy and chemometric modeling to develop a rapid alternative method to quantify SU1 in powdered leaf material. Partial least squares (PLS) regression models based on near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy data were developed using SIMCA-P+ 13.0 chemometric software and validated by inserting external prediction sets into the model. The concentration of SU1 showed high variation ranging from 0.04 to 10.10 μg/mg of dried leaf material as determined using UHPLC–MS. Calibration models with good model statistics were developed and used to predict the content of the major compound SU1. External datasets introduced into the model resulted in the accurate prediction of the SU1 content. NIR and MIR spectroscopy in combination with chemometric data analysis were shown to be viable rapid alternative quantification methods for SU1 in powdered leaf material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The consumption of herbal teas is increasing as consumers become more appreciative of the health benefits. Herbal tea blends comprise of two or more plant species blended to improve taste and multiply the health benefits. Quality control (QC) of herbal teas like other nutraceuticals, is important to ensure safety and efficacy. Current QC methods are chromatography-based and require destructive sample preparation using solvents. In this study, hyperspectral imaging is applied as a fast and non-destructive method for the quality control of herbal tea blends. The technique combines conventional spectroscopy and digital imaging to gather chemical information and visualise spatial distribution of chemical constituents within a matrix. Certified raw materials ( Sceletium tortuosum and Cyclopia genistoides ) and herbal tea blends were acquired from Parceval Pty (Ltd). Hyperspectral images of the raw material and tea blends were captured on a SisuChema ® SWIR (short wave infrared) hyperspectral pushbroom imaging system using ChemaDAQ ® software. The images were analysed using Evince ® multivariate analysis software 2.4.0. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed 54.2% chemical variation between S. tortuosum and C. genistoides raw materials. A partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model with predictive ability of 95.8% was developed. Based on pixel classification, it was possible to visualise the tea blend constituents as S. tortuosum and C. genistoides and quantitatively predict C. genistoides as the major constituent (>97%) while S. tortuosum was present in lower amounts (<3%). The predictions confirm that HSI is a potentially favourable visual tool for the quality assessment of herbal tea blends. However, due to low instrument sensitivity quantitative determinations showed some deviation from the company formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

In South Africa, indigenous herbal teas are enjoyed due to their distinct taste and aroma. The acclaimed health benefits of herbal teas include the management of chronic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes. Quality control of herbal teas has become important due to the availability of different brands of varying quality and the production of tea blends. The potential of hyperspectral imaging as a rapid quality control method for herbal tea blends from rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), honeybush (Cyclopia intermedia), buchu (Agathosma Betulina) and cancerbush (Sutherlandia frutescens) was investigated. Hyperspectral images of raw materials and intact tea bags were acquired using a sisuChema shortwave infrared (SWIR) hyperspectral pushbroom imaging system (920-2514 nm). Principal component analysis (PCA) plots showed clear discrimination between raw materials. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models correctly predicted the raw material constituents of each blend and accurately determined the relative proportions. The results were corroborated independently using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). This study demonstrated the application of hyperspectral imaging coupled with chemometric modelling as a reliable, rapid and non-destructive quality control method for authenticating herbal tea blends and to determine relative proportions in a tea bag. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The name “ginseng” is collectively used to describe several plant species, including Panax ginseng (Asian/Oriental ginseng), P. quinquefolius (American ginseng), P. pseudoginseng (Pseudoginseng) and Eleutherococcus senticosus (Siberian ginseng), each with different applications in traditional medicine practices. The use of a generic name may lead to the interchangeable use or substitution of raw materials which poses quality control challenges. Quality control methods such as vibrational spectroscopy-based techniques are here proposed as fast, non-destructive methods for the distinction of four ginseng species and the identification of raw materials in commercial ginseng products. Certified ginseng reference material and commercial products were analysed using hyperspectral imaging (HSI), mid-infrared (MIR) and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Principal component analysis (PCA) and (orthogonal) partial least squares discriminant analysis models (OPLS-DA) were developed using multivariate analysis software. UHPLC-MS was used to analyse methanol extracts of the reference raw materials and commercial products. The holistic analysis of ginseng raw materials revealed distinct chemical differences using HSI, MIR and NIR. For all methods, Eleutherococcus senticosus displayed the greatest variation from the three Panax species that displayed closer chemical similarity. Good discrimination models with high R2X and Q2 cum vales were developed. These models predicted that the majority of products contained either /P. ginseng or P. quinquefolius. Vibrational spectroscopy and HSI techniques in tandem with multivariate data analysis tools provide useful alternative methods in the authentication of ginseng raw materials and commercial products in a fast, easy, cost-effective and non-destructive manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Ethnopharmacological relevance Sclerocarya birrea (A.Rich.) Hochst (Marula) nut oil is a popular ingredient in cosmetics such as skin lotions, lipsticks and foundations. The demand for this African oil increased tremendously such that in 2008 almost US$ 20 million was spent on Marula oil for cosmetic product manufacturing. The ethnobotanical literature states that the Zulu people in South Africa amongst others applied the oil to maintain a healthy skin. Scientific studies to support the traditional use as well as the inclusion of Marula oil in cosmetic products is lacking. This study evaluated the irritancy potential (safety), the moisturising and hydrating effects as well occlusivity properties (efficacy) of Marula oil after topical application. In addition, the Marula oil used in this study was comprehensively characterised using two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Methods and materials Quantification of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) was done using a LECO Pegasus 4D GC×GC–MS. To determine the safety and efficacy of Marula oil healthy caucasian adult female volunteers ( n =20) who complied with the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the irritancy patch, moisture efficacy, hydrating and occlusivity tests were recruited for each study. A 2× magnifying lamp (visual observation), Chromameter®, Aquaflux® and Corneometer® instruments were used to evaluate and monitor the irritancy level, skin barrier function, transepidermal water loss, hydrating and occlusive effects of topically applied Marula oil. Results The GC×GC–MS analysis identified several saturated as well as unsaturated fatty acids. Oleic acid was the major fatty acid constituting 69.0% of the oil followed by palmitic acid (15.3%), linoleic acid (9.2%), palmitoleic acid (4.1%) and stearic acid (1.5%). The clinical study revealed that Marula oil is non-irritant ( p <0.001), with moisturising and hydrating properties ( p <0.001) when applied to a lipid-dry (xerosis) skin. Additionally the oil exhibited occlusive effects ( p <0.001) when applied to normal skin. These findings may be linked to the absorption of the oil into the skin due to the high percentage of oleic acid and the presence of palmitic acid which are known to disturb the stratum corneum intercellular lipids. These fatty acids present in Marula oil are very similar to those present in the epidermis, and can be considered biomimetic. Conclusions Marula oil rich in fatty acids exhibits moisturising, hydrating and occlusive properties. As the oil is non-irritating and provides a moisturising effect with moderate prevention of transepidermal water loss, average moisture retention properties and noteworthy occlusive effects, its inclusion in cosmetic products based on its traditional use may be justified depending on the application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Ethnopharmacological relevance Xysmalobium undulatum , commonly known as uzara, is traditionally used as an antidiarrhoeal and to treat stomach cramps, dysmenorrhoea and afterbirth cramps. In addition, it was reportedly used to treat anxiety and other conditions relating to mental health. Aim of the review To unite the botanical aspects, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, biological activity, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data, toxicity and commercial aspects of the scientific literature available on uzara. Method An extensive review of the literature covering 1917–2014 was carried out. Electronic databases including Scopus ® , Pubmed ® , Google Scholar ® and Google ® were used to assemble the data. All abstracts, full-text articles and books written in English and German were examined and included. Results The phytochemistry of uzara has been comprehensively investigated and at least 18 compounds have been isolated and characterised. Uzara contains mainly cardenolide glycosides such as uzarin and xysmalorin and cardenolide aglycones such as uzarigenin and xysmalogenin. Limited scientific studies on the biological activity of uzara have been done. In vitro antisecretory antidiarrhoeal action was confirmed. Central nervous system activity was conflicting, in vitro and in vivo (animals) studies were inconclusive and no clinical studies have been performed. No antimutagenic effects have been reported and no toxicity up to date has been associated with uzara consumption. Significant cross-reactivity of uzara compounds with commercial digoxin and digitoxin assays may interfere with therapeutic drug monitoring. Conclusions The key traditional uses associated with uzara have been investigated in vitro and in vivo (animal), but clinical trial data is lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Highlights: [•] Two Harpagophytum species are used interchangeably to treat inflammation and are resolved by spectral methods here. [•] Chemical congruency and bio-equivalence of the two species have not been proven. [•] Multivariate analysis models for species authentication were developed. [•] The two developed models had good statistics with R 2 X values of 0.86 and 0.99 for MIR and SWIR data, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...

ABSTRACT Introduction Tea tree oil (TTO) is an important commercial oil which has found application in the flavour, fragrance and cosmetic industries. The quality is determined by the relative concentration of its major constituents: 1,8-cineole, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, α-terpinene, terpinolene, γ-terpinene and limonene. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is traditionally used for qualitative and quantitative analyses but is expensive and time consuming. Objective To evaluate the use of vibrational spectroscopy in tandem with chemometric data analysis as a fast and low-cost alternative method for the quality control of TTO. Methods Spectral data were acquired in both the mid-infrared (MIR) and near infrared (NIR) wavelength regions and reference data obtained using GC-MS with flame ionisation detection (FID). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to investigate the data by observing clustering and identifying outliers. Partial least squares (PLS) multivariate calibration models were constructed for the quantification of the seven major constituents. Results High correlation coefficients ( R2) of ≥ 0.75 were obtained for the seven major compounds and 1,8-cineole showed the best correlation coefficients for both MIR and NIR data ( R2 = 0.97 and 0.95, respectively). Low values were obtained for the root mean square error of estimation (RMSEE) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) values thereby confirming accuracy. Conclusion The accurate prediction of the external dataset after introduction into the models confirmed that both MIR and NIR spectroscopy are valuable methods for quantification of the major compounds of TTO when compared with the reference data obtained using GC-MS. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

ABSTRACT Introduction Sceletium tortuosum is the most sought after species of the genus Sceletium and is commonly included in commercial products for the treatment of psychiatric conditions and neurodegenerative diseases. However, this species exhibits several morphological and phytochemical similarities to S. crassicaule. Objectives The aim of this investigation was to use ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and hyperspectral imaging, in combination with chemometrics, to distinguish between S. tortuosum and S. crassicaule, and to accurately predict the identity of specimens of both species. Methods Chromatographic profiles of S. tortuosum and S. crassicaule specimens were obtained using UPLC with photodiode array detection. A SisuChema near infrared hyperspectral imaging camera was used for acquiring images of the specimens and the data was processed using chemometric computations. Results Chromatographic data for the specimens revealed that both species produce the psychoactive alkaloids that are used as quality control biomarkers. Principal component analysis of the hyperspectral image of reference specimens for the two species yielded two distinct clusters, the one representing S. tortuosum and the other representing S. crassicaule. A partial least squares discriminant analysis model correctly predicted the identity of an external dataset consisting of S. tortuosum or S. crassicaule samples with high accuracy (>94%). Conclusions A combination of hyperspectral imaging and chemometrics offers several advantages over conventional chromatographic profiling when used to distinguish S. tortuosum from S. crassicaule. In addition, the constructed chemometric model can reliably predict the identity of samples of both species from an external dataset. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The fragrant camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) and its products, such as camphor oil, have been coveted since ancient times. Having a rich history of traditional use, it was particularly used as a fumigant during the era of the Black Death and considered as a valuable ingredient in both perfume and embalming fluid. Camphor has been widely used as a fragrance in cosmetics, as a food flavourant, as a common ingredient in household cleaners, as well as in topically applied analgesics and rubefacients for the treatment of minor muscle aches and pains. Camphor, traditionally obtained through the distillation of the wood of the camphor tree, is a major essential oil component of many aromatic plant species, as it is biosynthetically synthesised; it can also be chemically synthesised using mainly turpentine as a starting material. Camphor exhibits a number of biological properties such as insecticidal, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticoccidial, anti-nociceptive, anticancer and antitussive activities, in addition to its use as a skin penetration enhancer. However, camphor is a very toxic substance and numerous cases of camphor poisoning have been documented. This review briefly summarises the uses and synthesis of camphor and discusses the biological properties and toxicity of this valuable molecule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Eugenol is a major volatile constituent of clove essential oil obtained through hydrodistillation of mainly Eugenia caryophyllata (=Syzygium aromaticum) buds and leaves. It is a remarkably versatile molecule incorporated as a functional ingredient in numerous products and has found application in the pharmaceutical, agricultural, fragrance, flavour, cosmetic and various other industries. Its vast range of pharmacological activities has been well-researched and includes antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-oxidant and anticancer activities, amongst others. In addition, it is widely used in agricultural applications to protect foods from micro-organisms during storage, which might have an effect on human health, and as a pesticide and fumigant. As a functional ingredient, it is included in many dental preparations and it has also been shown to enhance skin permeation of various drugs. Eugenol is considered safe as a food additive but due to the wide range of different applications, extensive use and availability of clove oil, it is pertinent to discuss the general toxicity with special reference to contact dermatitis. This review summarises the pharmacological, agricultural and other applications of eugenol with specific emphasis on mechanism of action as well as toxicity data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Abstract: Hoodia gordonii, with the perceived active ingredient P57 (a steroidal glycoside), is a succulent plant which has gained commercial popularity as an anti-obesity preparation. The content of P57 is used as an indication of the quality of the raw material. Traditionally, quantification of P57 is performed using liquid-chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC–MS) which is expensive and laborious. Vibrational spectroscopy methods such as FT-Raman spectroscopy offer a simple, less expensive and rapid alternative. The potential of FT-Raman to quantify and identify the location of P57 in H. gordonii raw plant material was investigated. LC–MS was used to determine the concentration of P57 in 145 plant samples and the data was used to develop a calibration model with chemometric techniques based on the partial least squares projections to latent structures (PLS) algorithm. The performance of the calibration model was evaluated according to the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and correlation coefficient (R 2). Pre-processing with orthogonal signal correction (OSC) yielded a model which predicted P57 content based on the FT-Raman spectra with a correlation coefficient (R 2) value of 0.9986 and an RMSEP of 0.004%. These results demonstrate that FT-Raman spectroscopy holds great potential to rapidly quantify P57 in H. gordonii raw material with high accuracy as an alternative to LC–MS analysis. In addition, the spatial distribution of P57 in a cross-section of an H. gordonii stem sample was demonstrated using FT-Raman mapping showing that P57 is concentrated throughout the cortex which was confirmed with LC–MS. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...

Abstract: The feasibility of quantifying the perceived active ingredient (P57) in Hoodia gordonii raw material using Fourier transform near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometric techniques was investigated. The concentration of P57 (a triterpene glycoside) was determined in 146 plant samples with liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and these values were used to develop a calibration model based on the partial least squares projections to latent structures (PLS) and orthogonal projections to latent structures (O-PLS) regression algorithms. The performance of each calibration model was evaluated according to the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and correlation coefficient (R2). The PLS model with 2nd derivative pre-processing predicted P57 content based on the FT-NIR spectra with the best accuracy and a correlation coefficient (R2) value of 0.9629 and the lowest RMSEP of 0.03%. These results demonstrated that FT-NIR spectroscopy can be used to rapidly quantify P57 in H. gordonii raw material with high accuracy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...

Abstract: Few in vitro screening studies on the biological activities of plant extracts that are intended for oral administration consider the effect of the gastrointestinal system. This study investigated this aspect on extracts of Camellia sinensis (green tea) and Salvia officinalis (sage) using antimicrobial activity as a model for demonstration. Both the crude extracts and their products after exposure to simulated gastric fluid (SGF) as well as simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) were screened for antimicrobial activity. The chromatographic profiles of the crude plant extracts and their SGF as well as SIF products were recorded and compared qualitatively by means of high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The effect of epithelial transport on the crude plant extracts was determined by applying them to an in vitro intestinal epithelial model (Caco-2). The crude extracts for both plants exhibited reduced antimicrobial activity after exposure to SGF, while no antimicrobial activity was detected after exposure to SIF. These results suggested chemical modification or degradation of the antimicrobial compounds when exposed to gastrointestinal conditions. This was confirmed by a reduction of the peak areas on the LC–UV–MS chromatograms. From the chromatographic profiles obtained during the transport study, it is evident that some compounds in the crude plant extracts were either not transported across the cell monolayer or they were metabolised during passage through the cells. It can be deduced that the gastrointestinal environment and epithelial transport process can dramatically affect the chromatographic profiles and biological activity of orally ingested natural products. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...

Terminalia sericea is used throughout Africa for the treatment of a variety of conditions and has been identified as a potential commercial plant. The study was aimed at establishing a high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) chemical fingerprint for T. sericea root bark as a reference for quality control and exploring chemical variation within the species using HPTLC metabo3lomics. Forty-two root bark samples were collected from ten populations in South Africa and extracted with dichloromethane: methanol (1:1). An HPTLC method was optimized to resolve the major compounds from other sample components. Dichloromethane: ethyl acetate: methanol: formic acid (90:10:30:1) was used as the developing solvent and the plates were visualized using 10% sulfuric acid in methanol as derivatizing agent. The concentrations of three major bioactive compounds, sericic acid, sericoside and resveratrol-3-O-β-rutinoside, in the extracts were determined using a validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (UPLC-PDA) detection method. The rTLC software (written in the R-programming language) was used to select the most informative retardation factor (Rf) ranges from the images of the analysed sample extracts. Further chemometric models, including principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), were constructed using the web-based high throughput metabolomic software. The rTLC chemometric models were compared with the models previously obtained from ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). A characteristic fingerprint containing clear bands for the three bioactive compounds was established. All three bioactive compounds were present in all the samples, although their corresponding band intensities varied. The intensities correlated with the UPLC-PDA results, in that samples containing a high concentration of a particular compound, displayed a more intense band. Chemometric analysis using HCA revealed two chemotypes, and the subsequent construction of a loadings plot indicated that sericic acid and sericoside were responsible for the chemotypic variation; with sericoside concentrated in Chemotype 1, while sericic acid was more abundant in Chemotype 2. A characteristic chemical fingerprint with clearly distinguishable features was established for T. sericea root bark that can be used for species authentication, and to select samples with high concentrations of a particular marker compound(s). Different chemotypes, potentially differing in their therapeutic potency towards a particular target, could be distinguished. The models revealed the three analytes as biomarkers, corresponding to results reported for UPLC-MS profiling and thereby indicating that HPTLC is a suitable technique for the quality control of T. sericea root bark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Actaea racemosa (Ranunculaceae), commonly referred to as black cohosh, is a medicinal plant native to North America. Black cohosh is well known for its traditional use in the treatment of gynaecological problems, specifically for symptoms experienced during menopause. However, the American Herbal Products Association reported the plant to be among the top subjects to adulteration. Black cohosh is usually adulterated with Asian cohosh species. This study investigated the use of shortwave infrared hyperspectral imaging (SWIR-HSI) in combination with powerful chemometric methods for data analysis as a fast alternative method to differentiate four cohosh species and investigate 36 commercial products traded as black cohosh. Authentic root material of Actaea racemosa, A. podocarpa, A. pachypoda and A. cimicifuga were purchased from the American Herbal Pharmacopoeia (AHP). Both SWIR-HSI and ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) analyses were performed on the raw material as well as commercial products. Using Matlab® software (2014b) with SWIR-HSI data (920 – 2514 nm), the range containing the discriminating information of the four species was identified as 1204 – 1480 nm. After reduction of the data set range, partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and support vector machine discriminant analysis (SVM-DA) models were created (R2 ≥ 0.8). The novel SVM-DA model showed better predictions and was then used to predict the species included in commercial products. Seven out of 36 commercial products were recognised by the SVM-DA model as being true black cohosh while 29 were adulterated black cohosh. Further analysis of the UHPLC-MS data using the OPLS-DA model demonstrated that six commercial products could be true black cohosh. This was confirmed with the investigation of the fragmentation patterns of three black cohosh markers (cimiracemoside C; 12-β,21-dihydroxycimigenol-3-O-L-arabinoside and 24-O-acetylhydroshengmanol- 3-O-β-D-xylopyranoside). Using HSI in conjunction with SVM-DA, it was possible to identify 80% adulteration of commercial products labelled as black cohosh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The quality control of herbal material is notoriously challenging due to the complex mixture of compounds present in plants. In addition, the variability in phytochemical profiles and toxicity issues associated with herbal products necessitates the development of reliable quality control methods. Analytical methods such as liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry are time-consuming and requires considerable expertise. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) integrates conventional spectroscopy and imaging to obtain spectral and spatial information from a sample. Once the method has beendeveloped, the visual results are rapidly obtained and easy to interpret. In this study, the use of HSI in combination with chemometric data analysis in quality control will be illustrated using several examples: 1) distinguishing between the whole dried fruit of Illicium verum (Chinese star anise) and Illicium anisatum (Japanese star anise); 2) Stephania tetrandra (‘hang fang ji') and its substitution or adulteration with Aristolochia fangchi (‘guang fang ji'); 3) determining the proportion of each constituent in a tea blend consisting of Aspalathus linearis (rooibos) and Agathoshma betulina (‘buchu'). Hyperspectral images were captured using a shortwave infrared (SWIR) pushbroom imaging system in the wavelength range 920–2514 nm. Multivariate software (Evince® and Matlab®) were used to analyse the data. Principal component analysis was applied to the images to investigate chemical differences between the species. Partial least squares discriminant analysis models were constructed by assigning the clusters to classes. The classification models were used to predict the identity of raw material replicates inserted into the model as well as the levels of adulteration in spiked raw materials. UHPLC-MS as an independent analytical technique was used to confirm chemical differences between the species. For the star anise example, a classification model was developed and used to accurately predict the identity of whole dried fruit of I. anisatum and I. verum. In the ‘fang ji' example, the replicates for each plant species were predicted at a value > 99% for all the samples. Artificially adulterated samples were accurately predicted from as low as 10%. In the herbal tea blend example, the classification model was applied to determine the relative proportions of each blend constituent in intact tea bags. With the increasing need to regulate herbal products and ingredients, emerging technologies are providing alternative methods that allow the holistic analysis of the samples. Hyperspectral imaging in combination with chemometric data analysis is ideally suited as a tool for the quality control of herbal raw material as it is a visual, rapid, accurate and non-destructive method with high prediction ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The article focuses on the increase concern for reducing the obesity. It reflects the estimations of the World Health Organization (WHO) that 1.6 billion adults are overweight. It mentions that global fat epidemic have risen the demand for weight loss products in markets. It further discusses a study which shows that Hoodia gordonii, a leafless spiny succulent plant with medicinal properties is used as a weight loss product in South Africa and Namibia to suppress the hunger. more...

Lobostemon fruticosus (L.) H.Buek is a perennial and woody shrub of the Boraginaceae family, found in the Cape region of South Africa. The leaves and twigs are used to treat dermatological conditions such as wounds, burns, ringworm, erysipelas and eczema. Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral and anti-proliferative activities of L. fruticosus have been reported. However, there is a void in research which reports on the wound healing properties of this plant. Aligned with the traditional use of L. fruticosus, our study aimed to use in vitro and in vivo bioassays to confirm the wound healing potential of the plant. An aqueous methanol extract (80% v/v) of L. fruticosus was prepared using a sample collected from the Western Cape Province of South Africa and chromatographically profiled by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cytotoxicity assay was performed to determine the non-toxic concentrations of the extract for subsequent use in the in vitro scratch assay. Both the human keratinocyte (HaCaT) and fibroblast (BJ-5ta) cell lines were employed in the in vitro scratch assay. The in vivo caudal fin amputation assay was used to assess the wound healing potential of L. fruticosus, by monitoring fin regeneration in zebrafish larvae treated with the plant extract at various concentrations. Six major compounds were tentatively identified in the L. fruticosus extract namely; globoidnan A, globoidnan B, rutin, rabdosiin, sagerinic acid and rosmarinic acid. The potentially toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids were also identified and quantitatively confirmed to be present at a low concentration of 119.58 ppm (m/m). Treatment of HaCaT and BJ-5ta cells with the plant extract in the scratch assay resulted in an increase in cell migration, which translates to accelerated wound closure. After 24 hr treatment with 100 μg/mL of extract, wound closure was recorded to be 91.1 ± 5.7% and 94.1 ± 1.3% for the HaCaT and BJ-5ta cells, respectively, while the untreated (medium) controls showed 72.3 ± 3.3% and 73.0 ± 4.3% for the two cell lines, respectively. Complete wound closure was observed between 24 and 36 hr, while the untreated control group did not achieve 100% wound closure by the end of the observation period (48 hr). In vivo , the crude extract at 100 μg/mL accelerated zebrafish caudal fin regeneration achieving 100.5 ± 3.8% regeneration compared to 68.3 ± 6.6% in the untreated control at two days post amputation. The study affirms the wound healing properties, as well as low toxicity of L. fruticosus using both in vitro and in vivo assays, which supports the traditional medicinal use. Other in vitro assays that target different mechanisms involved in wound healing should be investigated to support the current findings. [Display omitted] • Lobostemon fruticosus displayed promising wound healing properties in vitro and in vivo. • Lobostemon fruticosus accelerated cell migration and wound closure in the HaCaT and BJ-5ta cells at 100 μg/mL. • Lobostemon fruticosus accelerated caudal fin regeneration up to 98.9% in 3 days. • Globoidnan B, rutin, rabdosiin, sagerinic acid, rosmarinic acid and globoidnan A are major compounds in Lobostemon fruticosus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The fruit rind of Garcinia gummi-gutta , commonly known as Garcinia cambogia (syn.), is extensively used traditionally as a flavourant in fish curries due to its sharp sour taste. Additional ethnobotanical uses include its use as a digestive and a traditional remedy to treat bowel complaints, intestinal parasites and rheumatism. This small fruit, reminiscent of a pumpkin in appearance, is currently most popularly used and widely advertised as a weight-loss supplement. Studies have shown that the extracts as well as (−)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA), a main organic acid component of the fruit rind, exhibited anti-obesity activity including reduced food intake and body fat gain by regulating the serotonin levels related to satiety, increased fat oxidation and decreased de novo lipogenesis. HCA is a potent inhibitor of adenosine triphosphate-citrate lyase, a catalyst for the conversion process of citrate to acetyl-coenzyme A, which plays a key role in fatty acid, cholesterol and triglycerides syntheses. The crude extract or constituents from the plant also exerted hypolipidaemic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anthelmintic, anticholinesterase and hepatoprotective activities in in vitro and in vivo models. Phytochemical studies of various plant parts revealed the presence of mainly xanthones (e.g. carbogiol) and benzophenones (e.g. garcinol) together with organic acids (e.g. HCA) and amino acids (e.g. gamma aminobutyric acid). Currently, a large number of G. cambogia /HCA dietary supplements for weight management are being sold although the possible toxicity associated with the regular use of these supplements has raised concerns. In most cases, complaints have been related to multicomponent formulations and at this stage G. cambogia has not been confirmed as the potentially toxic culprit. This review presents a scientific overview of G. cambogia with reference to relevant botanical aspects, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry and biological activity as well as toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Ethnopharmacological relevance Cissampelos species have a rich history of traditional use, being used for both therapeutic and toxic properties. It is traditionally applied therapeutically in a diverse range of conditions and diseases including asthma, cough, fever, arthritis, obesity, dysentery, snakebite, jaundice and heart, blood pressure and skin-related problems. Conversely, it was traditionally included in preparations of curare applied as arrow poison during hunting to cause death of animals by asphyxiation. This review unites the ethnobotanical knowledge on Cissampelos with the phytochemistry and pharmacological activity which has been explored thus far. In addition, it identifies knowledge gaps and suggests further research opportunities. Methods The available electronic literature on the genus Cissampelos was collected using database searches including Scopus, Google Scholar, Pubmed, Web of Science, etc. The searches were limited to peer-reviewed English journals with the exception of books and a few articles in foreign languages which were included. Results The literature revealed that pharmacological activity including analgesic and antipyretic, anti-inflammatory , anti-allergic, bronchodilator, immunomodulatory, memory-enhancing, antidepressant, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antiparasitic, anti-ulcer, anticancer, anti-oxidant, cardiovascular, muscle-relaxant, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antidiarrhoeal, antifertility, and antivenom activity have been confirmed in vitro and/or in vivo for various Cissampelos species. Cissampelos pareira L. and Cissampelos sympodialis Eichl. are the most explored species of this genus and the smallest number of studies have been conducted on Cissampelos laxiflora Moldenke and Cissampelos tenuipes Engl. Many alkaloids isolated from Cissampelos such as warifteine, methylwarifteine, berberine, hayatin and hayatidin showed promising anti-allergic, immunosuppressive, antidepressant, anticancer, vasodilatory and muscle-relaxant activities. Conclusion The plants of this genus are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments. These plants are a rich source of bioactive bisbenzylisoquinoline and aporphine alkaloids together with other minor constituents. Although these plants are reputable and revered in various traditional medicine systems, many have not yet been screened chemically or pharmacologically and so there is a vast amount of research still to be conducted to validate their traditional use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Harpagophytum procumbens subps. procumbens (Burch.) DC. ex Meisn. (Pedaliaceae) is an important traditional medicine growing in the Kalahari region of southern Africa where it is consumed as a general health tonic and for treating diverse ailments including arthritis, pain, fever, ulcers and boils. Aim of the review: To provide a comprehensive overview of the ethnobotany, phytochemistry and biological activity of H. procumbens and possibly make recommendations for further research. Materials and methods: Peer-reviewed articles on H. procumbens were acquired on Scopus, ScienceDirect and SciFinder, there was no specific timeline set for the search. A focus group discussion was held with different communities in Botswana to further understand ethnobotanical uses of the plant. Results: Harpogophytum procumbens is used for a wide variety of health conditions in the form of infusions, decoctions, tinctures, powders and extracts. In addition to the common local use for arthritis and pain, other ethnomedicinal uses include dyspepsia, fever, blood diseases, urinary tract infections, postpartum pain, sprains, sores, ulcers and boils. Scientific studies revealed that H. procumbens exhibits analgesic, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-epileptic, antimicrobial and antimalarial activities amongst others. Iridoid glycosides and phenylpropanoid glycosides have been the focus of phytochemical investigations as the biological activity has been ascribed to the iridoid glycosides (such as harpagoside and harpagide), which are common in nature and are known to possess anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, it has been shown that the hydrolysed products of harpagoside and harpagide have more pronounced anti-inflammatory activity when compared to the unhydrolysed compounds. Harpagophytum zeyheri is a close taxonomic ally of H. procumbens but H. procumbens is the favoured species of commerce, and contains higher levels of the pharmacologically active constituents. The two are used interchangeably and H. procumbens raw material is often intentionally adulterated with H. zeyheri and this may impact on the efficacy of inadequately controlled health products. The main exporter of this highly commercialised plant is Namibia. In 2009 alone, Harpagophytum exports were worth approximately €1.06 million. The high demand for health products based on this plant has led to over-harvesting, raising concerns about sustainability. Although only the secondary tubers are utilised commercially, the whole plant is often destroyed during harvesting. Conclusions: Harpagophytum procumbens is used to treat a wide range of ailments. Some of the ethnobotanical claims have been confirmed through in vitro studies, however, when the constituents deemed to be the biologically active compounds were isolated the efficacy was lower than that of the whole extract. This necessitates the use of a different approach where all the metabolites are considered using a robust method such as spectroscopy; the phytochemical data can then be superimposed on the biological activity. Furthermore, there is a need to develop rapid and efficient quality control methods for both raw materials and products because the orthodox methods in current use are time-consuming and labour intensive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Tyrosinase is the key enzyme in the production of melanin. Tyrosinase inhibitors have gained interest in the cosmetics industry to prevent hyperpigmentation and skin-related disorders by inhibiting melanin production. It has been reported that several Aloe species exhibit anti-tyrosinase efficacy in vitro. In this study, the exudates of thirty-nine South African Aloe species were screened to identify species and compounds with anti-tyrosinase activity. Qualitative screening revealed that twenty-nine Aloe species exhibited tyrosinase inhibition activity with one to three active bands. Quantitative screening was performed for 29 species and expressed as IC 50 values. Three species were further analysed and subsequently, aloesin and aloeresin A was isolated from A. ferox and plicataloside from A. plicatilis and A. chabaudii. Aloeresin A was determined to be a substrate of mushroom tyrosinase. Dose-response assays showed that aloesin (IC 50 = 31.5 μM) and plicataloside (IC 50 = 84.1 μM) exhibited moderate to weak activity. Molecular docking scores for plicataloside were considerably lower than for aloesin (P < 0.01), confirming its lower IC 50. Several Aloe species may have potential for the management of hyperpigmentation or as a skin lightening agent. This is the first report showing that plicataloside, present in A. plicatilis and A. chabaudii , exhibits anti-tyrosinase activity. [Display omitted] • The exudates of twenty-nine Aloe species exhibited anti-tyrosinase activity. • Plicataloside was isolated from Aloe plicatilis and A. chabaudii. • Aloesin and aloeresin A was isolated from A. ferox. • Aloesin and plicataloside exhibited weak to moderate anti-tyrosinase activity. • This is the first report on the anti-tyrosinase activity of plicataloside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...