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Objective: Intertemporal decision-making ability refers to the ability of individuals to weigh costs and benefits at different time points and make choices, which is crucial for adolescents to resist temptation, improve self-control, and prospection. However, there are rarely studies that have been conducted to directly measure the intertemporal decision-making ability of adolescents. Method: In this study, adolescents aged 9 to 15 years old were include to finish the measurement, and the intertemporal decision-making ability scale was developed based on three neural networks of intertemporal decision-making. After conducting the exploratory factor analysis, the final scale had 14 items in three dimensions. Results: The results showed that the intertemporal decision-making ability scale for early adolescents contains three dimensions, namely, cognitive control, reward valuation, and prospection, with a total of 14 items. Conclusion: The intertemporal decisionmaking ability scale developed in this study can effectively assess the intertemporal decisionmaking ability for early adolescents.. Key Points: What is already known about this topic: (1) Intertemporal decision-making is a process in which individuals measure the costs and benefits at different time points. (2) Strong intertemporal decision-making ability is imperative for the cognitive of early adolescents and societal advancement. (3) Three brain networks are related to intertemporal decision-making: cognitive control, reward valuation, and prospection network. What this topic adds: (1) The present study elucidates the conceptualisation of intertemporal decision-making ability. (2) This study developed an early adolescent intertemporal decision-making ability scale with good reliability and validity. (3) The scale includes 14 items in three dimensions: cognitive control, reward valuation and prospection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Resources Development & Market is the property of Sichuan Resource Development & Market Magazine Co., Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To advance the stream of culture-themed Information Systems (IS) research, this study ushers in the cultural tightness-looseness (CTL) theory and conceptualises the focal construct, the cultural tightness (CT), into the social media usage context. By integrating the CTL theory and the customer value perspective, this study proposes a research model to examine how an espoused tight culture affects individuals' value assessment and behaviour of social media use. The model is validated using a cross-sectional field survey dataset of Chinese social media users, sampling a typical tight culture. The findings demonstrate that the espoused tight culture plays a paramount role in influencing users' value assessment and usage behaviour related to social media. This study contributes to the cultural IS literature by providing a context-specific understanding of overall cultural interactions of social media use in a tight culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare is a huge business sector in many countries, focusing on the social function of delivering quality health when people develop illness. The system is essentially financed by public funds based on the solidarity principle. With a large financial outlay, the sector must use economic evaluation methods to achieve better efficiency. The objective of our study was to evaluate and to understand how health economics is used today, taking Belgium as an example of a high-income country. The evaluation started with a historical view of healthcare development and ended with potential projections for its future. A literature review focused on country-specific evaluation reports to identify the health economic methods used, with a search for potential gaps. The first results indicated that Belgium in 2021 devoted 11% of its GDP, 17% of its total tax revenue, and 30% of the national Social Security Fund to health-related activities, totalizing EUR 55.5 billion spending. The main health economic method used was a cost-effectiveness analysis linked to budget impact, assigning reimbursable monetary values to new products becoming available. However, these evaluation methods only impacted at most 20% of the money circulating in healthcare. The remaining 80% was subject to financial regulations (70%) and budgeting (10%), which could use many other techniques of an economic analysis. The evaluation indicated two potentially important changes in health economic use in Belgium. One was an increased focus on budgeting with plans, time frames, and quantified treatment objectives on specific disease problems. Economic models with simulations are very supportive in those settings. The other was the application of constrained optimization methods, which may become the new standard of practice when switching from fee-for-service to pay-per-performance as promoted by value-based healthcare and value-based health management. This economic refocusing to a more constrained approach may help to keep the healthcare system sustainable and affordable in the face of the many future challenges including ageing, climate change, migration, pandemics, logistical limitations, and financial instability.

Introduction Aim Method Results Conclusions The value of gene therapies for haemophilia needs to be assessed holistically.To determine the value of etranacogene dezaparvovec (ED) compared to current extended half‐life (EHL) recombinant factors (rFIX), using multi‐criteria decision analysis (MCDA).MCDA EVIDEM methodology adapted to orphan drugs was used, with nine quantitative criteria and four contextual criteria. The MCDA framework was rated by 28 multidisciplinary experts. Descriptive statistics were performed for quantitative and qualitative criteria.Haemophilia B (HB) was considered a severe disease (mean ± SD: 4.3 ± 0.7) with some unmet needs (mean ± SD 3.3 ± 0.9). Experts found ED more effective (mean ± SD 2.0 ± 2.3) and provide better quality of life (QoL) (mean ± SD: 1.8 ± 1.5) than the comparative HB treatments but with safety uncertainties (mean ± SD ‐1.2 ± 1.8). ED could lead to medical cost and non‐medical cost savings over time (mean ± SD: 1.6 ± 2.0 and 2.0 ± 1.5, respectively). The quality of the evidence was high (mean ± SD: 3.9 ± 0.9). ED was considered aligned with the priorities of the National Health System (NHS) and the specific interests of patients. ED's value contribution was 0.45 (+1 = highest value).ED brings added value in the treatment of moderately severe and severe HB (sHB) compared to current EHL rFIX, addressing the severity of the disease and increasing efficacy and patients’ QoL especially related to the single dose and low bleeding rate. Concerns about long‐term safety need to be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2001, the conservation department at the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, implemented a risk-based lighting policy for highly light-sensitive collection objects that has been influential across the museum sector and informed the rotation of these objects across its permanent galleries and touring exhibitions. As the V&A grows into a family of museums – opening three new sites between 2023 and 2025 – and with ambitious exhibition and display programmes, the challenge facing the museum is to continue to balance the care of collections, increase access to them, and keep resource requirements sustainable. To address this challenge, the conservation department developed a new risk- and value-based policy to manage highly light-sensitive collections on display in its permanent galleries. This policy builds on the earlier risk-based approach to lighting policies and introduces value assessment, microfadometry and collection lifetimes as tools for optimal collections management to the wider organisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic evaluations of vaccination may not fully account for nonhealth patient impacts on families, communities, and society (ie, broader value elements). Omission of broader value elements may reflect a lack of established measurement methodology, lack of agreement over which value elements to include in economic evaluations, and a lack of consensus on whether the value elements included should vary by vaccination type or condition. We conducted a systematic review of value frameworks to identify broader value elements and measurement guidance that may be useful for capturing the full value of vaccination. We searched Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, and the gray literature to identify value frameworks for all health interventions, and we extracted information on each framework's context, value elements, and any available guidance on how these elements should be measured. We used descriptive statistics to analyze and compare the prevalence of broader value elements in vaccination value frameworks and other healthcare-related value frameworks. Our search identified 62 value frameworks that met inclusion criteria, 9 of which were vaccination specific. Although vaccination frameworks included several broader value elements, such as reduced transmissibility and public health benefits, the elements were represented inconsistently across the frameworks. Vaccination frameworks omitted several value elements included in nonvaccination-specific frameworks, including dosing and administration complexity and affordability. In addition, guidance for measuring broader value elements was underdeveloped. Future efforts should further evaluate inclusion of broader value elements in economic evaluations of vaccination and develop standards for their subsequent measurement. • Stakeholders recognize the importance of understanding the full value of vaccination, including benefits and costs to patients, families, and broader society. However, broader value elements are rarely captured in economic evaluations of vaccination. Value frameworks can help decision makers evaluate the full value of vaccination by providing guidance on how to measure and incorporate broader value elements into economic evaluations. • In contrast to previous efforts, we searched for both vaccination-specific value frameworks and frameworks for other health interventions potentially relevant to the full value of vaccination. We found that broader value elements were not consistently included across all value frameworks, and vaccination frameworks excluded important value elements such as affordability and research and development costs. In addition, most value frameworks did not include clear guidance on measuring broader value elements. • Our findings identified key methodology gaps for incorporating broader value elements into vaccination value assessments. Future research should focus on developing clear guidelines on how to measure these elements to support empirical assessments of their impact on policy and decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare is a huge business sector in many countries, focusing on the social function of delivering quality health when people develop illness. The system is essentially financed by public funds based on the solidarity principle. With a large financial outlay, the sector must use economic evaluation methods to achieve better efficiency. The objective of our study was to evaluate and to understand how health economics is used today, taking Belgium as an example of a high-income country. The evaluation started with a historical view of healthcare development and ended with potential projections for its future. A literature review focused on country-specific evaluation reports to identify the health economic methods used, with a search for potential gaps. The first results indicated that Belgium in 2021 devoted 11% of its GDP, 17% of its total tax revenue, and 30% of the national Social Security Fund to health-related activities, totalizing EUR 55.5 billion spending. The main health economic method used was a cost-effectiveness analysis linked to budget impact, assigning reimbursable monetary values to new products becoming available. However, these evaluation methods only impacted at most 20% of the money circulating in healthcare. The remaining 80% was subject to financial regulations (70%) and budgeting (10%), which could use many other techniques of an economic analysis. The evaluation indicated two potentially important changes in health economic use in Belgium. One was an increased focus on budgeting with plans, time frames, and quantified treatment objectives on specific disease problems. Economic models with simulations are very supportive in those settings. The other was the application of constrained optimization methods, which may become the new standard of practice when switching from fee-for-service to pay-per-performance as promoted by value-based healthcare and value-based health management. This economic refocusing to a more constrained approach may help to keep the healthcare system sustainable and affordable in the face of the many future challenges including ageing, climate change, migration, pandemics, logistical limitations, and financial instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Middle Route Project of South-to-North Water Diversion (MRP) has effectively increased the amount of available water resources in the receiving areas of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, curbed the trend of declining groundwater levels, expanded the area of landing funnels, and increased the magnitude of ground subsidence, and enabled the groundwater system to play an important ecosystem service value. This article classified groundwater ecosystem services in the receiving areas of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei into four categories: provisioning services, regulating services, supporting services and culture services, according to the classification of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. We constructed an ecosystem service value assessment index system and a monetized quantitative value assessment model to assess the groundwater ecosystem services value (GESV) around the commissioning of the MRP, and analyzed the contribution of the MRP to the GESV. The results showed that the total annual average of the GESV in the receiving areas of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei before the water connection was 124.298 billion yuan, and after the water connection was 144.033 billion yuan, of which the value of the regulating and supporting services increased and the value of the supply services decreased. The enhancement of the GESV in the water-receiving areas of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei by the MRP has increased year by year, and its contribution to the GESV increased from 10.508 billion yuan in 2015 to 49.354 billion yuan in 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complexity of the public value discussion has hindered the development of consensual measurement guidelines for use in public administration practice. This article explores the use of the cost-benefit analysis (CBA) framework in the transportation sector and considers its relevance in assessing public value. A case study is presented on the reconfiguration of a public transport network in the municipality of Arganil, Portugal. The CBA did not fully capture the effects of the network reconfiguration, demonstrating its limitations in assessing public value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evaluation of ecosystem service value (ESV) is crucial for decision making in regional sustainable development. The close relationship between ecosystem services and land use/cover change (LUCC) is well acknowledged. However, the impact of the mutual transformation among different land use types on the temporal and spatial differences in the ESV is still unclear. To fulfill this gap, this study evaluates the ESV in the Wuhan Urban Agglomerations based on LUCC, taking the spatiotemporal characteristics into consideration. The results show that (1) The land use structure in the Wuhan Urban Agglomerations has undergone great changes from 2012 to 2021, and the area of cultivated land converted to forest land is the largest, which may be related to policies such as returning farmland to forests. (2) The total amount of ESV shows a downward trend, and the spatial distribution of ESV is "low in the west and high in the central and eastern regions", which may be related to the natural factors in study area. (3) The spatial distribution of ESV in the study area will remain unchanged in the future. However, the transformation among land use types may exacerbate the reduction in the total ESV, which will have an adverse impact on the ecological environment and sustainable development of the region. This study initiates a more comprehensive framework to better reflect the real scenario of ESV, which will hopefully provide a reference for regional sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A health technology assessment (HTA) does not systematically account for the circumstances and needs of children and youth. To supplement HTA processes, we aimed to develop a child-tailored value assessment framework using a multicriteria decision analysis approach. We constructed a multicriteria-decision-analysis-based model in multiple phases to create the Comprehensive Assessment of Technologies for Child Health (CATCH) framework. Using a modified Delphi process with stakeholders having broad disciplinary and geographic variation (N = 23), we refined previously generated criteria and developed rank-based weights. We established a criterion-pertinent scoring rubric for assessing incremental benefits of new drugs. Three clinicians independently assessed comprehension by pilotscoring 9 drugs. We then validated CATCH for 2 childhood cancer therapies through structured deliberation with an expert panel (N = 10), obtaining individual scores, consensus scores, and verbal feedback. Analyses included descriptive statistics, thematic analysis, exploratory disagreement indices, and sensitivity analysis. The modified Delphi process yielded 10 criteria, based on absolute importance/relevance and agreed importance (median disagreement indices = 0.34): Effectiveness, Child-specific Health-related Quality of Life, Disease Severity, Unmet Need, Therapeutic Safety, Equity, Family Impacts, Life-course Development, Rarity, and Fair Share of Life. Pilot scoring resulted in adjusted criteria definitions and more precise score-scaling guidelines. Validation panelists endorsed the framework's key modifiers of value. Modes of their individual prescores aligned closely with deliberative consensus scores. We iteratively developed a value assessment framework that captures dimensions of child-specific health and nonhealth gains. CATCH could improve the richness and relevance of HTA decision making for children in Canada and comparable health systems. • Health technology assessment (HTA) methods for child health technologies are challenged by evidentiary limitations and incomplete consideration of the unique biological and social circumstances and needs of children and youth. Multicriteria decision analysis has emerged as an HTA tool for explicitly considering nonconventional values. • This article presents novel child-specific value assessment criteria based in societal preferences, which reflect the importance of family impacts and long-term flourishing of children beyond immediate health gains obtained through treatment. • A child-tailored multicriteria decision analysis approach facilitating HTA deliberations may broaden the normative lens through which child health technologies are evaluated, contributing to more comprehensive and relevant decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The necessity for value assessment of fruit orchards (an orchard as a whole and/or individual fruit trees grown therein) arises in instances of the damage or destruction of orchards caused by climatic factors, intentional harm, expropriation, the construction of public facilities at the orchard site (such as highways, railways, power lines, etc.), changes in ownership, and expert mediation in various legal disputes. The value assessment of orchards based on the total costs of establishment involves determining all expenditures incurred from the very establishment of the orchard until its full development, id est until reaching such productivity that the value of production exceeds the incurred production costs and the annual annuity payment. The theoretical-methodological procedure for assessing the value of fruit orchards based on the total costs of establishment, or their cultivation value, is illustrated using a peach orchard as an example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of New Architecture is the property of New Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective Intertemporal decision-making ability refers to the ability of individuals to weigh costs and benefits at different time points and make choices, which is crucial for adolescents to resist temptation, improve self-control, and prospection. However, there are rarely studies that have been conducted to directly measure the intertemporal decision-making ability of adolescents.Method In this study, adolescents aged 9 to 15 years old were include to finish the measurement, and the intertemporal decision-making ability scale was developed based on three neural networks of intertemporal decision-making. After conducting the exploratory factor analysis, the final scale had 14 items in three dimensions.Results The results showed that the intertemporal decision-making ability scale for early adolescents contains three dimensions, namely, cognitive control, reward valuation, and prospection, with a total of 14 items.Conclusion The intertemporal decisionmaking ability scale developed in this study can effectively assess the intertemporal decisionmaking ability for early adolescents..

The necessity for value assessment of fruit orchards (an orchard as a whole and/or individual fruit trees grown therein) arises in instances of the damage or destruction of orchards caused by climatic factors, intentional harm, expropriation, the construction of public facilities at the orchard site (such as highways, railways, power lines, etc.), changes in ownership, and expert mediation in various legal disputes. The value assessment of orchards based on the total costs of establishment involves determining all expenditures incurred from the very establishment of the orchard until its full development, id est until reaching such productivity that the value of production exceeds the incurred production costs and the annual annuity payment. The theoretical-methodological procedure for assessing the value of fruit orchards based on the total costs of establishment, or their cultivation value, is illustrated using a peach orchard as an example.

A method of analysis of heritage values (VEM - Values Evaluation Method) as criteria for intervention in existing buildings is presented. It is based on the authenticity of the values and on the integrity and functionality of the building. A matrix of values has been prepared that allows their parameterization and weighting, as well as the proposal of possible interventions for their recovery. Here we carry out the application of the method to a series of interventions already made to verify the effectiveness of the method. Eleven cases of buildings in two countries (Algeria and Spain) have been selected, on which there are previous studies and total or partial interventions. The buildings are briefly presented and the application of the methodto these buildings is compared with the actual interventions. The great similarity between them allows us to confirm the effectiveness of the VEM as a tool for decision-making prior to the intervention.

This study argues that value assessment conducted from a societal perspective should rely on the Generalized Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (GCEA) framework proposed herein. Recently developed value assessment inventories – such as the Second Panel on Cost-Effectiveness's "impact inventory" and International Society of Pharmacoeconomics Outcomes Research (ISPOR) "value flower" – aimed to more comprehensively capture the benefits and costs of new health technologies from a societal perspective. Nevertheless, application of broader value elements in practice has been limited in part because quantifying these elements can be complex, but also because there have been numerous methodological advances since these value inventories have been released (e.g. generalized and risk-adjusted cost effectiveness). To facilitate estimation of treatment value from a societal perspective, this paper provides an updated value inventory – called the GCEA value flower – and a user guide for implementing GCEA for health economics researchers and practitioners. GCEA considers 15 broader value elements across four categories: (i) uncertainty, (ii) dynamics, (iii) beneficiary, and (iv) additional value components. The uncertainty category incorporates patient risk preferences into value assessment. The dynamics category petals account for the evolution of real-world treatment value (e.g. option value) and includes drug pricing trends (e.g. future genericization). The beneficiary category accounts for the fact health technologies can benefit others (e.g. caregivers) and also that society may care to whom health benefits accrue (e.g. equity). Finally, GCEA incorporates additional broader sources of value (e.g. community spillovers, productivity losses). This GCEA user guide aims to facilitate both the estimation of each of these value elements and the incorporation of these values into health technology assessment when conducted from a societal perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Prataculturae Sinica is the property of Acta Prataculturae Sinica Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of South Architecture / Nanfang Jianzhu is the property of South Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A systematic literature review undertaken by the ISPOR Biosimilar Special Interest Group highlighted that limited guidance exists on how to assess biosimilars value and on appropriate economic evaluation techniques. This study described current health technology assessment (HTA) agency approaches for biosimilar value assessment. Semi-structured interviews (n = 16) were carried out with HTA experts in Africa, America, Asia, Australia, and Europe to investigate current HTA practices for biosimilars. Data categorization was based on a thematic analysis approach. Findings from the qualitative data analysis were interpreted in view of relevant published literature. Our research suggests that in systems in which frameworks for biosimilar regulatory approval are well established, HTA agencies can accept the regulators' comparability exercise, and reimbursement decisions can generally be based on price comparisons. This approach is accepted in practice and allows streamlining of biosimilars value assessment. Nevertheless, conducting HTAs for biosimilars can be relevant when (1) the originator is not reimbursed, (2) the biosimilar marketing authorization holder seeks reimbursement for indications/populations, pharmaceutical forms, methods and routes of administration that differ with respect to the originator, and (3) a price premium is sought for a biosimilar based on an added-value claim. Further, HTA agencies' role conducting class-review updates following biosimilar availability can support greater patients' access to biologics. Internationally, there are differences in how national competent authorities on pricing and reimbursement of pharmaceuticals perceive HTA's role for biosimilars. Therefore, HTA agencies are encouraged to issue clear guidance on when and how to conduct HTAs for biosimilars, and on which economic techniques to apply. • National competent authorities on pricing and reimbursement of pharmaceuticals perceive health technology assessment (HTA)'s role for biosimilars differently. Limited guidance exists on assessing biosimilars value and addressing limitations of current value assessment frameworks. • This article addresses knowledge gaps on HTA agency approaches for biosimilar value assessment. • Our study indicates that biosimilar reimbursement decisions do not need to be systematically informed by HTAs. Nevertheless, conducting HTAs can be occasionally relevant. For example, when: (1) the originator is not reimbursed, (2) biosimilar manufacturers seek reimbursement for indications/populations, pharmaceutical forms, methods and routes of administration that differ with respect to the originator, and (3) price premiums are sought for biosimilars based on added-value claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract The heritage value of the historic urban countryside, as a remnant in the transition between the urban boundary and the natural environment, is a consequence of the spatial and temporal evolution of the city. However, through repeated social transformations, the conflicts between urban construction and cultural landscape heritage preservation have increased, resulting in the gradual disappearance of their cultural landscape heritage. This study takes the Sheshan Urban Countryside Historic District in Shanghai and interprets the layers of Sheshan's cultural landscape heritage into five periods, Emergence, Development and Exploration, Diversity and Prosperity, Turbulence and Change, and Stability and Precipitation. It analyzes the evolution of the layers of the cultural landscape heritage by applying Historic Urban Landscape Historic Land use Assessment (HUL) and interpreting the layers of the cultural heritage of Sheshan using Historical Landscape Assessment (HLA) to identify the characteristics and values of Sheshan's layers of heritage. The study indicates that the cultural landscape heritage of Jiufeng Sheshan exhibits four types of stratigraphic relationships: accretion, juxtaposition, overlay, and decline. This findings suggest a continuous evolutionary feature of superposition of multiple stratigraphic patterns. Moreover, the heritage value of the cultural landscape layers of Jiufeng Sheshan has shown a higher growth rate in the modern period. The integrity and survival status of modern religious and scientific buildings are more complete compared to the literati gardens and Buddhist relics. Based on the knowledge and value assessment of its cultural landscape heritage, it is necessary to intervene in the concept of living conservation and renewal of landscape heritage. This involves devising a conservation and renewal strategy for cultural landscape heritage that conforms to the law of historical stratification and connect the scattered historical and cultural relics. This study provides a reference for the conservation and inheritance of cultural landscape heritage in urban countryside historical areas and the organic renewal of urban and rural heritage.

The lack of universal guidance on outcome measures for evaluating medication adherence enhancing interventions (MAEIs) poses a challenge for assessing their effectiveness. This literature review aimed to provide a systematic overview of outcome measures currently used for the value assessment of MAEIs. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, CINAHL, and Academic Search Complete for randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials, prospective cohort studies, model-based economic evaluations, and value frameworks published in English between January 2010 and September 2020. Two independent reviewers screened all titles and abstracts, followed by a full-text review. Due to the large number of relevant studies, data extraction was limited to articles published between January 2018 and September 2020. We collected data on the general characteristics of the study, the type of intervention, and the outcomes measured. We screened 14 685 records and identified 308 articles for data extraction. Behavioral interventions were the most common (n = 143), followed by educational interventions (n = 110) and mixed-method interventions (n = 73). Outcomes were clustered into 7 categories with medication adherence (n = 286) being the most frequently measured, followed by clinical outcomes (n = 155), health-related quality of life (n = 57), resource use (n = 43), patient satisfaction (n = 31), economic outcomes (n = 18), and other outcomes (n = 76). Various outcomes measures have been used to evaluate MAEIs, with only a small number of studies exploring economic and patient-reported outcomes. Future research is warranted to develop a consensus-based set of criteria for assessing MAEIs to facilitate the comparison of interventions and enable informed decision making. • Between January 2018 and September 2020, this systematic literature review identified 308 studies that used a variety of outcomes to assess the effectiveness of medication adherence enhancing interventions (MAEIs). • The effect of MAEIs on patient-reported outcomes was measured in only a few studies, with health-related quality of life being assessed in 19% of the studies and patient satisfaction in 10%. Moreover, there was limited evaluation of resource utilization, which was assessed in only 14% of the studies, and economic outcomes, which were assessed in only 6% of the studies. • There is a need for consensus-based guidelines to establish appropriate outcome measures for evaluating MAEIs, which could enhance the standardization of evaluation methods and optimize their effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wetlands are ecologically and socioeconomically crucial areas. The application of economic valuation methods could ensure the sustainable utilization of wetlands. Utilizing wetland survey data from Jilin Province, China, representative of the years 2013 and 2017, we assessed the market value of water obtained from wetlands. Simultaneously, we employed the PLUS model to predict changes in wetland areas of different types over the next decade and analyzed their impact on the value of freshwater resource supplies. The results indicate the following points: (1) the area of wetlands decreased from 10,852.84 km2 in 2013 to 10,794.46 km2 in 2017 and that, in 2027, this was projected to further decrease to 10,614.37 km2, with river wetlands experiencing the most substantial decline; (2) the freshwater volumes in 2013 and 2017 were 20.81 × 108 and 20.09 × 108 m3, respectively, representing a 3.58% decrease. The volume for 2027 was projected to further reduce to 19.74 × 108 m3, with lake wetlands contributing the most to water resources and marsh wetlands contributing the least; and (3) the obtained total value of freshwater continuously increased, rising from CNY 8.384 billion in 2013 to CNY 8.642 billion in 2017, and this was projected to further increase to CNY 9.101 billion in 2027. There was regional variation in the value of wetland freshwater resource supplies, with differences in the per unit area and per capita value among administrative units. These findings can facilitate the optimal allocation of freshwater resources in Jilin Province, promoting its sustainable development while ensuring wetland conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limitations in conventional cost-effectiveness methods have led to calls for incorporation of additional value elements in assessments of health technologies. However, gaps remain in how additional value elements may inform decision making. This study aimed to prioritize additional value elements from the perspective of healthy individuals without a specific condition or indicated for a specific treatment in the United States among a multistakeholder panel and compare the importance of perspective-specific value elements. Additional value elements were prioritized in 2 phases: (1) we identified and categorized additional value elements in a targeted literature review, and (2) we convened a multistakeholder group-based preference elicitation study (N = 28) to evaluate the description of each value element and rank and generate normalized weights of each value element for its significance in value assessment. The importance of additional value elements was also weighted relative to patient-centric value elements. The rank and weight of contextual value elements among 28 stakeholders were "severity of the disease" (26.2%), "disadvantaged and vulnerable target populations highly represented" (21.8%), "broader economic impact" (17.3%), "risk protection" (13.8%), "rarity of the disease" (11.3%), and "novel mechanism of action" (9.7%). Relative weight of the additional value elements versus patient-centric value elements was 52% and 48%, respectively. Study findings may inform priority setting for value frameworks and emerging US government assessments. The group-based elicitation method is repeatable and useful for structured deliberative processes in value assessment and may help improve the consistency and predictability of what is important to stakeholders. • To address some remaining gaps in value assessment when considering additional value elements, we conducted a group-based preference elicitation study to separate and prioritize additional value elements by perspective. • The elicitation method is reproducible, not resource intensive, and designed to incorporate additional value elements beyond those included in current US value assessment. • Future research on additional value elements among general US population members may inform efficient allocation of research and development costs for companies developing innovative technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We highlight the importance of undertaking value assessments for health system inputs if allocative efficiency is to be achieve with health sector resources, with a focus on low- and middle-income countries. However, methodological challenges complicated the application of current economic evaluation techniques to health system input investments. We undertake a review of the literature to examine how assessments of investments in health system inputs have been considered to date, highlighting several studies that have suggested ways to address the methodological issues. Additionally, we surveyed how empirical economic evaluations of health system inputs have approached these issues. Finally, we highlight the steps required to move toward a comprehensive standardized framework for undertaking economic evaluations to make value assessments for investments in health systems. Although the methodological challenges have been illustrated, a comprehensive framework for value assessments of health system inputs, guiding the evidence required, does not exist. The applied literature of economic evaluations of health system inputs has largely ignored the issues, likely resulting in inaccurate assessments of cost-effectiveness. A majority of health sector budgets are spent on health system inputs, facilitating the provision of healthcare interventions. Although economic evaluation methods are a key component in priority setting for healthcare interventions, such methods are less commonly applied to decision making for investments in health system inputs. Given the growing agenda for investments in health systems, a framework will be increasingly required to guide governments and development partners in prioritizing investments in scarce health sector budgets. • A majority of health system budgets are spent on health system inputs. • The application of economic evaluation methods to health system inputs is complicated by several methodological challenges. • The development of a comprehensive framework for the application of economic evaluation to health system inputs is the key to achieving allocative efficiency in the health system. • This article highlights the challenges, proposals to date, and key steps that are required in the development of a framework enabling full value assessments of health system inputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Evaluate existing oncology value frameworks in terms of their methodology, structure, characteristics, and functionality using the example of enfortumab vedotin, an approved therapy for urothelial carcinoma. Methods: A search of PubMed, grey literature, and official websites of relevant international organizations was performed from January 2022 to March 2023. Results: Six frameworks were identified and analyzed, including the American Society of Clinical Oncology's assessment framework, European Society for Medical Oncology's Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network's Evidence Blocks, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center's DrugAbacus, Institute for Clinical and Economic Review's assessment framework, and the Drug Assessment Framework. Comparisons across frameworks were challenging, owing to differing approaches, objectives, perspectives, methodology, and criteria. Based on the results of the EV-301 study (NCT03474107), the European Society for Medical Oncology's Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale assigned a score of 4 out of 5 to enfortumab vedotin administered after chemotherapy and immunotherapy. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network's Evidence Blocks enabled assessment of enfortumab vedotin compared with other treatments for locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma, resulting in the positioning of enfortumab vedotin as a preferred regimen after chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Conclusions: Application of value frameworks in oncology can contribute to informed value-based decision-making. However, comparisons across frameworks should be made with caution and limited to the same lines of treatment. Enfortumab vedotin may contribute to optimizing outcomes in patients previously treated with chemotherapy and immunotherapy for locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evaluation of ecosystem service value (ESV) is crucial for decision making in regional sustainable development. The close relationship between ecosystem services and land use/cover change (LUCC) is well acknowledged. However, the impact of the mutual transformation among different land use types on the temporal and spatial differences in the ESV is still unclear. To fulfill this gap, this study evaluates the ESV in the Wuhan Urban Agglomerations based on LUCC, taking the spatiotemporal characteristics into consideration. The results show that (1) The land use structure in the Wuhan Urban Agglomerations has undergone great changes from 2012 to 2021, and the area of cultivated land converted to forest land is the largest, which may be related to policies such as returning farmland to forests. (2) The total amount of ESV shows a downward trend, and the spatial distribution of ESV is “low in the west and high in the central and eastern regions”, which may be related to the natural factors in study area. (3) The spatial distribution of ESV in the study area will remain unchanged in the future. However, the transformation among land use types may exacerbate the reduction in the total ESV, which will have an adverse impact on the ecological environment and sustainable development of the region. This study initiates a more comprehensive framework to better reflect the real scenario of ESV, which will hopefully provide a reference for regional sustainable development.

Assessing the value of ecosystem services (ESV) can promote coordinated economic and ecological development. This study aimed to systematically review ecosystem services (ES) research history and research methodology and used the CiteSpace software to analyze 4063 papers in the field of service value in the ecosystem and visually analyze the developments in ES assessment; a conceptual framework combined with landscape genetics for evaluating ES was then constructed. The results showed that, first, the number of articles in the Web of Science (WoS) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases has been increasing annually. Moreover, Ecosystem Services, Sustainability, Ecological Indicators, Science of The Total Environment and Journal of Cleaner Production are the top five journals publishing the greatest number of studies. Second, ES research has seeped into life cycles and landscapes. Lastly, valuation of ES under the impacts of climate change and land use is the current research hotspot. The landscape genetics conceptual framework proposed in this study is a classification system based on the nature of ecological processes and can provide new ideas and methods for ES assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid increase in new energy penetration, the uncertainty of the power system increases sharply. We can smooth out fluctuations and promote the more grid-friendly integration of new energy by combining it with energy storage. This paper proposes an evaluation method for assessing the value of a combined power plant system of new energy and energy storage using robust scheduling rules. Firstly, the k-means clustering algorithm is improved by using the elbow method in order to generate typical scenarios that can be used for the operation optimization of the combined power plant system of new energy and energy storage. Then, a two-stage robust optimization model of the combined power plant system of new energy and energy storage with a min–max–min structure is constructed according to the uncertainty of new energy. In this model, the operation constraints and coordinated control of wind–solar–thermal–storage units are considered. By constructing the uncertainty set of the new energy output, the overall operating cost of the system is minimized and uncertainty adjustment parameters are introduced to flexibly adjust the conservatism of the scheduling rules. Furthermore, based on the column and constraint generation algorithm and strong duality theory, the original problem can be decomposed into a master problem and subproblems with mixed integer linear characteristics for an alternating solution, so as to obtain the optimal solution of the original problem, and finally obtain the robust scheduling rule with the lowest operating cost under the worst scenario. Finally, based on the wind and solar power output curves and the output of each unit under the robust scheduling rules, combined with the value estimation method of the combined power plant system of new energy and energy storage, the value of the combined power plant system of new energy and energy storage is evaluated. Through the establishment of models and example analysis, it is proven that raising the quantity of the grid-connected power generated with new energy will cause an increase in the volatility of the power system; it will also bring considerable benefits to new energy plants, and the energy storage can improve the stability of the system. The above can provide references for the subsequent energy storage configuration in the planning of a combined power plant system of new energy and energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of promoting informatization education and reforming blended learning, how to accurately assess the value of online educational resources has become an important research topic. However, most existing assessment methods rely on direct data statistics and experience-based judgment, lacking scientific prediction models and comprehensive consideration of learning cycles. To solve this problem, this study constructed a hit prediction model of online educational resources based on the fusion of extreme learning machine and grey Verhulst model, and a hit-based value assessment model of the resources considering the learning cycles of students. The research results showed that the proposed model not only predicted and assessed the value of online educational resources more accurately, but also provided theoretical support and decision-making reference for the implementation of blended learning reform, thereby promoting the effective utilization of online educational resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) are playing increasingly important roles, permeating the field of medical devices (MDs). This rapid progress has not yet been matched by the Health Technology Assessment (HTA) process, which still needs to define a common methodology for assessing AI/ML-based MDs. To collect existing evidence from the literature about the methods used to assess AI-based MDs, with a specific focus on those used for the management of heart failure (HF), the International Federation of Medical and Biological Engineering (IFMBE) conducted a scoping meta-review. This manuscript presents the results of this search, which covered the period from January 1974 to October 2022. After careful independent screening, 21 reviews, mainly conducted in North America and Europe, were retained and included. Among the findings were that deep learning is the most commonly utilised method and that electronic health records and registries are among the most prevalent sources of data for AI/ML algorithms. Out of the 21 included reviews, 19 focused on risk prediction and/or the early diagnosis of HF. Furthermore, 10 reviews provided evidence of the impact on the incidence/progression of HF, and 13 on the length of stay. From an HTA perspective, the main areas requiring improvement are the quality assessment of studies on AI/ML (included in 11 out of 21 reviews) and their data sources, as well as the definition of the criteria used to assess the selection of the most appropriate AI/ML algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this latest update, we explore the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) enacted by the US Congress in August 2022, with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) recently releasing the list of the first ten drugs it will negotiate prices on. We also cover the consequences of price controls and rigid value assessment in Germany which have led to the withdrawal of a number of medicines. It will be important to see how the IRA balances cost-saving with holistic value assessment, incentives for innovation and patient access to treatment.

IntroductionEven using well-established technology assessment processes, the basis of the decisions on drug price and reimbursement are sometimes perceived as poorly informed and sometimes may be seen as disconnected from value. The literature remains inconclusive about how Health Technology Assessment Bodies (HTAb) should report the determinants of their decisions. This study evaluates the relationship between oncology and hematology drug list prices and structured value parameters at the time of reimbursement decision in Spain.MethodsThe study includes all new onco-hematological products (22), with a first indication authorized between January 2017 and December 2019 in Spain and pricing decisions published up until October 2022. For each product, 56 contextual and non-contextual indicators reflecting the structured multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) – Evidence-based Decision-Making (EVIDEM) framework were measured. The relationship between prices and the MCDA-EVIDEM framework was explored using univariate statistical analyses.ResultsHigher prices were observed when the standard of care included for combinations, if there were references to long-lasting responses, for fixed-duration treatment compared to treatment until progression and treatment with lower frequencies of administration; lower prices were observed for oral administration compared to other routes of administration. Statistically significant associations were observed between prices and the median duration of treatment, the impact on patient autonomy, the ease of use of the drug, and the recommendations of experts.DiscussionThe study suggests that indicators related to the type of standard of care, references to long-lasting responders, the convenience of the use of the drug, and the impact of treatment on patient autonomy, as well as contextual indicators such as the existence of previous clinical consensus, are factors in setting oncology drug prices in Spain. The implementation of MCDA-EVIDEM methodologies may be useful to capture the influence on pricing decisions of additional factors not included in legislation or consolidated assessment frameworks such as the European Network for Health Technology Assessment (EunetHTA) core model. It may be opportune to consider this in the upcoming revision of the Spanish regulation for health technology assessments and pricing and reimbursement procedures.

Value inclusion is critical for effective ecosystem science policy and largely emerged from critiques of the value-exclusionary attributes of ecological and economic approaches to value assessments and valuations. But whether and how value is excluded during social–scientific approaches to the assessments and valuations of ecosystem features has not received adequate attention. We identify and discuss instances of when and how value is excluded during social–scientific approaches to the assessments and valuations of ecosystem features to which people ascribe value. We illustrate the implications of value exclusion on social compliance with ecosystem management and policy recommendations, a vital overlooked aspect of policy effectiveness. We also extend the meaning of value exclusion beyond value omission to include misidentification and misattribution of salience to valued ecosystem features. We offer suggestions for enabling value inclusion where ways to minimize exclusion are inapparent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment of the value of villages is the basis of village conservation work. By evaluating the value of residential houses, it is possible to conduct graded conservation and targeted use of traditional villages with limited resources while also helping to guide the urban planning of architectural heritage sites scientifically. This work intends to evaluate the value of representative and ethnic Wengji villages in southern China. And to deal with the trend of traditional architectural culture being submerged by urbanization. First, according to the actual situation of the world-famous village, 12 evaluation index systems, including three subsystems of historical and cultural values, Aesthetic values, and architectural values, have been established. The entropy value method analyzes each index objectively and then solves it by MATLAB. The results are divided into four classes. Each building is numbered to obtain the corresponding weight. The main results show that: the most important factors are obtained for heritage value, architectural style (12%), building material (10.76%), and architectural space (9.68%). From the total value scores of 83 buildings in Wengji village and the distribution map of important value areas. it is known that the geographical location and the origin of village culture have a positive impact on the cultural value of buildings. These findings could provide a policy that offers a breakthrough point for stakeholders to protect ancient villages with architectural heritage in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UGC short videos play a crucial role in sharing information and disseminating content in the era of new information technology. Accurately assessing the value of UGC short videos is highly significant for the sustainable development of self-media platforms and the secure governance of cyberspace. This study proposes a method for assessing the value of UGC short videos from the perspective of element mining and data analysis. The method involves three steps. Firstly, the text clustering algorithm and topic mapping visualization technology are utilized to identify elements for assessing the value of UGC short videos and construct an assessment index system. Secondly, structured data indexes are quantified using platform data statistics, while unstructured data indexes are quantified using the LSTM fine-grained sentiment analysis model. Lastly, the VIKOR model, incorporating an improved gray correlation coefficient, is employed to effectively evaluate the value of UGC short videos. The empirical results indicate that the value of current domestic UGC short videos is primarily associated with three dimensions: the creators, the platforms, and the users. It encompasses 11 value elements, including fan popularity, economic returns of creation, and frequency of interaction. Additionally, we assess the value of short videos within the mainstream partitions of the Bilibili platform and generate a value radar chart. Our findings reveal that short videos in game partitions generate higher revenue for creators and platforms but may neglect users' needs for knowledge, culture, and other content. Conversely, short videos in the knowledge, food, and music partitions demonstrate specific distinctions in fulfilling users' requirements. Ultimately, we offer personalized recommendations for the future development of high-value UGC short videos within the mainstream partitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to provide an overview of the gaps and challenges in the value assessment of biosimilars and to identify potential approaches to address them. A multidisciplinary, international team of biosimilar experts identified gaps and challenges. A systematic review was conducted of the peer-reviewed literature in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science Core Collection, EBSCOhost Business Source Complete; and of the gray literature. Preliminary results were presented at ISPOR conferences and this article benefited from 2 review rounds among ISPOR Biosimilar Special Interest Group members. Given that a biosimilar is highly similar to its reference biologic, health technology assessment agencies should accept the comparability exercise approved by regulatory authorities and, thus, conduct a price comparison when biosimilar reimbursement is requested for the same indication as the reference biologic. If the reference biologic is not reimbursed or is not the standard of care, a full economic evaluation of the biosimilar versus a relevant comparator needs to be conducted. To date, little consideration has been given to specific challenges, such as how biosimilar value assessment can account for the nocebo effect, potential differences between biologic-naive and biologic-experienced patients, the availability of intravenous and subcutaneous administration forms or different administration devices for the same active compound, value-added services, and the contribution of biosimilars for generating health gain at the population level. There is a need to gather further insights in the methodology of value assessment for biosimilars, and health technology assessment agencies need to develop more elaborate guidance on biosimilar value assessment in specific circumstances. • There is debate about the methodology of value assessment for biosimilars, and the practices of health technology assessment agencies can vary. • This article discusses and proposes approaches to address multiple challenges in biosimilar value assessment. • In light of the comparability exercise approved by regulatory authorities, a price comparison is appropriate when biosimilar reimbursement is requested for the same indication as the reference biologic. A full economic evaluation needs to be conducted in other specific circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking Wutong Mountain Rhododendron moulmainense ecological landscape forest in Shenzhen City as an example, the value of the forest was assessed by constructing an ecological service value assessment system and accounting method. The assessment results showed that the total ecosystem sendee value of R moulmainense ecological landscape forest was 13.195 billion yuan, and the top three services included the value of forestry products, the value of biodiversity maintenance and the value of leisure and recreation, indicating that the ecosystem service of Wutong Mountain R moulmainense ecological landscape forest in Shenzhen has great ecological and economic value, especially in forestry products, biodiversity maintenance, and leisure and recreation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Národní fílmovy archiv, Prague (the National Film Archive, or NFA) needs to update its core cataloguing system and potentially improve preservation processes to address new requirements related to (digital) content management. Since the NFA is also active in content digitisation and restoration, new digital tools were recently deployed for the purposes of supporting operation and management processes. In order to identify how the new system could improve the efficiency of both cataloguing and content management, the entire workflow has been investigated and analysed. Together with a standard process mapping, the extent to which these processes are aligned with the institution's key activities, strategies, (individual) roles and the NFA's goals was investigated. Drawing on concepts from cultural work appraisal and practical theories, techniques developed in ethnography and organizational studies were applied to examine the way in which the value of collected material is being constructed, understood and documented; and how its perception contributes to decision-making during the organisation's regular activities. The results were analysed and communicated using process diagrams and sets of recommendations. Along with gaining better insight into the NFA's operations, this approach allows for the enhancement of the new data model. There were also several mechanisms proposed which are aimed at enriching the retrieval of information related to film content origin, treatment, perception and community appraisals; as well as the improvement of strategic decision-making processes regarding digitisation, long-term preservation and distribution priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BACKGROUND: At a time when welfare contracts are in crisis, it is timely to discuss different forms of disruptive innovation and responses of medical finance and economic systems, especially adjusting with new instruments for recovery and innovative solutions for health reforms. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to propose some ways to develop a framework for policy changes affecting life science sectors and healthcare. It aims to analyze the types of relationships between health or medical systems and the economic systems. METHOD: Medical systems used to be generally closed systems, but the new forms of delivery, especially with increase of telehealth and Mobile health (Mhealth) solutions (boosted by the COVID-19 pandemic, such as online consultations), have open traditional boundaries and generate more interactions with economic systems. It also led to new institutional arrangements at federal, national, or local levels, with different power games according to the history of institutions and cultural differences between countries. RESULTS: Which system dynamics prevail will also depend on the political systems in place, for instance very innovative open innovation systems dominated by private players such as the USA empower individuals and favor intuitive and entrepreneurial states. On the other hand, systems historically dominated by socialized insurance or former communist countries, have investigated "attunements" or adaptation mechanisms in system intelligence. However, systemic changes are not only implemented by traditional rulers (government agencies, federal reserve banks) but also face the emergence of systemic platforms dominated by Big Tech players. The new agendas expressed for instance in the United Nation (UN) framework and the set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for climate change and sustainable growth, also require global adjustment of supply and demand, in a context where the traditional drug/vaccine split is challenged by the new technologies (e.g., mRNA technologies). Investment for drug research led to the development of COVID-19 vaccines, but also potential cancer vaccines. Finally, welfare economics is increasingly criticized among economist circles; it requires new design for global value assessment framework, facing growing inequalities and inter-generational challenges in aging populations. CONCLUSION: This paper contributes to new models of developments and different frameworks for multiple stakeholders with major technological changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The legacy of the 20th century architecture in B&H is unrecognized as cultural heritage which results in great loses of important architectural work. An integral methodology was created with the intention to make the process of 20th century architectural heritage identification and value assessment in B&H systematic and context related. On one side, it is based on the theoretical knowledge that is rooted in charters, documents, and declarations of international and regional background with a stress on the authenticity and integrity of different criteria. While on the other hand, it is founded on the belief that analyses of architectural heritage have an equal representative potential and expertise visibility through graphical and descriptive form. Integral methodology was applied and demonstrated on the case study, the Crni vrh urban villa in Sarajevo, B&H. The results of the research are two folded: the first points out that the international set of criteria for the value assessment is complete only when specificities of the regional context are added; the second one shows that the graphical and descriptive part of value analyses and assessment are equally important and valuable and therefore inherently necessary in the process of creating conservation recommendations for the 20th century architectural heritage.

Dominic Voehler, Peter J Neumann, Daniel A Ollendorf Center for the Evaluation of Value and Risk in Health, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USACorrespondence: Daniel A Ollendorf, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St., #063, Boston, MA, 02111, USA, Tel +1 617 636 2581, Email dollendorf@tuftsmedicalcenter.orgPurpose: We aimed to investigate patient and caregiver views on the relative importance of traditional and nontraditional domains of value, and to determine if these views differed according to key demographic characteristics.Patients and Methods: We conducted a modified Delphi approach using a web-based survey of adult patients managing a chronic condition or caregivers of a patient with chronic illness who were recruited using purposive sampling focused on demographic and clinical characteristics. The first survey round asked participants to rate the 13 domains of value on a 5-point Likert scale and rank each domain that they rated as important or very important. In the second survey round, participants reconsidered their own and aggregated round 1 results. New questions were added, including “rescuing” domains, challenges faced in taking medication, and a free-text option to add domains not already captured.Results: Initial recruitment resulted in 79 participants. Sixty-three (79.7%) completed the first round, and 58 participants completed both rounds. Overall ratings and rankings were consistent between survey rounds, and respondents ranked most highly domains considered traditional domains of value (for example, survival, costs). Patient activists were about six times more likely to rate each domain as important or very important compared to general disease advocates. Significant factors associated with a higher odds of rating a domain as important or very important were age 35– 54 and 55– 64 compared to 18– 34, while factors associated with a decreased odds were males and patients compared to caregivers.Conclusion: Patients and caregivers place significant emphasis on traditional measures of value compared to nontraditional measures, and participants’ prior beliefs impact what aspects of value they deem important.Keywords: cost-effectiveness analysis, value flower, patient preference, value assessment

Owing to its high controllability and time transfer characteristics， energy storage technology is worth being applied in new-type power systems. The rational judgment of energy storage in various scenarios and the selection with a clear aim are of practical significance. First， 10 types of technical and economic indicators of energy storage are proposed for various demand scenarios of power systems， and a comprehensive evaluation index system of energy storage is constructed. Then， comprehensive evaluation and calculation on the above indexes is carried out by using analytic hierarchy process （AHP）， during which the relative importance of the judgment matrix is valuated by Delphi method， and the consistency check and correction are carried out to solve the combination weight of the scheme layer in relation to the target layer； then， a comprehensive evaluation and calculation of various types of energy storage is performed to obtain an optimal energy storage selection scheme. Finally， a regional power grid is simulated， and the ranking results of various types of energy storage under multiple scenarios are derived to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Abstract Background Artificial intelligence (AI) is seen as one of the major disrupting forces in the future healthcare system. However, the assessment of the value of these new technologies is still unclear, and no agreed international health technology assessment-based guideline exists. This study provides an overview of the available literature in the value assessment of AI in the field of medical imaging. Methods We performed a systematic scoping review of published studies between January 2016 and September 2020 using 10 databases (Medline, Scopus, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and six related databases of grey literature). Information about the context (country, clinical area, and type of study) and mentioned domains with specific outcomes and items were extracted. An existing domain classification, from a European assessment framework, was used as a point of departure, and extracted data were grouped into domains and content analysis of data was performed covering predetermined themes. Results Seventy-nine studies were included out of 5890 identified articles. An additional seven studies were identified by searching reference lists, and the analysis was performed on 86 included studies. Eleven domains were identified: (1) health problem and current use of technology, (2) technology aspects, (3) safety assessment, (4) clinical effectiveness, (5) economics, (6) ethical analysis, (7) organisational aspects, (8) patients and social aspects, (9) legal aspects, (10) development of AI algorithm, performance metrics and validation, and (11) other aspects. The frequency of mentioning a domain varied from 20 to 78% within the included papers. Only 15/86 studies were actual assessments of AI technologies. The majority of data were statements from reviews or papers voicing future needs or challenges of AI research, i.e. not actual outcomes of evaluations. Conclusions This review regarding value assessment of AI in medical imaging yielded 86 studies including 11 identified domains. The domain classification based on European assessment framework proved useful and current analysis added one new domain. Included studies had a broad range of essential domains about addressing AI technologies highlighting the importance of domains related to legal and ethical aspects.