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Bi2MoO6 nanospheres with surface oxygen vacancies (SOVs) controlled by the calcination process were prepared in this study. Performance testing revealed that the Bi2MoO6-4 sample (Bi2MoO6 calcined at 350 °C for 4 h) with SOVs achieved a remarkable photocatalytic degradation efficiency up to 99.16% for Rhodamine B (RhB) within 50 min, which is 2.19 times higher than that of pure Bi2MoO6. The higher photocatalytic performance of the Bi2MoO6-4 sample is attributed to the SOVs' defect level located at the Bi2MoO6 bandgap, narrowing the bandgap to effectively promote the photogenerated charge separation. The promotion of photocarrier separation and electron were transferred due to the Bi–O bond breakage in the Bi2MoO6-4 [Bi2O2]2+ layer, which mediates the defect level of SOVs in the band structure. The density functional theory calculation results reveal the possible formation site of the oxygen vacancy and the vacancy-induced defect states. This study provides a new approach for fabricating new photocatalysts with surface oxygen defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) has significant uses in industrial devices and pigments, it is a subject of great interest in basic scientific research. Studying and adjusting its photoelectric qualities, in particular, has drawn much attention. In this work, in situ high-pressure experiments were used to investigate in detail the vibrational and optical properties of ground-state β-CuPc up to 13 GPa. Both micro-Raman and ultraviolet and visible light (UV–vis) absorption measurements revealed a phase transition occurring around 3 GPa. Notably, the macrocycle breathing vibration was found to have a remarkable characteristic of first weakening and then strengthening in response to this pressure-induced phase transition. The UV–vis absorption data revealed that the bandgaps corresponding to the two absorption edges decrease gradually with increasing pressure, with one edge disappearing entirely above 11 GPa. Furthermore, the blue β-CuPc can be adjusted to dark green at 10 GPa and ultimately entirely black due to the merging of its absorption bands and redshifts at high pressure. This work improves our understanding of CuPc's intrinsic characteristics under harsh settings and manipulates its color effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photochromic yttrium oxyhydride (YHO) shows a very attractive color-neutral darkening upon photoactivation. However, the exact defect or state responsible for the visible light absorption or the mechanism for its creation is not fully understood. This makes it challenging to optimize and modify the material. In this work, we have investigated the relationship between photon absorption and darkening profile into a YHO film. The extinction coefficient k(λ) is obtained from spectroscopic ellipsometry, and the expected photon absorption profile is calculated. This is then compared to transmittance data during photodarkening by short-wavelength UV (254 nm). Our results show that the darkening is not homogeneous through the film, showing that photon absorption and darkening are positionally correlated, yet we show that the darkening stretches further into the film than the calculated photon absorption. A homogeneously darkened sample cannot always be assumed when assessing optical transmittance, absorbance, and ellipsometry data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corn-like ZnO/Ag2S heterojunctions are designed and prepared by the solvothermal method and the subsequent covering process. They construct a type II core–shell heterojunction structure. This structure adjusts the relative positions of electron energy levels and generates a strong and broad absorption band, while emitting weak visible light. It also facilitates the transfer of photoexcited carriers through the interface and the confinement of the same by the different components of the nanostructure. Separation of electrons and holes makes them possible to drift to the surface of ZnO and Ag2S and to participate in the redox reactions. In addition, the presence of many defects produces many active sites on the surface of the lattice. So, the ZnO/Ag2S heterojunctions exhibit excellent photocatalytic properties in the first and second cycles of the photocatalytic process. It degrades 97.7% Rhodamine B only in 18 min. This study plays a significant role in promoting visible light catalysis, the efficiency of wastewater treatment technology, and the water environment on the earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We attempted to deposit a platinum (Pt) layer onto a tungsten trioxide (WO3) thin film (Pt/WO3). The Pt layer deposited on WO3 was oxidized by calcining Pt/WO3 in air to form PtOx/WO3. An n-type anomalous photo-thermoelectric (photo-TE) effect was confirmed for Pt/WO3 and Pt/HyWO3−x. HyWO3−x is a protonated WO3 after the gaschromic (GC) reaction of WO3 in Pt/WO3. The anomalous photo-TE effect was that both the electrical conductivity (σphoto) and the absolute value of the Seebeck coefficient (Sphoto) increased under UV light or visible light irradiation. After stopping the irradiation, σphoto and Sphoto decreased. In contrast, an n-type normal photo-TE effect was observed for PtOx/HyWO3−x after the GC reaction of PtOx/WO3, in which σphoto increased and the absolute value of Sphoto decreased under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation, and vice versa after stopping the irradiation. These findings indicate that Pt was responsible for the anomalous photo-TE effect due to the electron accumulation capability of Pt, to which electrons were transferred from the conduction band of HyWO3−x. In contrast, electrons could not energetically transfer from HyWO3−x to PtO2, which existed in PtOx particles at the surface. Therefore, PtOx/HyWO3−x behaved similar to sole HyWO3−x, indicating the normal photo-TE effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β-LiGaO2 with a wurtzite-like crystal structure is a direct ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor. Similar to many wide bandgap oxides, the valence band of LiGaO2 is predominantly composed of O-2p orbital, leading to a low valence band position, drastically limiting its applications. In this work, we employ first-principles calculations to demonstrate that adding a small amount of Bi into LiGaO2 to form the highly mismatched Li(Ga1−xBix)O2 alloys can dramatically modulate the valence band compositions. Compared to LiGaO2, the valence band maximum of the alloys is significantly elevated, and a fully occupied intermediate valence band appears, further raising the valence band positions. Despite the appearance of intermediate valence bands that significantly reduce the alloys' bandgap, the bandgap remains over 3.10 eV, ensuring visible light transparency. With increasing Bi composition in the alloys, the bulk modulus increases while the shear modulus gradually decreases, which improves the ductility. Moreover, the compliant elastic constants of the alloys indicate mechanical stability. These findings suggest that Li(Ga1−xBix)O2 alloys are promising flexible transparent conductive oxides, offering valuable insights for future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of biaxial strain on monolayer black phosphorus (BP) through first-principles calculations, confirming its stability and subsequently modifying its photocatalytic performance. Under biaxial strain, BP exhibits a direct bandgap suitable for photocatalytic hydrogen production during water splitting, albeit with limitations due to its valence band maximum edge. A distinctive GaN/BP heterojunction is proposed, featuring a direct bandgap and advantageous band edge positions conducive to efficient photocatalytic overall water splitting. Under the influence of biaxial strain, the heterojunction type undergoes a transition from direct type-I to direct type-II and Z, augmenting the separation of photoexcited electrons and holes and markedly enhancing the efficiency of photocatalytic hydrogen production. Furthermore, the heterojunction exhibits commendable capabilities in absorbing visible light. This research provides a promising avenue to surmount the constraints associated with monolayer BP in photocatalysis, offering valuable insights for the development of efficient photocatalytic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amorphous carbon nitride (a-CNx) films, prepared by reactive radio frequency magnetron sputtering, exhibit unique characteristics under visible light irradiation, referred to as photoinduced deformation. This phenomenon represents an energy conversion system wherein photon energy transforms into kinetic energy. The chemical bonding structure of a-CNx films was analyzed using near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) at the NewSUBARU synchrotron facility of the University of Hyogo, Japan. This analysis aimed to elucidate the mechanisms behind the photoinduced deformation observed in a-CNx films. Three variants of a-CNx films, displaying varying degrees of photoinduced deformation, were deposited using a graphite target and nitrogen gas under different deposition temperatures. The NEXAFS spectra of the a-CNx films with substantial photoinduced deformation showed changes under light irradiation from a Xe lamp (directed through an optical window within the NEXAFS chamber). Specifically, the peaks corresponding to the 1s to π* transition related to C—C and 1s to σ* transition related to C—N bonds exhibited high sensitivity to visible light irradiation. Simultaneously, the N K-edge spectra associated with the 1s to π* transition, attributed to the N—C bond, exhibited a slight intensity decrease. Conversely, the C K-edge spectrum in the a-CNx films displaying minimal photoinduced deformation remained unchanged under visible light irradiation. The N K-edge spectra maintained a consistent shape under both visible light and dark conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 3D-deposited AgNW/TiO2, which is prepared by spray-applying titanium dioxide suspension to deposited silver nanowire sheets, the synergistic effects of increased crossing points of AgNWs to enhance localized surface plasmon resonance excitation and longer-lived electrons in the conduction band of TiO2 generated by plasmon-induced charge transfer have successfully resulted in photocatalytic activity in the visible light range. We have developed photocatalytic sheets in which TiO2 particles are uniformly attached to 3D-deposited AgNWs. Regarding the prepared sheet, it was confirmed that TiO2 was indeed well adhered to the AgNWs, and electron transfer was efficient at the interface. This sheet solves the problem that the response wavelength range of the photocatalytic reaction using TiO2 is only in the ultraviolet region and exhibits sufficient photocatalytic effect in the visible light region. Transient absorption spectroscopy measurements in the diffuse reflectance configuration confirmed that the electrons of AgNWs actually move into the conduction band of TiO2 under visible light and that the interaction is independent of the excitation light intensity, thereby extending the lifetime of the electrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we used the non-hydrolytic sol–gel methodology to synthesize gadolinium vanadate particles doped with different Er3+ and Yb3+ molar ratios. Er3+ and Yb3+ chlorides and vanadium alkoxide were used as precursors during the sol–gel synthesis. The resulting powders were treated at 800 °C and characterized by x-ray diffraction and photoluminescence. The x-ray diffractogram displayed peaks attributed to the gadolinium vanadate matrix. Photoluminescence helped to evaluate the Fluorescence Intensity Ratio (FIR), which is important for understanding the nanothermometer property. The FIR of the GdVO4:Er3+/Yb3+ samples containing different Er3+ and Yb3+ molar ratios increased as a function of the laser power, which indicated that the local temperature increased. The excitation spectra obtained at fixed wavelengths of 525 and 555 nm displayed bands at 322, 379, and 489 nm, ascribed to the charge transfer band and Er3+ levels. Upon excitation at 321 nm, the emission spectra in the visible region presented intense bands at 525 and 555 nm, due to Er3+ emission, and excitation at 321 nm led to emission in the infrared region, 980 and 1550 nm. In conclusion, the synthesized system can be employed as a temperature sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The precise detection of target substances through refractive-index sensing is essential in various fields such as environmental monitoring, food assessment, and optical applications. This study demonstrates a real-time refractive index sensor based on a liquid-infiltrated metal-insulator-metal island (MIMi) structure in a lithography-free manner. In the MIMi structure, the top layer of the metal islands is formed through solid-state dewetting, which serves as an etching mask to form nanopillars in the insulator layer. This allows for the infiltration of external substances, resulting in different structural colors depending on the refractive index. This design results in a redshift of the resonance peak as the infiltrated refractive index increases. Furthermore, by adjusting the area fraction of the metal-island layer and etching depth of the insulator layer, the resonance-peak position can be controlled within the visible range according to the target refractive index. The advantages of our design are the use of cost-effective materials and the ability to implement scalable fabrication. Our proposed method offers a convenient method to sense the target refractive index in real time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antiferromagnetic materials have recently been proposed as new types of terahertz (THz) range spintronic devices owing to their ultrafast spin dynamics. Manipulating their spin dynamics expediently, however, remains a key challenge. Here, we demonstrate the laser excitation of magnons in a prototypical antiferromagnet NiO via spin–phonon coupling. The terahertz time-domain spectrum revealed the frequencies of antiferromagnetic magnons near 1 THz. Laser excitations in the visible spectrum caused a noticeable softening of the magnons. Raman spectroscopy results established the presence of optical phonons. The laser heating effect was excluded by finite-element analysis and variable-temperature measurements. The temperature- and power-dependent properties suggest an optical phonon–magnon coupling mechanism. Laser excitation raises the optical phonon temperature, linked with the magnon temperature, via the magnon–phonon interaction. Consequently, the magnon temperature rises, and the magnon mode frequency softens. Our findings shed light on spin–phonon coupling in antiferromagnetic insulators and open a route for creating rapid opto-spintronic devices that utilize antiferromagnetic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immobilization of Re(I) complexes onto metal oxide surfaces presents an elegant strategy to enhance their stability and reusability toward photocatalytic CO2 reduction. In this study, the photocatalytic performance of fac-[ClRe(CO)3(dcbH2)], where dcbH2 = 4,4′-dicarboxylic acid-2,2′-bipyridine, anchored onto the surface of 1%m/m CuO/Nb2O5 was investigated. Following adsorption, the turnover number for CO production (TONCO) in DMF/TEOA increased significantly, from ten in solution to 370 under visible light irradiation, surpassing the TONCO observed for the complex onto pristine Nb2O5 or CuO surfaces. The CuO/Nb2O5 heterostructure allows for efficient electron injection by the Re(I) center, promoting efficient charge separation. At same time CuO clusters introduce a new absorption band above 550 nm that contributes for the photoreduction of the reaction intermediates, leading to a more efficient CO evolution and minimization of side reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum technologies utilize photons in a wide range of spectra, from microwave to visible light. Interactions between photons at different frequencies can be mediated by the collective excitation of spins in a ferromagnetic material. Here, we present optic-to-microwave conversions using the spin mode. In the conversion system, we observe that the generation of microwaves can be controlled by the polarization of the infrared input. Furthermore, we miniaturize the system and demonstrate conversion in a cryogenic environment, where microwave photons can be manipulated in the quantum regime. We show that the conversion efficiency scales with the intensity of the infrared illumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semiconductor-based photocatalysts have become increasingly used in the removal of pollutants from wastewater, especially antibiotics. A series of composite-based cuprous oxide and bismuth vanadate (Cu2O/BiVO4) composite-based photocatalysts were synthesized by using the chemical method. The structure of the Cu2O/BiVO4 composite was verified by using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, photoluminescence, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and UV–visible spectra. The degradation of methylene blue (MB) and tetracycline (TC) was investigated to check the photocatalytic activity of the Cu2O/BiVO4 composite series. The quantity of Cu2O was varied from 1% to 7% by weight to prepare the series of Cu2O/BiVO4 composites. The analysis of results verified that 5% Cu2O/BiVO4 exhibits an outstanding photocatalytic activity as compared to 1%, 3%, and 7% Cu2O/BiVO4, pure Cu2O, and pure BiVO4 under visible light irradiation. The optimum value of photocatalytic degradation achieved with 5% Cu2O/BiVO4 was 97% for MB dye and 95% for TC in 120 min, which is greater than the photocatalytic degradation of pure BiVO4 (MB 45% and TC 72%), pure Cu2O (MB 57% and TC 80%), 1% Cu2O/BiVO4 (MB 72% and TC 85%), 3% Cu2O/BiVO4 (MB 83% and TC 88%), and 7% Cu2O/BiVO4 (MB 87% and TC 91%). The stability and reusability of Cu2O/BiVO4 were also investigated. To check the major role of trapping in degradation, a trapping experiment was also performed by using three trapping agents: BQ, EDTA, and tBuOH. The results showed that Cu2O/BiVO4 exhibits an improved photocatalytic activity in the degradation of antibiotics in polluted water because the recombination rate of the electron–hole pair decreased and the surface area increased, which increased the active sites for redox reactions. Such a photocatalytic composite with high efficiency has various applications, such as energy production, environmental remediation, and water remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oblique shock wave–interface interactions of gases and liquids have been extensively studied in shock tubes using optical methods to measure equation-of-state (EOS) parameters. However, this is difficult with solids due to their opaqueness to visible light. X ray phase contrast imaging (XPCI) has the penetrative strength to probe solids while still being sensitive to mass density and enhancing the visibility of material boundaries. We investigate the accuracy and repeatability of measuring the mean value of the average mass density (areal density divided by thickness) over region S (B S) and flow deflection angle (θ) from XPCI images of a sample. To that end, a Hough transform-based method for measuring θ is developed. To measure B S , the XPCI image intensity probability density function (PDF) is modeled accounting for the spatial distribution of x ray energy, scintillator response, and pulse-to-pulse variation in the x ray intensity. In addition, a Monte Carlo-based algorithm for computing the B S PDF is developed. Both methods are validated on an impact-generated oblique shock wave interacting at a solid polymer-to-polymer interface. This is accomplished through a comparison to hydrodynamic simulations using well-established EOS. Under the modeling framework for the XPCI image intensity, B S is computed with an accuracy of < 0.1 % and precision of 3%–5%, while θ has an uncertainty of 0.2 ° , respectively. This shows that the XPCI-based model that is developed here could be an invaluable tool for high-fidelity testing of hydrodynamic models in shock polar configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indium tin oxide (ITO) film, which is the most commonly used transparent conductive film (TCF), has traditionally been believed to be transparent in the visible spectrum but to reflect infrared (IR) light beyond the plasma wavelength (λp). However, our theoretical analysis challenges this notion by demonstrating that an ultrathin ITO TCF that is thinner than the light's penetration depth can overcome the transmission barrier at λp. To validate the theoretical modeling, we have successfully fabricated ultrathin ITO films that, despite having λp ≈ 1 μm, remain transparent from 400 nm to 20 μm. This represents the broadest transparency range ever reported for any In2O3-based TCF. The 10-nm-thick ITO TCFs have high visible transmittance (91.0% at 550 nm), low resistivity (5 × 10−4 Ω cm), and good IR transmittance (averaging 60% over 1.35–18.35 μm). Their IR transparency facilitates radiative cooling of the underlying circuitry. When an operational resistor is enclosed by commercial ITO TCFs that are 140 nm thick, its temperature increases. However, using 10-nm-thick ITO TCFs instead of the commercial ones can completely avoid this temperature rise. Moreover, attaching a silver grid to a 10-nm-thick ITO TCF can reduce the effective sheet resistance to ∼10 Ω/□ at the expense of only ∼3% transmittance. This development paves the way for large-scale applications that require low sheet resistance and far-IR transparency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, designing of sustainable flower-like novel Sr3(VO4)2/g-C3N4 (SrVO/CN) nanocatalyst was successfully fabricated by easier hydrothermal method and utilised as a visible-light-driven for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye and ciprofloxacin (CF) antibiotic for the first time. The physicochemical behaviour of the nanocomposite was confirmed by various analytical techniques. These results confirm the successive development of flower-like Sr3(VO4)2 anchored on the g-C3N4 layer. The SrVO/CN can serve as an excellent catalyst for the decomposition of MB dyes and CF drugs under visible light irradiation. The results from UV-Vis spectroscopy evidently showed that the catalytic efficiency of SrVO/CN nanocomposite is higher than pure Sr3(VO4)2 nano-flowers. The SrVO/CN nanocomposite explores degradation efficiency of about 88.20% and 92.50% for MB and CF drug respectively. Furthermore, the stability and recycle behaviour of the SrVO/CN nanocomposites exhibit excellent effects. Hence, as prepared SrVO/CN behave as an example of the 'Killing of two birds with one arrow' approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop a facile method to prepare an efficient photocatalyst for removing element Hg0 with highly toxic, the coloured TiO2 were prepared through calcining ethanol impregnation method at mild temperature, which is economical and simple and conducive to large-scale industrial promotion. The as-prepared samples were characterised by XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, XPS, EPR, UV-vis etc. and evaluated for the effect of oxygen vacancy concentration on the photocatalytic activity through the removal of zero-valent (Hg0) mercury. The photocatalytic mercury removal efficiency of T200 reached 62.3%, 3 times higher than that of P25. And the related mechanism explanation is proved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study offers and explores an ultra-high efficiency up-converter to convert three mid-infrared frequency bands to three visible frequency bands. Our purpose is to explore frequency analysis in the up-conversion process. In our suggested band-to-band up-conversion device, the time-varying mid-infrared light signals are converted into time-varying electrical currents; these time-varying electrical currents are amplified by the transistor. Finally, these amplified currents produce time-varying visible light currents and power through the usage of organic light-emitting diodes (LEDs). This up-conversion device includes: (1) Doped nanocrystalline layers of PbSe, CdSe, and CdTe as photodetectors to detect three different central frequencies of 100, 70, and 56 THz, (2) the NPN BJT as a current amplifier and output quantum efficiency (QE) improvement, (3) blue, green, red organic LEDs for producing visible light currents and powers; these OLEDs operate at central frequencies of 667, 545, and 484 THz, respectively. In this investigation, narrow-band mid-infrared light is converted into broadband visible light considering conventional LEDs. The mid-infrared input optical signal with a bandwidth of 0.004, 0.0006, and 0.004 THz is converted to visible optical bandwidth of 0.425, 0.52, and 0.37 THz, respectively. The output QE of the proposed structure for the frequency of 100, 70, and 56 THz is 2 4 × 1 0 3 %, 5 6 × 1 0 3 %, and 1 6 × 1 0 3 %, respectively. The results indicate more excellent QE than other research. Also, it is the first study about the frequency response of the up-conversion device to convert narrowband mid-infrared lights into broadband visible lights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzymes are natural treasure troves that hold multiple superiority. Enzymatic catalysis has become a powerful tool for asymmetric synthesis, though it is typically limited to a relatively narrow range of reaction types. By integrating the advantages of enzymatic catalysis with photocatalysis, photoenzymatic catalysis not only expands the catalytic capabilities of enzymes but also provides an effective strategy for the stereo‐control of photochemical reactions, thereby emerging as a significant research field. Herein, we focus on new‐to‐nature photoenzymatic catalysis by repurposing naturally occurring enzymes with visible light. We highlight the seminal work in reshaping various classes of enzymes, emphasizing their catalytic mechanism and synthetic potentials. Early Day Record: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: A mechanistically distinctive visible‐light‐promoted metal‐free aerobic oxidation of alkenyl silanes with alcohols was disclosed to efficiently construct α‐alkoxy ketones under mild conditions. The primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols could be used as reactants. The protocol could be carried out on a gram‐scale. Various derivatizations of products could be conducted. Mechanistic studies indicated the reaction was initiated by single‐electron oxidation of the alkenyl silanes, rather than radical addition to alkenyl silanes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal azaphilones are a broad class of naturally‐occurring pigments with diverse applications. Among the azaphilone pigments, mitorubrins are well recognized for their antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antidiabetic, and antiaging activities in addition to their well‐known yellow‐orange color. This makes these pigments interesting candidates for use in foods, as cosmetics, and as medicines. In particular, if it is desired to modify the properties of mitorubrin‐based pigments, for example by derivatization, it is essential to have an understanding of the electronic spectra of the parent molecules. We have therefore undertaken a computational study of a series of mitorubrins, comparing our computed results with experimental UV/visible spectra. Both density‐functional theory (DFT) and coupled‐cluster (CC2) methods have been used, and in general, the results are in very good agreement with observation. In order to provide a simple and useful picture of the spectra we analyze the stronger transitions in terms of natural transition orbitals (NTOs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This paper considers multiuser downlink transmission and detection in a multiple input‐multiple output (MIMO) visible light communication (VLC) system. We combine two promising techniques: space‐shift keying (SSK) and optical orthogonal codes (OOCs). Multiuser downlink transmission is realized by allowing each activated LED to transmit user‐specific OOC simultaneously. An OOC despreader is implemented at the front end of each user terminal (UT) to extract the desired signal and mitigate multiuser interference (MUI). The second part of UT receiver aims to extract the index of the corresponding active LED based on maximum likelihood (ML) or zero‐forcing (ZF) algorithm. The figure of merit we used to access the performance of the proposed downlink multiuser SSK system is the average symbol error rate (SER). Comprehensive Monte Carlo simulations have been undertaken for different system setup to evaluate SER at UT receiver. It is demonstrated that for a specified SER, the required SNR for ML‐based detection algorithm is 3 dB less than the ZF detector in the MUI‐free scenario. On the other hand, the ZF detector outperforms ML detector in the case with residual MUI and limited channel state information (CSI). Both algorithms are computationally attractive, hence can be put into practice in multiuser VLC MIMO system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A comparative analysis of 3D positioning error for two different configurations using different layouts of visible light communication (VLC) systems is presented in this paper. The Received Signal Strength (RSS) has been implemented for indoor localization systems using Line‐of‐Sight (LoS) and diffused reflection signals. The room size for configuration‐1 is 5 m × 5 m × 3 m, and the distance between adjacent LEDs is 2.5 m, 2.00 m, and 1.5 m for cases‐1, case‐2, and case‐3, respectively, whereas the room size for configuration‐2 is 7 m × 7 m × 5 m, and the separation between the LEDs is 3.5 m, 3 m, and 2.5 m for their respective cases. Through investigation, it has been shown that when only LS signal is considered, the separation between LEDs may not be an issue because positioning error changes by a very small amount as the separation between LEDs changes. The results show that as the distance between adjacent LEDs decreases, the received signal strength for LoS and L‐R1 signals increases. However, positioning error and BER rise, while the bit rate falls. Furthermore, the positioning error Vs receiver plane height for all three cases in configuration‐1 is the same up to a height of 2.89 m, whereas the positioning error in configuration‐2 is the same up to 4.4 m for all cases. The positioning error for case‐1 decreases as the height in configuration‐1 exceeds 2.89 m. Similarly, after reaching a height of 4.4 m for case‐2, the positioning error in configuration‐2 decreases. The LoS positioning error versus semi angle φ1/2 of the LED as well as the FOV of the receiver has been simulated for different positions of the receiver in configuration‐1. The investigation shows that the minimum positioning error is achieved at φ1/2 and FOV equal to 66.660 for all the positions of the receiver in the room. Thus, before configuring a practical indoor VLC geometrical model, proper VLC configurations such as LED separation, FOV of the receiver, semi angle of LED, and receiver height should be chosen based on the room dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Bi2O3/TiO2 composite was successfully synthesised using the solvothermal method, and the morphology, composition, and surface area of the composite were determined. Comparisons of photocatalytic performance were performed using Bi2O3/TiO2 for the decomposition of Atenolol (ATN) a β-blockers that is generally used to treat disorders such as hypertension and arrhythmias, as a model contaminant under visible light irradiation. The effects of different parameters such as solution pH, catalyst dosage, initial ATN concentration, reaction time, coexisting cations and anions, and turbidity on the degradation efficiency of ATN were investigated. An excellent synergistic effect was observed in the decomposition of ATN with the simultaneous application of Bi2O3/TiO2 and LED compared to single processes (synergistic index value, 4.027). The Bi2O3 catalyst has a much lower photocatalytic performance for the decomposition of ATN than the synthesised Bi2O3/TiO2 composite. The optimal rate for pH, catalyst dosage, and initial concentration of ATN was 7, 400 mg/l and 10 mg/l, respectively. Under optimal conditions, about 68.92% and 22.58% of ATN were degraded after 60 minutes in the presence of Bi2O3/TiO2 and Bi2O3 catalysts, respectively. However, these efficiencies are reduced to 51.83% and 12.4%, respectively, under 50 NTU. The addition of co-existing anions, especially PO43⁻, remarkably reduced the efficiency of ATN removal in the Bi2O3/TiO2/LED process. The presence of cations promoted the degradation of ATN in the Bi2O3/LED process, while the efficiency of ATN degradation was inhibited by the presence of cations in the Bi2O3/TiO2/LED process. The ATN removal efficiency using LED irradiation (49.02%) was much higher than that of UV-C irradiation (27.16%) when the concentration of ATN was 30 mg/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rh SAs/TpPa-1 was first fabricated by anchoring Rh SAs in TpPa-1 via Rh C 3 N bond, which showed an improved perfomance for photocatalytic H 2 production. [Display omitted] • Rh SAs/TpPa-1 was first fabricated by anchoring Rh SAs in TpPa-1 via Rh C 3 N bond. • The unique Rh C 3 N coordination optimized the local electronic environment at the atomic interface. • Rh SAs/TpPa-1 achieved an excellent hydrogen evolution activity (1836.81 μmol h−1 g−1). • DFT and in situ Raman confirmed the proton reduction sites and a decreased energy barrier for H* formation. Developing efficient and stable photocatalysts for solar hydrogen (H 2) energy conversion is meaningful but challenging. Herein, a novel photocatalyst with Rh single atoms (Rh SAs) anchoring in β-ketoimine-linked covalent organic frameworks (TpPa-1) via Rh C 3 N sites is proposed for achieving highly efficient H 2 production in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution with sodium ascorbate (SA) as sacrificial agent under visible light. TpPa-1 with abundant N and C-chelate sites provides a reliable basis for anchoring Rh single atoms. The optimized Rh SAs/TpPa-1 exhibits an outstanding hydrogen evolution activity (1836.81μmol h−1 g−1), 9.34 and 2.27 folds enhancement than that of pristine TpPa-1 and Rh NPs/TpPa-1. X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the significant improvement in H 2 evolution performance on Rh SAs/TpPa-1 originates from the unique Rh C 3 N coordination environment, promoting the charge separation and migration at the atomic interface, and thus decreasing the energy barrier for H* formation. Notably, in situ Raman technique confirmed Rh SAs was the main active sites (Rh H) for proton reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The highly dispersed small-size metal co-catalysts can effectively improve the photocatalytic efficiency of semiconductor photocatalysts by separating photogenerated electrons and enriching active sites. However, this system tends to aggregate in the absence of carrier, resulting in the decrease of active sites. Here, MOF-derived carbon skeleton (MDCS) encapsulated Ni nanoparticles (Ni@MDCS) and BiOBr was loaded onto carbonized cellulose fibers (CCF) with the help of polydopamine (PDA) to construct high-performance and recyclable photocatalytic paper for photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes in water. The characterization results showed that MDCS promoted good dispersion of Ni nanoparticles and provided sufficient active sites. And Ni@MDCS as a co-catalyst accelerated the separation of photogenerated carriers in BiOBr. The PDA improved the loading state of Ni@MDCS on CCF and converted into N -doped C in the carbonization process for further increasing the transfer efficiency of photogenerated electrons. In the composite paper, the stable loading of Ni@MDCS/BiOBr hybrid on CCF improved the dispersion and reusability of photocatalyst. The degradation rate of rhodamine B on CCF/PDA-C/Ni@MDCS/BiOBr paper was as high as 94.6 % after 60 min visible light irradiation, which was about 2.5 times higher than that of CCF/BiOBr paper. During 10 cycles, CCF/PDA-C/Ni@MDCS/BiOBr paper maintained high photocatalytic efficiency and good structural stability. This study provides a new way for developing high-performance and recyclable photocatalytic paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] This work describes the application of Cu single-atom catalysts (SACs) for photocatalytic oxidative dehydrogenation of N -heterocyclic amines to the respective N -heteroaromatics through environmentally benign and sustainable pathways. The mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (mpg-C 3 N 4), prepared by the one-step pyrolysis method, possesses a lightweight material with a high surface area (95 m2 g−1) and an average pore diameter (3.6 nm). A simple microwave-assisted preparation method was employed to decorate Cu single-atom over mpg-C 3 N 4 support. The Cu single-atom decorated on mpg-C 3 N 4 support (Cu@mpg-C 3 N 4) is characterized by various characterization techniques, including XRD, UV–visible spectrophotometry, HRTEM, HAADF-STEM with elemental mapping, AC-STEM, ICP-OES, XANES, EXAFS, and BET surface area. These characterization studies confirmed that the Cu@mpg-C 3 N 4 catalyst exhibited high surface area, mesoporous nature, medium band gap, and low metal loading. The as-synthesized and well-characterized Cu@mpg-C 3 N 4 single-atom photocatalyst is then evaluated for its efficacy in converting N -heterocycles into corresponding N -heteroaromatic compounds with excellent conversion and selectivity (>99 %). This transformation is achieved using water as a green solvent and a 30 W white light as a visible light source, demonstrating the catalyst's potential for sustainable and environmentally benign reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic hydrogen production is a promising renewable energy process. CdS is a widely used photocatalyst; however, the photocorrosion problem causing the low stability and fast charge recombination problem causing the low photocatalytic activity are also well-known. To prevent the stability problem, CdxZn1-xS which has tunable optical properties has become forward. MoS2 is used as an additive to semiconductor photocatalysts due to its wide contact interface, inhibition of charge recombination, low cost, high reactivity for H2 evolution reaction, and enhancement of visible light response. In this study, CdxZn1-xS/MoS2 was synthesized in an uniformly distributed nanocomposite form by solvothermal method using 1,3-diaminopropane for the first time. The characterization of the photocatalysts was performed with XRD, UV-vis DRS, TEM and electrochemical measurements. CdxZn1-xS/MoS2 photocatalysts were tested for hydrogen production under solar light. A full factor design was carried out via Minitab 19 to investigate the factors affecting the produced hydrogen amount. Cd/Zn ratio, MoS2 content, and photocatalyst loading were studied. Photocatalytic hydrogen production results were examined by analysis of variance and interpretation plots showed that the maximum hydrogen production would be obtained with 10 mg photocatalyst loading by CdxZn1-xS/MoS2 with Cd/Zn ratio between 0.5/0.5 and 0.7/0.3, and MoS2 content 2–4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the effect of pressure on the combustion and luminescence properties of magnesium/nitrate pyrotechnics, four sets of zero-oxygen-equilibrium magnesium/sodium nitrate (N), magnesium/potassium nitrate (K), magnesium/barium nitrate (B), and magnesium/strontium nitrate (S) pyrotechnic samples were subjected to TG-DSC (thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry) testing and combustion tests at atmospheric pressure and 1 kPa. The combustion experiments showed that the flame height increased at 1 kPa due to the rapid diffusion of gas products. Moreover, the degree and rate of oxidation of magnesium are limited by the scarcity of oxygen in the environment, resulting in a decrease in both combustion temperature and luminous intensity at low pressure. Thermal analysis tests showed that B and S have higher combustion temperatures and better luminescence performance at 1 kPa because of their higher low-pressure reactions than N and K. In addition, the Mg/Sr(NO3)2 red light tracer has the best luminescence performance at low pressure because it still has a higher concentration of visible light emitter SrOH at 1 kPa. These scientific findings provide useful insights into the low-pressure combustion behavior of pyrotechnics and support the growing demand for military and civilian applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of two-dimensional van der waals heterostructures in optoelectronic synapses allows for the integration of information processing and memory, thereby providing novel operating platforms for simulating the perceptual visual systems and developing the neuromorphic computing systems due to its contactless, highly efficient and parallel computing. Herein, we have constructed a straightforward MoS2/WS2 heterostructure optoelectronic synapse and examined its capacity to imitate synaptic behaviors under optical stimulus. The MoS2/WS2 device demonstrated several synaptic functions, such as the excitatory postsynaptic current, short-term plasticity, long-term plasticity, pairs-pulse facilitation and 'learning-experience' behavior. Moreover, the MoS2/WS2 synaptic device can achieve a wide range of photo response wavelengths, spanning from UV to visible light, as well as the conversion from short-term plasticity to long-term plasticity. Furthermore, light-induced charge transfer due to adsorption and desorption of oxygen molecules in MoS2/WS2 heterostructure can be used to explain its working mechanism. Additionally, the synaptic plasticity of MoS2/WS2 device can be controlled by adjusting the duration, power and number of the optical pulses, which renders the MoS2/WS2-based optoelectronic synaptic device extremely favorable for implementation in the perceptual visual system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self‐cleaning hydrophobic films were developed using polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), enhanced with titanium dioxide (TiO2), bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI), and a BiOI/α‐Fe2O3 heterojunction. This is the first study to analyze the photoactivity of BiOI and BiOI/α‐Fe2O3 immobilized into PHB. Alternative solvents for dissolving PHB were investigated. Additionally, formation methods such as casting in Petri dishes, as well as controlled thickness casting through non‐solvent‐induced phase separation (NIPS), and evaporation‐induced phase separation (EIPS), were employed and compared. Despite differing morphologies, both NIPS and EIPS films exhibited similar photocatalytic activity, suggesting that only the catalyst on the external surface of the film is active. The highest pseudo first‐order apparent kinetic constant (0.1468 ± 0.0015 min−1 g−1) was found in films with the lowest polymer and catalyst concentrations analyzed (5% wPHB/wCHCl3 and 3% wTiO2/wPHB). A double‐layer film preparation method was proposed to enhance photocatalytic activity, resulting in a 70% increase in the kinetic constant (0.2506 ± 0.0019 min−1 g−1). Double‐layer composite films with BiOI and BiOI/α‐Fe2O3 showed photocatalytic activity comparable to TiO2 under UV–visible light. Furthermore, their photocatalytic activity under visible light was confirmed, unlike TiO2, which exhibits a negligible kinetic constant in this wavelength range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fenton-like reaction is an advanced oxidation process (AOP) used to effectively eliminate organic pollutants. Fenton-like materials include metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) containing Fe, Co, Mn, and Cu metal ions. MOF-based photocatalysts with the highest performance can be designed and synthesized using these metal ions. A new Mn-based metal–organic framework with the formula of [Mn2(DClTPA)2(DMF)3] (MUT-15) containing 2,5-dichloroterephthalic acid (DClTPA) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was prepared via a solvothermal method. According to single-crystal X-ray analysis, MUT-15 (MUT = Materials from University of Tehran) has a tetragonal crystal system with the I41/a space group. A simple one-pot solvothermal method was used to prepare a rGO/MUT-15 nanocomposite. PXRD, FT-IR, TGA, FE-SEM, TEM, EDX, DRS, PL, EIS, and Mott–Schottky measurements were used to characterize the MUT-15 and rGO/MUT-15 nanocomposite. Under visible-light irradiation, MUT-15 and rGO/MUT-15 as Fenton-like photocatalysts degraded Acid Yellow 73 in only 10 min with outstanding photocatalytic activity rates of 92.39% and 96.10%, respectively. Thus, the Mn(II)–O clusters in MUT-15 significantly contributed to the degradation of Acid Yellow 73 through their Fenton-like effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the novel fabrication of a new visible-light-driven SBXIII@NiFe photocatalytic material, which was then used to photodegrade two key exemplar water pollutants, methyl orange and rhodamine-B. The structure of the material, chemistry, and optical characteristics of the SBXIII@NiFe nanocomposites were thoroughly examined using various characterization techniques. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that SBXIII molecules are incorporated into the NiFe particles. Spectrophotometry was used to quantify the rate of decolorization from the remaining quantities. Similar studies were carried out with different pH (2–12), catalyst quantity (0.25–2.0 g L−1), and electrolyte concentration (0.1–2 mol L−1). The experiments showed that the SBXIII@NiFe photocatalyst resulted in the highest decolorization (more than 90%) of dyes, with MO degrading the most at pH 4 and RH-B at pH 9. Among the synthesized NiFe and its SBXIII@NiFe composite, the latter exhibits higher photocatalytic efficiency. This finding was ascribed to the synergistic impact of SBXIII and NiFe, with SBXIII acting as an electron trap site, reducing electron–hole recombination and inducing visible light absorption. The active entity trapping studies identify (OH˙) and (O2˙−) radicals as the significant reactive agents involved in the oxidative photodegradation of dye contaminants. Based on these findings, a potential photocatalytic pathway has been postulated. Furthermore, the engineered photocatalyst was tested for antibacterial efficacy towards Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (P. vulgaris) bacteria. The inclusion of chitosan, as well as the synergistic actions of ferrite and anthrone, increased the antibacterial activity significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the visible light active performance of Bi2ZnB2O7 (BBZO) was significantly enhanced through the formation of a composite with few layer MoS2. The resultant MoS2@BBZO catalyst was employed in both photocatalysis and photodetector applications. Comprehensive structural and morphological analyses of the MoS2@BBZO catalyst were conducted using x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscopy. The estimated band gaps of BBZO and the composite were found to be 2.8 eV and 1.74 eV, respectively. Rhodamine B degradation studies demonstrated that the catalyst achieved 75% degradation within 30 min. Additionally, the photodetector application was investigated, revealing rapid photo-switching capabilities and an increased photocurrent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface water contamination by dye pollutants is a global environmental concern. The treatment of effluent from textile waste using metal oxide-based photocatalysts is a widely employed approach owing to its efficacy and simplicity. Herein, the synthesis and fabrication of novel visible radiation receptive manganese oxide and mesoporous silica nanocomposites (Mn 2 O 3 /SiO 2) is described. Surface morphology of nanocomposites using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) displayed spherical shaped agglomerated structure. The chemical composition of nanocomposites was examined by using energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis respectively indicating the presence of respective elements. Structural analysis was carried out by using XRD spectroscopy, while optical properties were evaluated by employing UV–visible spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of pure Mn 2 O 3 and SiO 2 nanoparticles as well as their nanocomposites with two different ratios Mn 2 O 3 /SiO 2 (1:3) and Mn 2 O 3 /SiO 2 (3:1) were evaluated by using methyl orange (MO) as a model dye. The band gap energy of Mn 2 O 3 /SiO 2 (1:3) and Mn 2 O 3 /SiO 2 (3:1) nanocomposite was 2.39 eV and 1.69 eV respectively. The nanocomposites exhibited improved photocatalytic efficiency as compared to pure nanoparticles as a function of pH and mixing ratio. For instance, at pH 7.0, Mn 2 O 3 /SiO 2 (1:3) nanocomposite has depicted maximum degradation efficiency of 68 % for degradation of MO as compared to Mn 3 O 4 /SiO 2 (3:1) nanocomposite, Mn 3 O 4 and SiO 2 nanoparticles. However, at pH 2.0 Mn 2 O 3 /SiO 2 (3:1) nanocomposite had shown maximum degradation efficiency of 99 % as compared to Mn 2 O 3 /SiO 2 (1:3), Mn 2 O 3 and SiO 2 nanoparticles. The degradation reaction followed pseudo first order kinetics. At pH 7.0, the rate constant values of nanocomposites i.e. Mn 2 O 3 /SiO 2 (1:3) and Mn 2 O 3 /SiO 2 (3:1) comes out to be 4.68 × 10−3 min−1 and 2.49 × 10−3 min−1 respectively. At pH 2.0, the rate constant values calculated for Mn 2 O 3 /SiO 2 (1:3) nanocomposite and Mn 2 O 3 /SiO 2 (3:1) nanocomposite was 4.91 × 10−3 min−1 and 1.24 × 10−2 min−1 respectively. The easy fabrication of these nanocomposites coupled with facile tuning of their properties make them suitable contenders for efficient dye degradation in wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead-free halide perovskites (LFHP) are one of the most promising materials for CO 2 photoreduction; however, their stability is an issue that must be solved to scale up the manufacturing. To overcome this limitation, this work proposes the encapsulation of LFHP of K 3 Bi 2 I 9 in three inorganic supports based on aluminosilicates such as (i) geopolymer, (ii) tobermorite, and other based on (iii) magnesium oxychloride. These supports provide a porous structure and active sites to host the perovskite particles, which favor enhanced light absorption, stability, and their activity for CO 2 reduction under visible light. The encapsulated perovskites exhibited activity to photoconvert CO 2 into formic acid (HCOOH) with efficiencies up to 2500 μmol h−1 using the K 3 Bi 2 I 9 host in geopolymer. This support provides stable polysialate-diloxo chains to encapsulate the perovskite, delayed the degradation in aqueous medium, and its activity was demonstrated during 16 h of continuous visible light irradiation. The good stability and efficiency for CO 2 reduction was associated to the formation of K 3 Bi 2 I 9 /BiOI heterojunction that prevent the degradation of the structure and enhance the charge transfer between both semiconductors. • K 3 Bi 2 I 9 perovskite was encapsulated in inorganic supports to assure its stability. • The implementation of this approach allowed the stability of K 3 Bi 2 I 9 up to 16 h. • HCOOH was the main product of CO 2 reduction with high efficiencies (2.5 mmol h−1). • Partial leaching of K+ could enhanced the CO 2 sorption and the BiOI formation. • Geopolymer is an excellent K 3 Bi 2 I 9 host for stability and enhanced charge transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this novel research study, S-scheme Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 /ZnO heterojunctions were fabricated for photocatalytic destructing of rhodamine B dye under low cost natural sunlight of 1000 W power. Spherical Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 nanoparticles with wide band gap energy of 3.15 eV and diameter of 26 nm were deposited onto ZnO nanoparticles in ultrasonic bath of 300 W power. Photoluminescence [PL], Mapping, N 2 –adsorption–desorption isotherm, diffuse reflectance spectrum [DRS], high resolution transmission electron microscopy [HRTEM], X-ray diffraction [XRD] and energy dispersive X-ray [EDX] were employed to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of the solid specimen. PL and DRS analysis implied that introducing various proportions of Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 on ZnO surface enhanced the absorbability of visible light radiations and improved the charge carrier separation and transportation efficiency. The photocatalytic experimental results implied that ZnBiCO1 heterojunction containing 1 wt % Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 was responsible for destructing 97 % of RhB dye in 180 min. The scavenger experiments and the photoluminescence analysis of terephthalic acid revealed the production of reactive oxygen species as direct evidence for S-scheme charge transportation mechanism. The purpose of this innovative research is concerned with construction of an efficient S-scheme heterojunction with auspicious oxidative and reductive power for eliminating rhodamine B dye as cationic pollutant model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An amorphous red phosphorus/SrTiO 3 heterojunction photocatalyst was successfully synthesized by a thermal treatment process in the presence of NaH 2 PO 2 and SrTiO 3 nanocrystals. The P/STO sample exhibited enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production activity under visible light irradiation. The hydrogen production rate is almost 80 μmol/h, which is 400 times higher than that of pristine SrTiO 3. The enhancement of photocatalytic activity can be attributed to the addition of P, which can not only extend the response range of SrTiO 3 in the visible light region, but also the formation of heterojunction, which promotes the separation and transfer of photogenerated electrons and holes. A possible photocatalytic mechanism of the red phosphorus/SrTiO 3 heterojunction photocatalyst is also proposed and discussed. [Display omitted] • The amorphous red phosphorus/SrTiO 3 heterojunction photocatalysts were successfully constructed. • The phosphorus element not only doped into the SrTiO 3 structure but also forms red phosphorus. • The heterojunction photocatalyst exhibited enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production activity under visible light irradiation. • Extended light absorption and improved charge transfer capability were attributed to the improved performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amid the increasing focus on sustainable energy, hydrogen generation through photocatalysis has garnered substantial attention in recent years. Given their distinctive electronic, optical, and structural properties, two-dimensional perovskite nanosheets have surfaced as promising contenders as photocatalysts. Here we present a systematic exploration of Ruddlesden-Popper phase Ca n-1 Mn n-3 Nb 3 O 3n+1 2− (n = 4,5,6) perovskite (CMNO) nanosheets with distinct layers (n = 4, 5, and 6), synthesized via exfoliation approach, for enhanced physicochemical properties and catalytic performances. Rigorous characterizations supported by the Tauc plot and Mott-Schottky analysis reveal the crystal structures, varied bandgaps, and an n-type semiconductor behavior from the CMNO nanosheets. In a novel approach to enhance its photo-absorption, Chlorella vulgaris microalgae, strategically layered onto the CMNO nanosheets, consequently exhibit significant improvements in the onset potential and current density, especially for the CMNO (n = 6) nanosheet. This research lays a foundation for understanding the tailored composition and layer-dependent properties of CMNO nanosheets, propelling their potential application in efficient hydrogen generation through photoelectrochemical water splitting for sustainable energy technologies. • Ruddlesden-Popper phase of Ca n-1 Mn n-3 Nb 3 O 3n+1 was prepared using soft chemistry method to obtain n = 4, 5, 6 layers. • Density of States shows that n = 6 layers exhibit more bonding states than n = 4 and 5, thus contributing to photocatalysis. • Coupled with PEDOT:PSS, CMNO is layered on ITO to form a p-n junction based photoelectrode for hydrogen generation. • Chlorella vulgaris was layered on the photoelectrode to improve visible light absorption and charge-carrier separation. • The introduction of Chv on the photoelectrode significantly improves the ABPE% up to 0.15% against the control group 0.05%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the challenges of high carrier recombination rate, narrow light response range and instability of the metal sulfides photocatalyst, ZnIn 2 S 4 nanosheet is modified by Ni–S bonds and S vacancies (S V) through solvothermal and light assisted impregnation methods. It should be noted that the S of Ni–S bonds is offered by the ZnIn 2 S 4 nanosheet. In addition, the S V are generated on the surface of the ZnIn 2 S 4 nanosheet through the induction of Ni–S bonds. Furthermore, compared with the initial ZnIn 2 S 4 nanosheet, the modified ZnIn 2 S 4 nanosheet exhibits more superior property of photocatalytic H 2 production. Under visible light or simulated sunlight irradiation, the H 2 production rate of the modified ZnIn 2 S 4 nanosheet is 1486 and 6071 μmol g−1 h−1, and it is almost 3.9 and 4.4 times higher than that of the initial ZnIn 2 S 4 nanosheet. In addition, combined with the analyses of microstructure characterizations, photoelectric properties, theoretical calculations and in situ XPS, the superior property of the modified ZnIn 2 S 4 nanosheet is attributed to the synergistic effects of Ni–S bonds and S V. Because the Ni–S bonds and S V can significantly enhance the separation efficiency of the photoproduced electron-holes and offer abundant active sites for H 2 production. This study offers an innovative perspective for optimizing the metal sulfides to improve their photocatalytic H 2 evolution property. Herein, the ZnIn 2 S 4 nanosheet modified with Ni–S bond and S V is synthesized through a solvothermal and light assisted impregnation method. It is worth noting that the S of Ni–S bonds is offered by the ZnIn 2 S 4 nanosheet. In addition, the S V are generated on the surface of the ZnIn 2 S 4 nanosheet through the induction of Ni–S bonds. Moreover, the composite exhibits outstanding photocatalytic H 2 evolution property. The average H 2 evolution rate of S V -ZIS-Ni-5 is 1486 and 6071 μmol g−1 h−1 under visible light or simulated sunlight irradiation, respectively. It is about 3.9 and 4.4 times than that of pure ZnIn 2 S 4. Based on the results of the microstructure characterizations, photoelectric properties, theoretical calculations and in situ XPS, the superior H 2 evolution property of the S V -ZIS-Ni composite is due to the synergistic interaction of the Ni–S bonds and S V. Because the Ni–S bonds and S V can significantly improve the separation effectiveness of the photogenerated electron-holes pairs and offer abundant active sites for H 2 production. [Display omitted] • The ZnIn 2 S 4 nanosheet modified by Ni–S bonds and S vacancies is synthesized. • The S of Ni–S bonds is directly offered by the ZnIn 2 S 4 nanosheet. • The S vacancies are generated on the ZnIn 2 S 4 by the induction of Ni–S bond. • The modified ZnIn 2 S 4 has more superior H 2 evolution property than that of ZnIn 2 S 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of efficient photocatalysts with effective charge separation and numerous active sites is a key challenge in photocatalysis. ZnIn 2 S 4 based binary and ternary composite photocatalysts were successfully synthesized using microwave hydrothermal and calcination techniques, exhibiting excellent hydrogen production capabilities. Among these, the FeP/Cu 3 P/ZnIn 2 S 4 composite photocatalysts demonstrated the highest hydrogen production performance, with an average rate of 1.613 mmol g−1 h−1, which was 4.42 times greater than that of pure ZnIn 2 S 4. The enhanced hydrogen production of the FeP/Cu 3 P/ZnIn 2 S 4 photocatalysts was attributed to the establishment of a p-n heterojunction at the ZnIn 2 S 4 interface. Furthermore, the presence of FeP lowered the hydrogen production barrier in the system and provided additional active sites for the catalytic reaction. • FeP/Cu 3 P/ZnIn 2 S 4 photocatalysts were prepared by a simple calcination method. • FeP/Cu 3 P/ZnIn 2 S 4 photocatalyst achieved a high H 2 yield (1.613 mmol g−1 h−1), which was 4.42 times higher than that of ZnIn 2 S 4. • The co-modification of FeP and Cu 3 P significantly improved the charge separation efficiency of ZnIn 2 S 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A multiscale dilated attention module is proposed. • A multiscale spatial-spectral attention module is constructed. • Building a new type of residual network can better address the problems caused by increased network depth. • Using two regularization methods to improve model generalization ability. Hyperspectral imaging is an image obtained by combining spectral detection technology and imaging technology, which can collect electromagnetic spectra in the wavelength range of visible light to near-infrared. It is an important research content in the field of ground observation in hyperspectral remote sensing. However, hyperspectral image face significant challenges in classification task due to their high spectral dimensions, lack of labeled samples, and strong correlation between bands. In order to fully extract features from both spectral and spatial dimensions and improve classification accuracy in the case of limited training samples, a multiscale dilated attention network is proposed for hyperspectral image classification. First, a three-dimensional convolutional layer is used to extract the shallow features of the image. Then, a multiscale dilated attention module is proposed by combining dilated convolution and channel attention. Using ordinary convolution and dilated convolution to form different receptive fields. Channel attention is used to remodel the obtained multiscale features, enhancing the inter-channel correlation. After that, a multiscale spatial-spectral attention module is constructed using multiple asymmetric convolutions to obtain spatial and spectral attention features at different positions, further enhancing important feature suppression over non-important features. Finally, using softmax to classify the obtained features. Using Indian Pines, Pavia University, KSC and University of Houston as experimental datasets, the overall classification accuracy of this paper's method achieved 98.97%, 99.14%, 99.45%, and 98.56% respectively, using only 5%, 1%, 10%, and 10% of training samples per class. Compared with seven advanced classification methods, the experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve the highest classification accuracy with limited training samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, we report an innovative sonochemical technique for synthesizing cerium oxide (CeO 2) nanoparticles utilizing glucose as a capping agent, significantly boosting their photocatalytic performance under visible light. Through meticulous optimization, our CeO 2 nanoparticles demonstrated exceptional degradation efficiencies: 97.2 % for Acid Red 14, 99.1 % for Captopril, 98.7 % for Malachite Green, and 98.3 % for Amlodipine, substantially outstripping performance metrics of commercial TiO 2 and untreated samples. Our kinetic analyses, based on the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model, indicated a superior rate constant of 0.0701 min⁻1 for Acid Red 14 degradation—reflecting a stark enhancement over other catalysts tested. Furthermore, mechanistic insights revealed that the significant improvement in photocatalytic activity was predominantly due to the generation of hydroxyl radicals and effective utilization of electron vacancies, with the role of these reactive species validated by detailed scavenger tests. This enhancement in photocatalytic efficiency is attributed to the sonochemical synthesis paired with glucose modification, which optimizes the nanoparticles' surface characteristics crucial for reactivity. Moreover, the nanoparticles showcased remarkable stability and reusability, maintaining an 87.8 % degradation rate after 11 cycles, evidencing minimal loss in activity and underscoring their potential for long-term applications in environmental remediation. This study not only paves the way for the practical application of CeO 2 nanoparticles in pollutant degradation but also illustrates the broader applicability of sonochemically synthesized nanomaterials in sustainable environmental management, offering a promising solution to the challenge of complex organic pollutants in aquatic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal oxides with distinct properties can be integrated into a cellulose matrix, providing a promising approach to improve the performance of cellulose materials and expand their applications in photocatalysis. This research focuses on the development of a new biomaterial by incorporating hematite (α-Fe2O3) into the crushed leaves of the palm tree Washingtonia filifera, both in their raw form and as cellulose extracted from the same plant. The incorporation of α-Fe2O3 was carried out hydrothermally. The palm leaves, extracted cellulose and synthesized composites were characterized by thermal analysis (TG) and FT-IR spectroscopy. FT-IR spectra revealed peaks at 524 and 449 cm−1 in the synthesized material, attributed to the vibrational deformation of the Fe–O bond. In contrast to the TG profile of raw palm leaves, the thermogram of the composite showed single-step degradation at 343 °C, indicating chemical modification of the cellulose matrix and successful incorporation of hematite into lignocellulose. The SEM image showed that the grains of α-Fe2O3 are homogeneously incorporated in the matrix. The second part of the study examines hematite (α-Fe2O3) functioning as a sensitizer. It was characterized optically with a gap Eg of 1.94 eV and electrochemically, with a flat band potential of − 0.45 VSCE. The conduction band (− 0.65 VSCE) is more cathodic than the O2/O2•− level. As an application, the prepared materials were effectively tested in the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (Rh B, 10 ppm). A reduction of 60% was reached under visible irradiation (23 mW cm−2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The emergence of new human and environmental‐related toxicity data associated with some common UV filters has catalysed growing interest in the inclusion of boosters and stabilizing ingredients in sunscreens. One approach is to incorporate alternative materials inspired by or mimetic of systems in biology, which offer a notable evolutionary advantage of multifunctionality and stability with increased biocompatibility. We describe the use of a natural product, Xanthochrome® (INCI: Ammonium Xanthommatin), in a series of studies designed to not only assess its safety with marine systems but also its formulation compatibility and function in water‐in‐oil mineral sunscreens. Xanthochrome is the synthetic form of the naturally occurring chromophore xanthommatin (XA) present in cephalopod skin, which doubles as a photostable antioxidant; however, it has never been explored in combination with mineral UV filters in finished formulations. Methods: Given the recent controversies associated with the environmental toxicological effects of some chemicals used in sunscreens, the safety of XA with coral cuttings was first validated at concentrations 5× above those used in our formulations. Next, a particle‐based delivery of XA was designed and incorporated into a zinc oxide (ZnO)‐based water‐in‐oil sunscreen, where the SPF, critical wavelength, and visible light (VL) blocking potential were measured. Results: We observed no adverse effects of XA at 100 mg/L when tested with coral cuttings, demonstrating its safety at concentrations exceeding those used in our sunscreens. When formulated with ZnO‐based sunscreens, the inclusion of XA increased the total UV absorbance profile by 28% and the total blocking potential of VL by 45%. The formulations also elicited no dermal irritation or sensitization in a human insult repeat patch test (N = 100 subjects). Conclusions: XA is differentiated as a photostable, water‐soluble compound that is a VL booster proven safe for skin and coral cuttings. To the best of our knowledge, there are no other boosters that can be classified as such, despite a growing body of literature highlighting the need in the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an operative technique was presented for the synthesis of the magnetically separable γ-Fe2O3@SiO2@ZIF8@Ag photocatalyst. The synthesized nanostructures were identified using various structural analyses, including XRD, EDX/SEM, FTIR, bandgap, and VSM. Their ability to remove norfloxacin (NOR) was then examined by studying the effects of various parameters, including photocatalyst dose, solution pH, initial NOR concentration, and reaction time. The results showed that the catalyst had the best performance, with an efficiency of 100% under UV light and 96.2%unnder visible light, at a catalyst dose of 0.4 g/L and a reaction time of 45 min. Stability tests also showed that the synthesized photocatalyst maintained its proper performance after five cycles, and its efficiency was reduced by only 4.5%. Also, a comparison between the adsorption and the photocatalytic process showed that the adsorption process removed only 42% of NOR after 60 min, whereas the photocatalytic process, under both visible and UV light irradiation, was able to eliminate 100% of NOR in the same time period. The results showed that the degradation kinetics follow the first-order kinetic model. The reaction rate constants using UV and visible lamps were 0.082 and 0.056 min− 1, respectively, which indicates the degradation rate for UV light is 1.46 times higher compared to visible light. Also, the half-life times for the process with UV and visible light were 8.4 and 12.3 min, respectively. The average oxidation state (AOS) and carbon oxidation state (COS) of the process increased over time, indicating good degradation of NOR and conversion of non-biodegradable wastewater into biodegradable wastewater. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays showed that hydroxyl radicals and holes have the main role in the degradation process. Therefore, the proposed photocatalysts can be considered suitable, cost-effective, and reusable for the treatment of hospital wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An innovative Z-scheme WO3/g-C3N4 composite was efficiently produced via a straightforward hydrothermal method and applied to the photodegradation of phenol. The physiochemical behaviours of WO3, g-C3N4, WO3/g-C3N4 composite was analyzed by various analytical instruments. Compared to WO3, g-C3N4 single counterparts WO3/g-C3N4 Composite exhibits superior charge carriers' separation efficiency and also Z scheme mechanism promoted the superior pollutant degradation. Subsequently, the WO3/g-C3N4 composite achieving 93% with rate constant 0.0184 min− 1 phenol removal within 100 min. The noteworthy increased photocatalytic bustle of WO3/g-C3N4 composite was attributed to the synergetic effect between the boundary of WO3/g-C3N4. Curiously, WO3/g-C3N4 composite validates exceptional photostability during reusable experiment, accentuating its potential as a functioning photocatalyst for phenol removal. The antimicrobial tests showed that the developed photocatalyst effectively sterilizes both gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli. Thus, the WO3/g-C3N4 nanocomposites are robust materials suitable for use as antimicrobial agents and photocatalysts activated by sunlight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: A visible‐light‐induced and efficient one‐pot synthesis of β‐hydroxysulfides from olefins, thiosulfonates and HCOOCs using an EDA complex strategy under air atmosphere at room temperature has been disclosed. A plausible radical involved mechanism is proposed. During the reaction process, formates play a crucial role: first, as donors in the EDA complex; second, as providers of the hydrogen source; and third, by generating CO2•– to reduce peroxide intermediates, leading to the formation of β‐hydroxysulfides. In contrast to the previously reported thiol‐oxygen co‐oxidation reactions, this simple and sustainable approach features mild reaction conditions, operational simplicity, odorless and excellent functional group tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]