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1. Direct benefits from choosing a virgin male in the European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana

Author

Denis Thiéry, Laura Arenas, Jérôme Moreau, Karen Muller, Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé Végétale (INRA/ENITA) (UMRSV), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs des Travaux Agricoles - Bordeaux (ENITAB)-Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV), Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé Végétale (INRA/ENITA) (UMR SAVE), Biogéosciences [Dijon] ( BGS ), AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé Végétale (INRA/ENITA) ( UMR SAVE ), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -École Nationale d'Ingénieurs des Travaux Agricoles - Bordeaux ( ENITAB ) -Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, spermatophore, male mating experience, Zoology, Biology, Lobesia botrana, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Lepidoptera genitalia, female mate choice, [ SDV.EE.IEO ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis, Mating, reproductive and urinary physiology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, [ SDE.BE ] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Ecology, direct benefits, Monandrous, Fecundity, biology.organism_classification, 010602 entomology, Spermatophore, behavior and behavior mechanisms, Animal Science and Zoology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, monandry, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Abstract

8 pages; International audience; In Lepidoptera, male investment in the ejaculate usually declines over consecutive matings, a depletion that could have profound consequences for female reproductive output. Since successive matings can affect the ability of males to provide phenotypic benefits, there may be strong selection for females to discriminate between males with different mating experience. The aim of our study was to determine whether monandrous females of the European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana, are able to discriminate between males of different quality based on their mating experience in order to maximize direct benefits (by receiving large spermatophores from virgin males) and minimize mating costs (by avoiding low-quality nonvirgin males). Nonvirgin males produced spermatophores five times smaller than those of virgin males; consequently, mating with nonvirgin males significantly reduced female fecundity and increased their motivation to remate. In a mate preference experiment, we found that females were more likely to mate with virgin males and more frequently rejected nonvirgin mates. Moreover, nonvirgin males required more time to achieve mating than virgin males. Our results suggest that females are able to discriminate between males with different mating experience, and prefer virgin males, thereby maximizing direct benefits associated with receiving large spermatophores.

Published
2016
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2. Epidemiological and evolutionary management of plant resistance: optimizing the deployment of cultivar mixtures in time and space in agricultural landscapes

Author

Ludovic Mailleret, Benoît Moury, Frédéric Fabre, Elsa Rousseau, Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé Végétale (INRA/ENITA) (UMRSV), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs des Travaux Agricoles - Bordeaux (ENITAB)-Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV), Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Biological control of artificial ecosystems (BIOCORE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de Pathologie Végétale (PV), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Agence Nationale de la Recherche ('VirAphid' (ANR-10-STRA-0001)), INRA (project 'TakeControl' of the metaprogramme Smach), Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé Végétale (INRA/ENITA) (UMR SAVE), Institut Sophia Agrobiotech [Sophia Antipolis] (ISA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Station de Pathologie Végétale (AVI-PATHO), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Fabre, Frédéric

Subjects
agroecosystem, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], prévention des maladies, evolutionary epidemiology, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], durabilité des résistances, landscape epidemiology, [INFO.INFO-AU]Computer Science [cs]/Automatic Control Engineering, Cultivar, épidémiologie végétale, [MATH]Mathematics [math], pathologie végétale, 2. Zero hunger, résistance variétale, education.field_of_study, mélange de variétés, Ecology, mosaic strategy, disease prevention, rotation des cultures, gène de résistance, agroécosystème, qualitative resistance, Agricultural sciences, heterogeneity of selection, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, resistance durability, Agricultural landscapes, modèle spatialisé, Landscape epidemiology, Population, Context (language use), Biology, resistance gene, Genetics, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Resistance (ecology), functional connectivity, Original Articles, 15. Life on land, maladie des plantes, Software deployment, rotation strategy, gestion du paysage, évolution génétique des populations, Sciences agricoles, Landscape connectivity, rotation of crops
Abstract

International audience; The management of genes conferring resistance to plant–pathogens should make it possible to control epidemics (epidemiological perspective) and preserve resistance durability (evolutionary perspective). Resistant and susceptible cultivars must be strategically associated according to the principles of cultivar mixture (within a season) and rotation (between seasons). We explored these questions by modeling the evolutionary and epidemiological processes shaping the dynamics of a pathogen population in a landscape composed of a seasonal cultivated compartment and a reservoir compartment hosting pathogen year-round. Optimal deployment strategies depended mostly on the molecular basis of plant–pathogen interactions and on the agro-ecological context before resistance deployment, particularly epidemic intensity and landscape connectivity. Mixtures were much more efficient in landscapes in which between-field infections and infections originating from the reservoir were more prevalent than within-field infections. Resistance genes requiring two mutations of the pathogen avirulence gene to be broken down, rather than one, were particularly useful when infections from the reservoir predominated. Combining mixture and rotation principles were better than the use of the same mixture each season as (i) they controlled epidemics more effectively in situations in which within-field infections or infections from the reservoir were frequent and (ii) they fulfilled the epidemiological and evolutionary perspectives.

Published
2015
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3. Autofluorescence of grape berries following Botrytis cinerea infection

Author

Jean-Michel Roger, P. Cartolaro, M. C. Belanger, M. Fermaud, Information – Technologies – Analyse Environnementale – Procédés Agricoles (UMR ITAP), Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé Végétale (INRA/ENITA) (UMRSV), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs des Travaux Agricoles - Bordeaux (ENITAB)-Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV), Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé Végétale (INRA/ENITA) (UMR SAVE), and Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs des Travaux Agricoles - Bordeaux (ENITAB)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, EPIDEMIOLOGIE, Early detection, Biology, 01 natural sciences, DETECTION, REMOTE SENSING, 03 medical and health sciences, Botany, EPIDEMIOLOGY, FLUORESCENCE, TELEDETECTION, Vitis vinifera, 030304 developmental biology, Botrytis cinerea, VITIS VINIFERA, PHYTOALEXINS, 0303 health sciences, Inoculation, biology.organism_classification, Fluorescence, PRECISION VITICULTURE, Fluorescence ratio, Autofluorescence, BUNCH ROT, VITICULTURE, VIN, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Plant species, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, RAISIN, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Gray mold is caused by Botrytis cinerea (anamorph of an ascomycete fungus) infecting over 200 plant species worldwide and causing tremendous harvest losses in vineyards. Even though all grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinfera L.) are susceptible to the disease, defense mechanisms are induced to counteract or slow down infection and colonization by the pathogen. One of the key inducible defense molecule is resveratrol, a blue fluorescent stilbenic compound. Considering early fungal detection as a crucial step in disease control strategies, we evaluated the potential of plant fluorescence to achieve early detection of B. cinerea in grapevine berries. By comparing control and artificially inoculated berries, images of fluorescence were taken in the laboratory at six combinations of emission/excitation wavelengths (F440/UV, F520/UV, F690/UV, F740/UV, and F690/436-blue F740/436-blue). Data treatments include proper image correction, interest area selection, fluorescence ratios computation and edge detection. In the early stages, before 3 DAI (days post inoculation), the discrimination (of - between ?) wounded and symptomatic berries could not easily be achieved using blue fluorescence solely (440 nm). However, using blue out of red fluorescence ratio (F440/F740), it was possible to detect infected berries starting as early as 4 DAI. Using image analysis and edge detection over UV-epidermal transmittance measured at 690 nm, it was possible to detect botrytised berries as early as 6 hours after inoculation. The potential of these detection methods for use in the epidemiological field are discussed.

Published
2011
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4. Phytoextraction of nickel and rhizosphere microbial communities under mono- or multispecies hyperaccumulator plant cover in a serpentine soil

Author

Emile Benizri, Marie Rue, Guillaume Echevarria, Patrice Rey, Jessica Vallance, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé Végétale (INRA/ENITA) (UMRSV), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs des Travaux Agricoles - Bordeaux (ENITAB)-Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV), Laboratoire Sols et Environnement (LSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé Végétale (INRA/ENITA) (UMR SAVE)

Subjects
Rhizosphere, Biomass (ecology), molecular fingerprinting, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Plant Science, 010501 environmental sciences, Biology, Rhizobacteria, 01 natural sciences, Phytoremediation, Agronomy, Biolog™, Serpentine soil, Botany, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Plant cover, hyperaccumulating plants, rhizobacteria, Hyperaccumulator, Monoculture, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; The efficiency of nickel (Ni) phytoextraction by hyperaccumulating Brassicaceae was compared in two types of covers, namely, monoculture or mixed culture. The selected species were from the Pindus Mountains (Greece), including Alyssum murale, Noccaea tymphaea, Leptoplax emarginata and Bornmuellera tymphaea. After 4 months of culture in mesocosms using ultramafic soil (Ni=1480mgkg(-1)), plant biomass yield and Ni concentrations in shoots and roots were recorded for each of six treatments (mixed-culture cover, four monoculture covers and unplanted soil). Microbial biomass carbon, the size of the cultivable rhizosphere bacterial community and its phenotypic structure (Biolog EcoPlates), bacterial and fungal genetic structure (SSCP), as well as the potential production of auxin compounds, were also evaluated. Moreover, measurements of various microbial enzymes were performed. The biomass and shoot Ni concentration (albeit not significant) of B. tymphaea increased in co-cropping system. A slight acidification of the soil occurred and a strong correlation between pH and the size of the bacterial community was also observed. No significant change in enzyme activity was observed among the cover types, except in the case of arylsulfatase. The phenotypic structure of the bacterial communities and the bacterial and fungal genetic structures appeared to be specific to the type of cover, although the size of the culturable bacterial community did not show variation among treatments. Therefore, on the basis of the bioaccumulation coefficient and the translocation factor, our results showed that B. tympheae, and to a lesser extent N. tympheae, were the two species with the greatest Ni phytoextraction potential in co-culture systems.

Published
2015
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