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Indonesia is the second country with the highest number of tuberculosis (TB) cases in the world and the first in Southeast Asia, according to WHO Global Report 2020. Quercetin has been tried as an alternative therapy and was found effective. This study aims to optimize quercetin pulmospheres using combination polymers and study its characteristics as an inhalation delivery system. Combination polymers provide the advantages of safe, mucoadhesive, and compact pulmospheres. Pulmospheres were made as formula F1, F2, and F3 (polymer ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3), respectively. Pulmospheres were made with quercetin 0.2%, alginate-carrageenan (total concentration of 1.8%), and CaCl2 0.5 M. Characterization of particle size, morphology, moisture content (MC), yield, drug loading, and entrapment efficiency (EE) were conducted. The yield range was from 83.89 to 86.30% ± 4.59%. MC range was from 4.23 to 5.12% ± 0.05%. Particle size was

In order to increase public understanding and awareness regarding the safety use of drugs and cosmetics, the Community Service Team of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University has held community service in Jonggrangan Village, Klaten, Central Java. The community service was carried out on July 31, 2023, with approximately 60 family welfare programs or PKK cadres and health cadres participating through training, presentations, and discussions. The activity began with a pre-test, continued with training, a presentation of the material by three experts, and a discussion, then ended with giving a post-test to the participants. The results of the pre and post-test analysis showed that participants' understanding increased. The results of the analysis of the answers to the 15 questions given showed that the increase in participants' understanding ranged from 2.13-46.02 percent. The impact of these activities on society. The increase in participants' understanding of each topic is not the same depending on the initial understanding. However, the problem is that the level of public understanding after receiving training is still below 50 percent namely on topics about the stages of using cosmetic products and about drug classification. So it is necessary to deepen the material using other strategies (appropriate methods and media).

AbstractTransfersome has been developed to enhance dermal delivery of amniotic mesenchymal stem cell metabolite products (AMSC-MP). AMSC-MP contains many growth factors for managing skin aging, thus improving the quality of an adjusted life year. This study aims to determine the effect of surfactant types acting as the edge activator on transfersome-loading AMSC-MP. Transfersome was prepared by thin-layer hydration method and composed of l-α-phosphatidylcholine as a phospholipid and three types of surfactants, namely; cationic (stearylamine), anionic (sodium cholate), and nonionic surfactant (Tween 80) at a weight ratio of 85:15, respectively. Transfersomes were evaluated for physical characteristics, penetration, effectiveness, and safety. The results showed that sodium cholate, an anionic surfactant, produced the smallest transfersome particle size, i.e., 144.2 ± 3.2 nm, among all formulas. Trans-SA containing stearylamine had a positive charge of 41.53 ± 6.03 mV compared to Trans-SC and Trans-TW, whose respective charges were –56.9 ± 0.55 mV and –41.73 ± 0.86 mV. The small particle size and low negative value of zeta potential enabled high dermal penetration by transfersomes containing AMSC-MP, while the positive charge of stearylamine hindered its penetration of deeper skin layers. Trans-SC and Trans-TW produced higher collagen density values at 77.11 ± of 4.15% and 70.05 ± of 6.95%, than that of Trans-SA. All the AMSC-MP transfersomes were relatively safe with 0.5–1.0 macrophage cell numbers invaded the dermis per field of view. In conclusion, sodium cholate, an anionic surfactant, demonstrated considerable capacity as the edge activator of transfersome-loading AMSC-MP for skin anti-aging therapy.

Abstract Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a naturally produced organic molecule which acts as an antioxidant agent, including in skin anti-ageing, and plays a major role in the social determinants of health. However, its level in the body will decrease during ageing. Therefore, an external supplement is required to repair damaged skin, especially the skin dermis layer. This study aims to evaluate the use of a protransfersomal emulgel to improve the skin delivery and stability of CoQ10 which demonstrates low water solubility, poor permeability and instability. CoQ10 was initially dissolved in oleic acid at a weight ratio of 1:56. Protransfersome was then loaded with CoQ10 (Protransf-CoQ10) and prepared using a composition of L-α-Phosphatidylcholine and Tween 80 at a molar ratio of 85:15. The Protransf-CoQ10 was dispersed in an emulgel base consisting of Tween 80 and Span 80 to produce Protransf-CoQ10 emulgel. The in vivo studies of anti-aging activity and irritability were further evaluated by applying daily 200 mg of emulgels twice a day to a 4 cm2 section on the back of a UV-ray aging-induced male Balb/c mouse 20 min before irradiation. The results showed that Protransf-CoQ10 could transform into transfersomal vesicles with particle sizes of approximately 201.5 ± 6.1 nm and a zeta potential of − 11.26 ± 5.14 mV. The dispersion of Protransf-CoQ10 into emulgel base resulted in stable Protransf-CoQ10 Emulgel during 28 days of observation at low temperatures. Moreover, the in vivo study revealed that Protransf-CoQ10 Emulgel successfully increases the collagen density and number of fibroblast cells in UV radiation skin-aged induced-mice which reflects its potential for repairing the skin ageing process. In addition, the 24-h topical application of Protransf-CoQ10 Emulgel showed that no erythema or skin rash was observed during the study. In conclusion, loading CoQ10 into protransfersomal Emulgel successfully enhanced the stability and anti-ageing efficacy enabling its potential use as anti-ageing cosmetics.

This study purposes to develop solid lipid microparticles (SLM) inhalation delivery system for respiratory diseases with Quercetin as the active agent. Quercetin has various functions, such as for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulator, and antivirus. SLM is formed from a mixture of lipids and surfactants, namely, Glyceryl Behenate as solid lipid, Poloxamer 188 as the surfactant, and production of SLM using the melt o/w emulsification technique and was dried using freeze dryer. The effect of lipid concentration was studied in this research. Quercetin SLM was characterized by moisture content, Fourier transform infrared, particle size, yield, drug loading, and encapsulation efficiency. The SLM particles produced were spherical in shape and had a smooth surface with sizes of F1, F2, and F3 were 1.79 μm, 1.88 μm, and 1.91 μm, respectively. According to the target particle size of inhalation, Quercetin SLM had good flowability according to Carr's Index (F1 = 12.73% ± 0.38, F2 = 14.28% ± 0.65, F3 = 14.65% ± 0.62), in which the highest drug loading and EE of F3 were 10.94% and 88.48%, respectively. In vitro release study showed that in 630 min about 31%–33% Quercetin released indicated sustained release following Higuchi kinetics and quercetin release rate was not affected by the amount of lipid. To sum up, quercetin SLM demonstrates its potential as an inhalation delivery system and it is recommended to study its stability.

Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) with potential fatty acid content has a strong antibacterial effect for drug and cosmetics. VCO was hydrolyzed as hydrolyzed VCO (HVCO) to increase its activity. This study aims to optimize VCO and HVCO microspheres. Examination was included fatty acid content, density, and organoleptic. VCO and HVCO microspheres were characterized by yield, moisture content (MC), morphology, and size. Fatty acid content was done through gas chromatography mass spectrometry whereas for microspheres, effect of alginate concentration (1%–2%), and addition of poly ethylene glycol (PEG) were studied. VCO and HVCO microspheres formulas showed that an increase in polymer concentration, increasing yield, and improving MC. The most optimal 2% alginate with the addition of PEG increased yield up to 59% and reduced size. F4 microspheres resulted the highest yield, low MC, and high fatty acids. Morphology was spherical and smooth with small size. Optimization of HVCO microspheres showed its potential which recommend for antibacterial and antifungal activity.

Background: Coenzyme Q10 is formulated into Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) added with peppermint oil (PO) 0% (F1), 1% (F2), 1.5% (F3) and 2% (F4) to increase its penetration. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of PO addition on the irritability, stability, and penetration of Coenzyme Q10 in the NLC. Methods: Coenzyme Q10 NLC was prepared using the High Shear Homogenization method. Furthermore, physical characterization was carried out. Physical stability testing was carried out for 90 days at a temperature of 25±5oC and an RH of 60±10%. The in vivo irritation test was observed for mice’s back skin after 24 hours while the penetration study was further evaluated at 2 hours of the sample application. Results: Increasing the PO amount into Coenzyme Q10 NLC reduced the viscosity which was 329.1±15.5 cps for PO 0% to 219.9±2.9 cps for 2% addition. The observation of particle morphology showed that all NLC Coenzyme Q10 has a spherical particle shape with particle size between 188.25±13.22 to 197.80±14.19 nm. All formulas had high entrapment efficiency (80%). PO addition did not cause changes in physical characteristics during 90 days of storage. The 24 hours’ irritation test showed that F2 and F3 are non-irritating. By PO addition skin penetration improved at 2 hours’ penetration study. Conclusion: PO addition up to 2% reduced viscosity, but did not affect particle size and morphology of Coenzyme Q10 NLC. Addition of PO up to 1.5% increased entrapment efficiency, did not irritate and increased the penetration of Coenzyme Q10 NLC.

Background: Quercetin acts as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and anti-aging so quercetin can be used as a topical preparation. However, it has low solubility in water at 0.01 mg/ml at 25°C. Increasing the solubility of quercetin in water was done by the addition of surfactants. Objective: This study compared the solubility of quercetin in Polysorbate 20 (P20) and Polysorbate 80 (P80) in a citrate buffer medium pH 4.5±0.2. Methods: The surfactants Polysorbate 80 and Polysorbate 20 differ in their alkyl chain length. Polysorbate 80 has an alkyl chain length of 18, while Polysorbate 20 has an alkyl chain length of 12. The concentrations of surfactant are above, below, and at the critical micelle concentration (CMC) values. The concentrations of quercetin were determined at the maximum wavelength by spectrophotometric method. Results: The results of the quercetin solubility test without surfactant were 3.89±0.59 mg/L. The results of the quercetin solubility test by adding Polysorbate 20 at a concentration of 42.0 ppm; 57.5 ppm; and 73.0 ppm were 3.62±0.72, 4.04±0.23 and 8.35±1.97 mg/L, respectively. While the solubility of quercetin by adding Polysorbate 80 at a concentration of 4.0 ppm, 11.5 ppm, and 19.0 ppm was 11.15±0.72, 11.37±1.23 and 14.17±1.96 mg/L, respectively. The solubility of quercetin is greater after the addition of surfactant Polysorbate 20 only at the concentration above the CMC value and the solubility of quercetin is greater with the addition of surfactant Polysorbate 80 at all concentrations. Surfactant Polysorbate 20 increases the solubility of quercetin in citrate buffer pH 4.5±0.2 only at concentrations above the CMC value of 2.14 times. Polysorbate 80 can increase the solubility of quercetin in citrate buffer pH 4.5±0.2 at concentrations below, at, and above CMC by 2.87, 2.92, and 3.63 times, respectively. Conclusion: Polysorbate 80 can increase the solubility of quercetin in citrate buffer pH 4.5±0.2 higher than Polysorbate 20.

Pendahuluan: Minyak nilam memiliki efek antioksidan dan peningkat penetrasi. Minyak tersebut berpotensi meningkatkan efektivitas produk sleeping mask dengan Koenzim Q10 (KoQ10) yang dimuat dalam Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) sebagai kosmetik anti-penuaan. Tujuan: Membandingkan karakteristik dan stabilitas fisik dari NLC-KoQ10 yang dimuat dalam sleeping mask dengan dan tanpa minyak nilam. Metode: Preparasi NLC-KoQ10 menggunakan metode High Shear Homogenization. NLC-KoQ10 dicampur dengan hydrogel dan minyak nilam, untuk F2. Sedangkan untuk F1 tanpa minyak nilam. Setelah itu diamati karakteristik dan stabilitas fisiknya yang meliputi organoleptik, pH, dan viskositas. Uji stabilitas fisik diamati pada suhu ruang selama 90 hari. Hasil: Uji karakteristik fisik menunjukkan bahwa F1 memiliki bau seperti oleum cacao, sedangkan F2 memiliki bau khas minyak nilam dan sedikit bau seperti oleum cacao. F1 memiliki nilai pH 6,036 ± 0,011, sedangkan F2 memiliki nilai pH 6,062 ± 0,020. Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan. Namun, F1 dan F2 memiliki nilai viskositas yang berbeda. F1 memiliki nilai viskositas 199,2 ± 0,7 cp, sedangkan F2 memiliki nilai viskositas 175,6 ± 7,9 cp. Uji stabilitas fisik menunjukkan bahwa F1 dan F2 memiliki skala nilai pH berkisar 6,055 - 6,336 dan viskositas 175,6 - 239,7 cp. Nilai viskositas F1 mengalami peningkatan setelah hari ke-60, sedangkan F2 pada hari ke-90. Kesimpulan: Berdasarkan uji karakteristik dan stabilitas fisik dapat disimpulkan bahwa F1 dan F2 memiliki bau dan viskositas yang berbeda, dan F2 lebih stabil daripada F1.

Pendahuluan: Sebagai organ terluas yang menyusun tubuh manusia, kulit menjadi salah satu lokasi penting dalam menghantarkan obat atau bahan aktif tertentu ke dalam tubuh manusia. Beberapa bahan aktif berbentuk makromolekul dengan berat molekul lebih dari 500 Da tidak dapat menembus stratum korneum sehingga membutuhkan bantuan penetration enhancer. SPACE (Skin Penetrating and Cell Entering) merupakan rangkaian molekul peptida berukuran kecil yang berpotensi bekerja sebagai enhancer dalam menghantarkan makromolekul dengan cara yang tidak invasif. Namun SPACE merupakan enhancer golongan baru sehingga efek penambahan SPACE terhadap karakteristik dan stabilitas fisik pada formulasi sediaan gel masih belum banyak diketahui. Tujuan: Penelitian kali ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efek pemberian SPACE pada karakteristik dan stabilitas fisik sediaan gel freeze dried Amniotic Membrane Stem Cell-Metabolite Product. Metode: Karakteristik fisik sediaan gel freeze dried AMSC-MP dengan SPACE dievaluasi menggunakan parameter organoleptis (warna, bau, bentuk, tekstur), pH dan diameter sebar sediaan. Stabilitas fisik sediaan akan dievaluasi dengan menguji karakteristik fisik sediaan selama 30 hari penyimpanan. Hasil: Gel freeze dried Amniotic Membrane Stem Cell memiliki pH sekitar 6,1 dan diameter sebar sediaan sekitar 6,0 cm. Seluruh hasil pengujian karakteristik masih memenuhi rentang yang dipersyaratkan. Hasil uji karakteristik dianalisis menggunakan statistika metode ANOVA satu arah dan tidak menunjukkan adanya perbedaan bermakna antar formula. Semua formula F1, F2, F3 dan F4 stabil selama 30 hari penyimpanan. Kesimpulan: Penambahan SPACE tidak mempengaruhi karakteristik dan stabilitas fisik sediaan gel freeze dried Amniotic Membrane Stem Cell-Metabolite Product.

Pendahuluan: Amniotic membran stem cell metabolite product (AMSC-MP) merupakan metabolit produk yang diperoleh dari Amniotic membrane yang diisolasi dan dikultur yang kemudian ditumbuhkan dalam medium terkondisi. AMSC-MP mengandung banyak growth factor dan sitokin yang sangat berguna sebagai antiaging. Growth factor dan sitokin yang pada umumnya berukuran besar lebih dari 20 KDa menyebabkan AMSC-MP membutuhkan formulasi khusus untuk penggunaannya secara topikal. Pada penelitian ini digunakan asam hialuronat dikombinasi dengan SPACE peptide yang memiliki fungsi sebagai enhancer makromolekul untuk formulasi sediaan gel AMSC-MP sebagai antiaging. Untuk memastikan kualitas dan stabilitas suatu sediaan, maka perlu dilakukan uji karakteristik fisik dan uji stabilitas fisik sediaan tersebut. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi pengaruh penambahan asam hialuronat (0; 0,01; 0,02; 0,04 %) yang dikombinasi SPACE peptide terhadap karakteristik dan stabilitas dari formulasi sediaan gel AMSC-MP. Metode: Karakteristik fisik sediaan gel freeze dried AMSC-MP dengan penambahan asam hialuronat yang dikombinasi SPACE peptide dievaluasi dengan menggunakan parameter organoleptis (warna, bau, konsistensi dan tekstur), pengukuran pH dan kapasitas penyebaran. Pengujian stabilitas fisik dievaluasi dengan pengukuran pH dan kapasitas penyebaran sediaan setelah penyimpanan selama 28 hari. Hasil: Hasil uji karakteristik dan stabilitas fisik sediaan gel AMSC-MP menunjukkan penampilan fisik yang baik, gel transparan dengan konsistensi kental, lembut dengan bau yang khas. Nilai pH sekitar 5,26 - 5,37 dan kapasitas penyebaran pada 6,13 - 6,50. Semua formula stabil selama 28 hari penyimpanan. Kesimpulan: Penambahan kombinasi asam hialuronat dan SPACE peptide pada formulasi tidak merusak karakteristik dan stabilitas fisik sediaan gel AMSC-MP pada penyimpanan selama 28 hari.

Pendahuluan: Penggunaan growth factor dalam kosmetika adalah upaya yang menjanjikan dalam mengatasi masalah penuaan, namun juga menjadi sebuah tantangan tersendiri untuk pengaplikasiannya. Karakteristik dan stabilitas fisik merupakan parameter yang penting dalam formulasi sediaan, utamanya pada sediaan kosmetika yang mengandung growth factor karena dapat berpengaruh langsung terhadap efektifitas kandungan zat aktifnya. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi pengaruh perbandingan Amniotic Membran Stem Cell Metabolite Product (AMSC-MP) dan SPACE peptide (F1 = 1:0; F2 = 1:1; F3 = 1:2; F4 = 1:3) terhadap karakteristik dan stabilitas fisik krim antiaging AMSC-MP yang mengandung growth factor. Metode: Uji karakteristik sediaan dievaluasi dengan parameter organoleptis, pH dan daya sebar. Uji stabilitas fisik dilakukan dengan mengevaluasi karakteristik sediaan selama 21 hari penyimpanan. Hasil: Sediaan krim yang mengandung AMSC-MP dengan SPACE peptide memiliki karakteristik; rentang pH 5,8 - 6,5 hasil uji statistik dengan metoda ANOVA satu arah menunjukan perbedaan bermakna, daya sebar sediaan antara 5,6 - 7,2 cm hasil uji dengan metoda Kruskal Wallis menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna, bau sedikit amis, warna putih susu dan tekstur lembut. Hasil uji stabilitas terhadap nilai pH dan daya sebar menunjukkan bahwa formula krim dengan penambahan berbagai konsentrasi SPACE peptide stabil selama penyimpanan 21 hari. Kesimpulan: Peningkatan konsentrasi SPACE peptide meningkatkan pH sediaaan namun tidak mempengaruhi daya sebar, bau, warna dan tektur sediaan. Semua formula sediaan krim AMSC-MP dengan SPACE peptide stabil selama 21 hari penyimpanan.

Pendahuluan: Mikrosfer adalah salah satu sistem penghantaran obat yang dapat digunakan untuk menghantarkan obat pada pemakaian secara oral maupun topikal. Efektivitas mikrosfer sebagai sistem penghantar obat antara lain dipengaruhi oleh polimer penyusun matriknya. Tujuan: Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh matrik natrium alginate 2% : gelatin 1% terhadap karakteristik mikrosfer probiotik yaitu ukuran, efisiensi penjebakan, dan aktivitas antibakteri yaitu diameter zona hambatnya. Metode: Dibuat mikrosfer probiotik dengan matriks berbeda yaitu kombinasi alginate:gelatin (2%:1%) (F-I), matriks alginat 3% (F-II) dan matriks gelatin 3% (F-III). Mikrosfer probiotik dibuat dengan teknik ekstrusi dan dikeringkan menggunakan oven. Hasil: Hasil pemeriksaan karakteristik menunjukkan bahwa rerata ukuran partikel F-I, F-II, dan F-III berturut-turut adalah 8,03 µm, 9,69 µm, dan 5,40 µm. Efisiensi penjebakan F-I, F-II, dan F-III berturut-turut adalah 77,48 %, 84,20 %, dan 87,93 %. Sedangkan hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri, diperoleh diameter zona hambat F-I, F-II, dan F-III berturut-turut adalah 11,72 ± 0,58 mm , 9,8 ± 0,57 mm, dan 9,27, ± 0,19 mm. Hasil uji statistik dengan metode ANOVA yang dilanjutkan uji HSD menunjukkan adanya perbedaan signifikan pada ukuran, efisiensi penjebakan maupun diameter zona hambat antara mikrosfer probiotik F-I, F-II, F-III. Kesimpulan: Disimpulkan bahwa mikrosfer probiotik F-I dengan matriks kombinasi alginat:gelatin (2%:1%) memiliki ukuran yang lebih kecil dari F-I (matriks alginat 3%) dan lebih besar dari F-III (matriks gelatin 3%). Mikrosfer probiotik F-I memiliki harga efisiensi penjebakan paling rendah, tetapi memiliki aktivitas antibakteri paling besar dibandingkan dengan mikrosfer probiotik F-II dan F-III.

Lime (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) is one of the important agricultural commodities for residents in the Bolo village, Gresik. The resident of Bolo Village owns an average of 1/4 hectare of lime plantations. However, the price of lime is not stable. In the harvest season, when conditions become surplus in the market, lime prices often drop, causing losses for the farmers. Lack of knowledge about lime product processing is also an obstacle in the utilization and processing of crops. This community service activity aims to improve the knowledge and skills of citrus farmers in Bolo Village to utilize and process lime crops into Home Industry products, so they do not suffer losses when the lime price drops. Activities are carried out through learning using interactive lecture methods and training through product manufacturing demos. The successful indicator was carried out by evaluating the participants' level of understanding before and after the activity. The training activities significantly increased the participants' knowledge and experience. In addition, this activity also obtained data on the needs of lime farmers. It is hoped that this data can be used for the continuation of the next activity or can also be used by the local government, which wants to help advance agriculture and product diversification in the village of Bolo.