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This study investigated the total phenol content (TPC) and DPPH inhibition of ulvan from Ulva lactuca, along with its supplementation effects on the specific growth rate (SGR) and phenoloxidase (PO) activity of Litopenaeus vannamei. Ulva lactuca samples were processed to obtain four ulvan extracts using different methods such as P-HWE (Polysaccharide-Hot Water Extract), O-HWE (Oligosaccharide-Hot Water Extract), P-A-HWE (Polysaccharide-Acid-Hot Water Extract), and O-A-HWE (Oligosaccharide-Acid-Hot Water Extract). The U. lactuca powder was treated with 80% ethanol overnight, then centrifuged and dried. Depigmented U. lactuca was extracted with water (65°C, 2 hours), and polysaccharides were precipitated with 99% ethanol, yielding P-HWE. P-HWE was heated at 145°C for 4.5 hours to yield O-HWE. Another extraction after depigmentation, using water containing H2O2 and ascorbic acid (65°C, 2 hours), precipitated P-A-HWE, which was dried and heated to yield O-A-HWE. FTIR analysis provided insights into the chemical composition and structural characteristics of ulvan extracts. TPC and DPPH inhibition were measured spectrophotometrically, and PO activity using a colorimetric assay with L-DOPA. Ulvan supplementation in shrimp feed was evaluated for growth and immune response. Results showed significant differences in TPC, DPPH inhibition, and PO activity among extracts, with O-A-HWE having the highest phenol content and DPPH inhibition. Ulvan supplementation significantly influenced the SGR of L. vannamei, with the highest SGR in the O-A-HWE treatment. This study suggests that ulvan extracts, especially O-A-HWE, could be effective natural immunostimulants for enhancing the health and growth of L. vannamei, warranting further research to optimize extraction methods and understand the underlying mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea cucumbers are marine organisms that the community has widely used as foodstuffs and medicine. One type of sea cucumber used is Phyrella. This research was conducted to determine the nutritional content (proximate, amino acid, and fatty acid) found in Phyrella sea cucumber to increase knowledge for the public. The procedure used in this study used two stages, including preparing Phyrella sea cucumber tissues and analyzing the proximate content, amino acids, and fatty acids. Phyrella tissues proximate analysis produced the highest values in ash content at 50.94%, protein at 37.28%, carbohydrates at 5.57%, moisture at 5.45%, and fat at 0.77%. The highest essential amino acids are produced by threonine (20195.595±22.380 mg/kg), leucine (17128.75±23.731 mg/kg), and valine (13389.465±18.760 mg/kg), and the lowest is produced by tryptophan (1176.000±0.778 mg/kg). The highest non-essential amino acids are produced by glycine (73405.095±123.058 mg/kg), glutamate acid (45620.42±59.326 mg/kg), and arginine (37542.3±22.840 mg/kg). At the same time, the lowest result was produced by cystine (8818.905±11.929 mg/kg). The results obtained from the highest fatty acids were unsaturated fats (0.3902±0.0051%), saturated fatty acids (0.3798±0.0091%), and polyunsaturated fats (0.23855±0.0025%). Meanwhile, the lowest fatty acid yield was found in erucic acid at 0.0095±0.0003%. The research results indicate that Phyrella sea cucumber can be a food ingredient, as it contains essential nutrients for the body.

Marine symbiont fungi, specifically, are likely to have antibacterial properties. The production of secondary metabolites in cultures is strongly influenced by nutrient availability. This study aimed to study the modified media for the cultivation of Fusarium sp. and its antibacterial bioactivity. Fusarium sp. was isolated from Agelas sp. sponge collected from Riung Sea, East South Nusa, Indonesia. In this study, the modified media was soursop juice (SJ), ginger juice (GJ), and sago (S). The fungal mycelium was cultured and scaled up for 7-14 days until the mycelium achieved maximum growth. A filtration funnel and HPLC were used to purify the bioactive compounds. The diffusion agar method was used to test antibacterial activity against the multi-drug resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results indicated that Fusarium sp. could grow on soursop juice and ginger juice but could not grow on sago media. The inhibition zone produced by the filtration fraction of Fusarium sp. from each media differed. The soursop juice media produced the largest inhibition zone against both S. aureus (11.56 mm ± 0.140) and E. coli (12.16 mm ± 0.094) at 100 μg/disc. The ginger juice (GJ) and soursop juice (SJ) media are promising as alternative culture media for Fusarium sp. The structure of the bioactive compound Fusarium sp. from GJ and MJ media culture can be further investigated using NMR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangrove forests, benefitting millions of people, experience significant degradation. Global recognition of the urgency of halting and reversing this trend have initiated numerous restoration activities. Restoration success is typically evaluated by estimating mangrove survival and area restored, while diversity and structure of vegetation, as proxies for functional forests, are rarely considered. Here we assess mangrove species richness along sea‐landward transects and evaluate restoration outcomes by comparing number of mangrove species, relative species abundance, biomass, diameter, and canopy cover in "Monoculture Reforestation", "Mixed Species Regeneration" and adjacent "Reference" forest stands, 14 (Tiwoho site) and 16 years (Likupang site) after restoration activities took place. In the "Monoculture Reforestation" plots, mangrove diversity and structure still closely reflected the original restoration actions, with only one and two "new" species having established among the originally densely planted "foundation" species. In contrast, the "Mixed Species Regeneration" plots were more similar to the "Reference" plots in terms of tree diameter and canopy coverage, but species number, abundance and biomass were still lower. The trajectory of the "Mixed Species Regeneration" plots suggests their similarity with the "Reference" stands will increase over time, whereas such "smooth" transition is unlikely to happen in the planted "Monoculture Reforestation" stands, in the foreseeable future. Implementing frequent small‐scale disturbances in restored forest management would increase stand structure and diversity, accelerating the establishment of a more natural, and likely more functional and resilient forest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various global-scale proposals exist to reduce the loss of biological diversity. These include the Half-Earth and Whole-Earth visions that respectively seek to set aside half the planet for wildlife conservation or to diversify conservation practices fundamentally and change the economic systems that determine environmental harm. Here we assess these visions in the specific context of Bornean orangutans Pongo pygmaeus and their conservation. Using an expert-led process we explored three scenarios over a 10-year time frame: continuation of Current Conditions, a Half-Earth approach and a Whole-Earth approach. In addition, we examined a 100-year population recovery scenario assuming 0% offtake of Bornean orangutans. Current Conditions were predicted to result in a population c. 73% of its current size by 2032. Half-Earth was judged comparatively easy to achieve and predicted to result in an orangutan population of c. 87% of its current size by 2032. Whole-Earth was anticipated to lead to greater forest loss and ape killing, resulting in a prediction of c. 44% of the current orangutan population for 2032. Finally, under the recovery scenario, populations could be c. 148% of their current size by 2122. Although we acknowledge uncertainties in all of these predictions, we conclude that the Half-Earth and Whole-Earth visions operate along different timelines, with the implementation of Whole-Earth requiring too much time to benefit orangutans. None of the theorized proposals provided a complete solution, so drawing elements from each will be required. We provide recommendations for equitable outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangroves are complex, unique, and dynamic ecosystems that host organisms that have special physiological adaptations to fluctuations in salinity, temperature, and pH. Gastropods have an important role in the mangrove ecosystem for food cycles and webs by helping to provide nutrients and micro-habitats for microbes. Micro-fungi isolated from mangrove ecosystems are productive sources of enzymes and bioactive compounds such as antibacterial and antifungal. In this study a explored the enzymatic and anti-vibrio activity of fungi associated with the marine gastropod Cerithidea cingulata and Lottia scabra. collected in three mangrove forests in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The fungi associated with the specimens were inoculated on malt extract agar (MEA) using the tapping method. Enzymatic and anti-vibrio assays were conducted applying the plug method. Positive effects of the fungal compounds on Vibrio were indicated by clear zones formed around the isolates. A total of 13 fungal species were isolated from C. cingulata (19MB-C5 and 19MBa-A4) and L. scabra (19MT-07 and 19MT-18). Most fungal isolates have moderate growth rate. The isolate with highest cellulolytic, proteolytic, and anti-vibriosis activity (Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. harveyi, V. vulnificus, and V. alginolyticus), derived from C. cingulata 19MB-C5 was closely related to Aspergillus niger, as revealed by molecular analysis using the universal primers ITS1 and ITS4 (similarity value 99%). A. niger 19MB-C5-3 has potential as a bioremediation and anti-vibrio agent that can be applied in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic infectious diseases caused by biofilm-forming pathogenic bacteria are the second rank causes of death in Indonesia after heart and blood vessel diseases. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii pathogenic bacteria worldwide poses the main medicinal challenge to the search for new antibiotics. However, the use of marine invertebrates as raw material sources is not ecologically friendly due to the low concentration of bioactive compounds in marine invertebrates. This study aimed to investigate gorgonian Plexaura sp.-associated bacteria that have the potential as anti-nosocomial pathogenic A. baumannii. A total of 29 gorgonian Plexaura sp.-associated bacterial isolates were screened for their antibacterial activity against nosocomial pathogenic A. baumannii. The 5 bacterial isolates exhibited antipathogenic activity against A. baumannii. The RA17-2 isolate showed the highest diameter size of the inhibition zone. The 16S rRNA sequence analyses revealed that these 5 isolates were closely related to Bacillus, Virgibacillus, and Nitratireductor. None of the 5 antipathogenic isolates possess PKS-I, PKS-II, and NRPS genes, except the PKS-I gene of the RA17-2 isolate. These results showed that Plexauridae sp is a potential source for the development of antibiotic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yellowtail fusilier, Caesio cuning (Bloch, 1971) is the main catch of fishermen on the Nyamuk Island, Karimunjawa. C. cuning also has a unique character in the form of different eye color, white, red, and white-red. These differences were raise question whether the eye colors will be differentiated the morphology, and the genetic diversity of C. cuning. This research aims to study the biodiversity of C. cuning caught by fishermen on Nyamuk Island, Karimunjawa, based on their morphology, and molecular using mtDNA control region gene marker. This study also wanted to test, if different eye colors observed on the sample also reflected at the genetic level. A unique thing was found in morphological observations in the form of eye colors in C. cuning (white, red and white-red). Measurements of 19 morphometric characters were conducted on 44 samples directly in the field. Twenty four (24) samples with three different eye colors were selected for molecular assay of locus control region mtDNA in the laboratory. Morphological analysis showed the total length of 44 samples of C. cuning ranged from 15-29.4 cm. The total length of white eye color ranged from 15-29.4 cm from 20 samples, red-eye color 17-26 cm from 20 samples and whitered eye color 22-24.6 from 4 samples. Molecular test showed that the fish observed was indeed C. cuning with a similarity of 97.07%-99.27% of NCBI data. The genetic distance C. cuning between individuals was 0-3%. Genetic distance in the same eye color and different have the same value of 2%. Twenty haplotypes were obtained from 24 samples with high haplotypes diversity, values ranging from 0.978-1,000. The nucleotide diversity ranges from 0.019-0.021. There is no molecular difference between C. cuning with different eye colors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased nutrients can cause a rise prevalence in coral disease. Shrimp pond wastewater can produce nitrate, phosphate, and ammonia from the residual of the feeding and shrimp feces. Nyamplungan village, Karimunjawa was selected as the study site as it represents a location with shrimp pond activity that close to coral reef ecosystem. This study aims to examine the difference of disease prevalence, coral cover, and coral genus diversity at ±300 m and ±1000 m from the shrimp pond and to examine the relationships between disease prevalence and nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, ammonia). Coral disease prevalence was measured within a modified 30 x 2 m belt transect at six sampling stations. Station 1, 2, and 3 were 6-8 m in depth (±1000 m from the shrimp pond), then station 4, 5, and 6 were depth 1-3 m (±300 m from the shrimp pond). Coral genus diversity was conducted by using the Roving Diver Visual Method. Coral cover was measured within Line Intercept Transect (LIT) 30 m. The results show that station 5 had the highest disease prevalence (30.80%±2.78%). Station 1 had highest coral cover (90.87%±7.16%). Coral genus diversity had a medium category for each station. Disease prevalence was significantly different between station depths of 1-3 m (±300 m to the shrimp pond) and depths 6-8 m (±1000 m from the shrimp ponds) (P<0.05). Disease prevalence had strong relationship with nitrate (r= 0.975), phosphate (r= 0.972) and ammonia (r= 0.958). These results suggest that the continuation of coral monitoring with additional disease incidence and disease progression, temporally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phylogenetic data of the Java eel population is crucial for future catadromous aquaculture in Indonesia. The study aims to know how eel species from Java and West India differ in their evolutionary patterns. Four river estuaries in Central Java and one estuary in West Java, Indonesia, were chosen as samples of Javanese eel origins. Phylogenic comparison data from five regions of the Western Indian Ocean and one region of the Philippines (Pacific Ocean) were examined, taken from GenBank® data. The results showed that BLAST from 25 eels from Central and West Java was Anguilla bicolor bicolor (homology value 96 - 100%). The phylogenetic tree revealed that samples from Java nested into the West Indian Ocean with two Clades but were isolated from the Pacific Ocean eels. There are 25 pairs of monophyletic samples estimated to be the most recent common ancestor among the Indian Ocean eel samples from west to west, east to east, and west to east. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangroves are uniquely important ecosystems, for preserving biodiversity, sustaining livelihoods, and mitigating against climate change. However, they are degraded globally and are therefore a priority for ecosystem restoration. To date, the assessment of mangrove restoration outcomes is generally poor, and the limited studies that do exist are focused largely on forest area. Thus, more holistic ways of assessing the outcomes of mangrove restoration projects on biodiversity and associated ecological processes are urgently needed. Ecological networks are a useful tool for simultaneously examining both. Here, we assessed the utility of using species‐interaction networks for evaluating mangrove restoration outcomes for the first time. We compared the structure and complexity of mangrove ecological networks in replicated "monoculture reforestation," "mixed species regeneration" and "reference forest" plots in two study areas in Sulawesi, Indonesia, an estuarine, and a coastal fringe mangrove system. We also combined and evaluated sampling methods, utilizing traditional plant–animal sampling while also integrating video recording data in a novel way. We found significant differences in the structure and complexity of mangrove networks between restored and natural plots, with contrasting effects between the two sites. Our results show differences in the complex ways in which taxa interact in mangrove restoration projects, which would be overlooked if common biodiversity metrics, such as species richness, were used alone, with consequences for the restoration of ecosystem functioning. We also highlight the utility of video recording data collection for constructing species‐interaction networks, overcoming the detrimental impacts of observer presence for some key species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has legalized several bioactive compounds from marine organisms, and two of them were isolated from tunicate (ascidians). However, the bioactive compounds from marine tunicate are less reported than other marine organisms. This study was conducted to screen biological activities and secondary metabolite of Indonesia’s marine tunicate Polycarpa aurata from Barrang Caddi, South Sulawesi. Sample was extracted using methanol for 24 h by maceration. The bioactive compounds were characterized using phytochemical tests and HPLC-DAD. Antibacterial activity was performed against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, together with a non-MDR Escherichia coli, while antifungal against C. albicans and T. rubrum. Antioxidant activity was analyzed using DPPH method; and cytotoxicity against P388 murine leukemia cells using XTT method. The crude extract inhibited all pathogenic bacteria in its lowest concentration (0.5 mg) but did not show antifungal effect, toxicity at 0.08 mg/mL; antioxidant 534.60 ppm. The result of phytochemical test gave positive result for alkaloid and steroid/triterpenoid. In addition, HPLC chromatograms indicated 6 major peaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracts from sponge-associated fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum have been studied and contain antibacterial compounds which can inhibit several pathogenic multidrug-resistant organisms. This study aims to determine the active fraction of the extract which is antibacterial against the gram-negative Multi Drug-Resistant Klebsiella. pneumoniae pathogen and gram-positive Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, the fungus was cultivated using solid media of malt extract agar (MEA) for 6-9 days (24 hours dark, static, pH 5.6, 60 ‰ salinity, and 27°C). The mycelia and media were macerated by methanol and then partitioned using ethyl acetate. Active fraction tracing was carried out using the bioautography method and then isolated by the open column chromatography method. Antibacterial activity testing was done using the Broth Dilution method to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The results of the study showed that ethyl acetate extract contained one active fraction (Rf value = 0.14), which has reactive characteristics on vanillin reagent and absorbed ultraviolet light (λ 375.5 nm absorbance peak). The active fraction was able to inhibit the growth of MDR K. pneumoniae and MRSA bacteria at the same MIC value, i.e. 256 μg mL-1. In conclusion, an active fraction of T. longibrachiatum can be developed as an antibacterial against MDR K. pneumoniae and MRSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gorgonians are a prominent part of coral reef fauna that changes in their abundance and diversity due to environmental changes. The present study was carried out to assess the relative abundance and diversity of gorgonian among islands with different anthropogenic stressors. The islands namely Burung, Geleang, Sambangan, and Seruni are protected areas of bird habitat, tourism area, mariculture activity, and empty, uninhabited islands, respectively. A rapid assessment of gorgonian genera was conducted by using the Roving Diver Visual Method on 4-11 March 2021. The Shannon diversity index, species richness, and evenness were computed to see the variation in the gorgonian community among islands. Results of the present study recorded 167 individuals representing 12 genera of gorgonian, which fall into 5 families namely, Ellisellidae, Plexauridae, Melithaeidae, Acanthogorgiidae and, Isididae. Of the four islands, abundance and species richness were not significantly different (F-value: 4.52; p: 0.09 >0.05). Statistically, there was also no significant difference among gorgonian genera (F-value: 1.01; p: 0.08 >0.05). However, the species diversity and abundance on the islands with low disturbance from various anthropogenic activities tended to increase. Monitoring is needed periodically to screen the condition of the gorgonian fauna. This study provides basic information for future monitoring due to the increasing eutrophication rate and tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) E. coli and Methicillin- Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) are resistant bacteria and cause infection. Compounds that have the potential to be antibacterial are carotenoids produced by bacteria associated with soft corals such as Sinularia sp. This study aims to determine the potential of carotenoid bacteria symbionts Virgibacillus salarius strain 19.PP.Sc1.6 soft coral Sinularia sp. against the growth of MDR E. coli and MRSA bacteria with concentrations of 4, 6, and 8%. The carotenoid from symbiont bacteria was extracted by the maceration method using methanol as solvent. The results of the screening test showed that the average clear zone diameter for MDR E. coli antibacterial test at 4% concentration was 0.770 cm, 6% 0.818 cm, and 8% 0.915 cm with positive control 1.924 cm. The results of the antibacterial test against MRSA had an average diameter at a concentration of 4% of 1.218 cm, a concentration of 6% 1.318 cm, and a concentration of 8% 1.405 cm, and positive control of 2.109 cm. The results of statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences between the concentration groups and between the carotenoid pigment groups and the positive control. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the carotenoid pigment of the symbiont bacteria V.salarius strain 19 PP.Sc 1.6 has an antibacterial activity for MDR E. coli and MRSA growth [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carotenoids are secondary metabolites commonly found in organisms on land and at sea. One of the marine organisms producing carotenoid compounds is soft corals, a slow growth and delicate group that its exploiting can damage the balance of the reef ecosystem. The use of symbiotic bacteria of soft corals is an alternative that can be developed in a sustainable way. The purpose of this research is to find out the characterization of symbiotic carotenoid-producing bacterium Virgibacillus salarius strain 19.PP.Sc1.6 of softcoral Sinularia sp. Samples of softcoral were obtained from Panjang Island, Jepara, North Java Sea, Indonesia. Carotenoid identification method was carried out by using a spectrophotometer UV-Vis, TLC, and HPLC. Antioxidant activity test used the DPPH method. Sunscreen activity was performed by the Mansyur method using a UV spectrophotometer-Vis. The results revealed that bacterial symbiont V. salarius strain 19.PP.Sc 1.6 contains carotenoids, one of which was nostoxantin. Carotenoid extract had antioxidant activity with value IC50 of 438 ppm. Carotenoid extract at a concentration of 438 ppm had an SPF value of 4. 97, and was considered within the medium protection category, with Te value of 29.91% and% Tp of 21.34% in the UVA sunblock category, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nudibranchs are a prominent part of coral reef fauna that changes in their abundance and diversity due to environmental changes. The present study was carried out to assess the relative abundance and diversity of nudibranch among habitats receiving different degrees of sedimentation. A rapid assessment of nudibranch species was conducted by using the Roving Diver Visual Method on 20-27 August 2020. The sedimentation rate data were achieved by measure the number of sediments in traps that are placed in the sea bottom next to coral habitats. Results of the present study recorded 256 individuals representing 6 species of Nudibranchia, which fall into 4 families namely, Discodorididae, Chromodorididae, Polyceridae, and Phyllidiidae. Of the four sampling locations, abundance and species richness was no significantly different. The nudibranch Jorunna funebris species was the most abundant species. Statistically, there were no significant different on sedimentation rates among site locations. No correlations between levels of sedimentation rate and nudibranch abuncance were found either. Jepara coastal waters are still feasible to support the survival of nudibranch life. However, monitoring is needed periodically to screen the condition of the nudibranch fauna. This study provides basic information for future monitoring due to the increasing sedimentation rate and tourism [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this work are to isolate bacterial symbionts from nudibranchs and subsequently to determine anti-Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), cytotoxicity and anti-Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) activities of bio compounds. A total of 15 species of nudibranchs were collected from Karimunjawa and five species from Bali, respectively. A total of 245 bacteria isolates were obtained. The anti-MRSA activity screening activity indicated two active bacteria. Ethyl acetate extracts from supernatants, indicating extracelullar compounds, showed an inhibition zone against MRSA at concentrations of 500-1,000 μg/ml. DNA sequence analysis showed that the strain KJB-07 from Phyllidia coelestis was closely related to Pseudoalteromonas rubra, whereas the strain NP31-01 isolated from Phyllidia varicosa was closely related to Virgibacillus salarius. The extract of Pseudoalteromonas rubra was cytotoxic to Vero cells at a concentration of 75 μg/ml. The extract of V. salarius presented no cytotoxicity at concentrations of 5-1,000 μg/ml. No anti HSV-1 was observed for both isolated bacteria. This is the first study describing research on anti-MRSA, cytotoxicity and anti HSV-1 activity of bacterial symbionts from the viscera of nudibranch. Compounds produced by Pseudoalteromonas rubra and V. salarius, had potential anti-MRSA activity. However, only extracts from Pseudoalteromonas rubra showed cytotoxic effects on Vero cells. Three compounds were identified by LC/MS after purification from culture supernatant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tunicates (Ascidians, sea squirts) are marine protochordates, which live sedentary or sessile in colonial or solitary forms. These invertebrates have to protect themselves against predators and invaders. A most successful strategy, to not being eaten by predators and prevent pathogenic microorganisms to settle, is the usage of chemical molecules for defence. To accomplish this, tunicates take advantage of the specialized metabolites produced by the bacteria associated with them. Therefore, the microbiome of the tunicates can be regarded as a promising bioresource for bacterial strains producing compounds with antibacterial activity. The aim of this study was to test this hypothesis by (i) isolation of tunicate-associated bacteria, (ii) analysis of the antibacterial activities of these strains, and (iii) purification and structure elucidation of an active compound derived from this bioresource. In total, 435 bacterial strains were isolated and thereof 71 (16%) showed antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria. Therefrom, the ethyl acetate crude extracts from liquid fermentations of 25 strains showed activity against MDR Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (MDR-ESBL) Escherichia coli, MDR Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, and Bacillus megaterium. Phenotypic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequencing revealed the active strains belonging to different genera and phyla, like Bacillus, Pantoea, Pseudoalteromonas, Salinicola, Streptomyces, Vibrio and Virgibacillus. To obtain first insights into the molecules responsible for the antibacterial activities observed, strain Pseudoalteromonas rubra TKJD 22 was selected for large-scale fermentation and the active compound was isolated. This allowed the purification and structure elucidation of isatin, a compound known for its strong biological effects, thereunder inhibition of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On our joint bioprospecting research on Indonesian marine invertebrates, we found moderate cytotoxicity on an extract of the sponge Dysidea sp. collected at Biak, West Papua. Separation of the extract provided two new compounds, biaketide (1) and debromoantazirine (2), along with four known molecules 3–6. The new structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses and by comparison with those reported. Compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate cytotoxicity against NBT-T2 cells with IC50 values of 8.3 and 4.7 μg ml− 1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four new polyoxygenated steroids (1-4) together with four known ones (5-8) have been isolated from the gorgonian Isis hippuris. The structures of the new compounds have been elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and chemical conversion. All of the new steroids showed moderate cytotoxicity against cultured NBT-T2 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine sponges have been recognized as potentially rich sources of various bioactive molecules. In our continuing search for new secondary metabolites from Indonesian marine invertebrates, we collected a sponge, whose extract showed cytotoxicity against cultured cells at 0.1 µg/mL. Purification of the extract yielded two new macrolides 2 and 3 along with known candidaspongiolide (1). The structures for compounds 2 and 3 were elucidated by spectral analysis (¹H, 13C, COSY, HMQC, HMBC) and by comparison of their NMR data with those of 1. Compounds 2 and 3 exhibited a little more potent cytotoxicity (IC50 4.7 and 19 ng/mL) than that (IC50 37 ng/mL) of candidaspongiolide (1) against NBT-T2 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new polyunsaturated brominated fatty acid possessing acetylenic bonds 1 was isolated from the Indonesian sponge Haliclona sp. The structure of compound 1 was elucidated by analyzing its spectral data. It showed moderate cytotoxicity against cultured cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of macroalgal biorefinery products as an alternative source of renewable fuels is an opportunity to solve the dependence on fossil fuels. Macroalgae is a potential biomass that can be developed as a raw material for producing platform chemicals such as levulinic acid (LA). In the industrial sector, LA is among the top 12 biomass-derived feedstocks designated by the U.S. Department of Energy as a high-value chemical. Several studies have been conducted on the production of LA from terrestrial-based biomass, however, there is still limited information on its production from macroalgae. The advantages of macroalgae over terrestrial and other biomasses include high carbohydrate and biomass production, less cultivation cost, and low lignin content. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the potential and challenge of producing LA from macroalgae in the industrial sector and determine its advantages and disadvantages compared with terrestrial biomass in LA production. In this study, various literature sources were examined using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) method to identify, screen, and analyze the data of the published paper. Despite its advantages, there are some challenges in making the production of levulinic acid from macroalgae feasible for development at the industrial scale. Some challenges such as sustainability of macroalgae, the efficiency of pretreatment, and hydrolysis technology are often encountered during the production of levulinic acid from macroalgae on an industrial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sponge-associated fungi are attractive targets for the isolation of bioactive natural products with different pharmaceutical purposes. In this investigation, 20 fungi were isolated from 10 different sponge specimens. One isolate, the fungus Penicillium citrinum strain WK-P9, showed activity against Bacillus subtilis JH642 when cultivated in malt extract medium. One new and three known citrinin derivatives were isolated from the extract of this fungus. The structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, as well as LC-HRMS. Their antibacterial activity against a set of common human pathogenic bacteria and fungi was tested. Compound 2 showed moderate activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC607 with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 32 µg/mL. Compound 4 exhibited moderate growth inhibition against Bacillus subtilis JH642, B. megaterium DSM32, and M. smegmatis ATCC607 with MICs of 16, 16, and 32 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, weak activities of 64 µg/mL against B. subtilis DSM10 and S. aureus ATCC25923 were observed for compound 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]