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Hazelnut providing the macro-and micronutrients is a constituent of the healthy diet. Hazelnut, one of the most consumed treenut, is produced in the different countries. The geographical origin influences the chemical composition and the biological activity in the several plant foods. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the chemical composition, the antioxidative capacity and total phenolic content of the hazelnut kernels obtained from the different countries, including Azerbaijan, Chile, Italy, and Turkey. The hazelnut kernels were examined for crude oil, ash, moisture, and protein contents. The refractive index, iodine value, and fatty acid composition of the hazelnut oils were identified. In addition, the hazelnut oil, the kernels, and the defatted kernels were tested for their antioxidative activities and total phenolic contents. Protein contents of the hazelnuts from different countries were similar. The largest oil yield was determined in the hazelnut kernels from Chile and Turkey (62.35 ± 0.51 % and 62.29 ± 0.46 %, respectively). While the oil from Turkish hazelnut kernels showed the highest oleic acid content (84.09 ± 0.17 %), Azerbaijan hazelnut oil had the lowest oleic acid content (78.10 ± 0.48). The highest phenolic content was detected in the hazelnut kernels from Azerbaijan. Although the lowest phenolic content was observed in the hazelnut kernels from Turkey, the most potent antioxidative capacity was determined in the Turkish hazelnut kernels, their oil, and their defatted form. It can be concluded that the Turkish hazelnut kernels could contain high amounts of the fat-soluble antioxidants in addition to the water-soluble phenolic antioxidants. The results suggested that the hazelnuts exhibited different chemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic content depending on their origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollutants are the main potential health threatened among the other risk components. In the last century, industrialization, motor-driven vehicle, heating purpose are the main sources air pollutants. This study aims that probability analysis of air pollutants in Ordu city of Turkey located in Blacksea region. Analyzed data (PM10, SO2) covers the time span of 2008-2015 years. Daily records were rearranged to describe monthly maximum values. Firstly, data set was analyzed using software to find out likely well-fitted probability distribution. Using the probability distribution, synthetic data were generated for standard recurrence intervals. On the other side, extreme values of the record were also analyzed using likely probability distribution. PM10 data set distribution was well fitted to Log-normal distribution. Findings of this work were interpreted considering human-health criteria used in international standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The effects of different water stress (control, medium, and severe) on some morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics and bud success of M9 apple and MA quince rootstocks were determined. The results showed that water stress significantly affected most morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics as well as budding success on the both rootstocks. The increasing water stress decreased the relative shoot length, diameter, and plant total fresh and dry weights. Leaf relative water content and chlorophyll index decreased while electrolyte leakage increased with the increase of water stress in both rootstocks. An increase in water stress also resulted in reduction in budding success in Vista Bella/M9 (79.33% and 46.67%) and Santa Maria/MA (70.33% and 15.33%) combinations. However, the water stress in Santa Maria/MA was more prominent. The increase in water stress resulted in higher peroxidase activities as well as phenol contents in both rootstocks. Although catalase activity, anthocyanin, and proline contents increased with the impact of stress, this was not statistically significant. The results suggest that the impact of stress increased with the increase of water stress; therefore, growers should be careful when using M9 and MA rootstocks in both nursery and orchards where water scarcity is present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A study was conducted to determine the effects of different drip irrigation regimes on yield and yield components of cucumber (Cucumbis sativus L.) and to determine a threshold value for crop water stress index (CWSI) based on irrigation programming. Four different irrigation treatments as 50 (T-50), 75 (T-75), 100 (T-100) and 125% (T-125) of irrigation water applied/cumulative pan evaporation (IW/CPE) ratio with 3-day-period were studied. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration (ETc) values were 633, 740, 815 and 903mm in the 1styear and were 679, 777, 875 and 990mm in the 2ndyear for T-50, T-75, T-100 and T-125, respectively. Seasonal irrigation water amounts were 542, 677, 813 and 949mm in 2002 and 576, 725, 875 and 1025mm in 2003, respectively. Maximum marketable fruit yield was from T-100 treatment with 76.65tha−1 in 2002 and 68.13tha−1 in 2003. Fruit yield was reduced significantly, as irrigation rate was decreased. The water use efficiency (WUE) ranged from 7.37 to 9.40kgm−3 and 6.32 to 7.79kgm−3 in 2002 and 2003, respectively, while irrigation water use efficiencies (IWUE) were between 7.02 and 9.93kgm−3 in 2002 and between 6.11 and 8.82kgm−3 in 2003. When the irrigation rate was decreased, crop transpiration rate decreased as well resulting in increased crop canopy temperatures and CWSI values and resulted in reduced yield. The results indicated that a seasonal mean CWSI value of 0.20 would result in decreased yield. Therefore, a CWSI=0.20 could be taken as a threshold value to start irrigation for cucumber grown in open field under semi-arid conditions. Results of this study demonstrate that 1.00IW/CPE water applications by a drip system in a 3-day irrigation frequency would be optimal for growth in semiarid regions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]