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Copyright of Publizistik: Vierteljahreshefte für Kommunikationsforschung is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Der Beitrag untersucht am Beispiel von vier kanonischen Gedichten, was das Schreibprogramm ChatGPT leistet, wenn man es zum Verfassen analytischer Texte auffordert. Er fragt, inwiefern künstliche Intelligenz Schreibaufgaben im Bereich der Lyrikanalyse meistern kann, welche in der Schule vorkommen, und was für Rückschlüsse dies bezüglich Software und schulischer Anforderungen erlaubt. Nach einer Erläuterung der Voraussetzungen der Untersuchung werden schriftliche Ergebnisse von ChatGPT vorgestellt, die die Bereiche Thema, Form, Sprachbildlichkeit und Perspektive betreffen. Die Qualität der Ergebnisse ist sehr unterschiedlich. Sie ist am besten, wo vergleichsweise allgemeine Formulierungsmuster als Beschreibung des individuellen Textes verstanden werden können, nämlich im Bereich von Themenbestimmung oder inhaltlicher Interpretation. Sie ist am schwächsten, wo diffizile analytische Fragen zu bewältigen sind, also Formfragen oder solche der literarischen Bildlichkeit. Abschließend diskutiert der Beitrag, was ‚Schreiben‘ in Anbetracht von Digitalität und neuen Textgeneratoren meint und was dies für den Literaturunterricht bedeutet. Abstract (english): Writing through Artificial Intelligence. ChatGPT and automated poetry analyses By using four canonical poems, the paper investigates the performance of writing program ChatGPT when asked to write analytical texts. The paper examines to what extent artificial intelligence can master writing tasks in the field of poetry analysis that occurs in school, and what conclusions can be drawn with regard to software and school requirements. After an explanation of the preconditions of the study, written results from ChatGPT are presented. They concern topic, form, imagery and perspective of the poems. The quality of the results varies widely. It is best where comparatively general formulation patterns can be perceived as describing the individual text, namely in the area of determining topics or interpreting content. It is weakest where difficult analytical questions have to be dealt with, i.e., questions of form or those of literary imagery. Finally, the article discusses what ‚writing‘ means in the age of digitalization and new text generators and what this implies for the teaching of literature.

Der Erste Weltkrieg ist nicht nur ein politisches Ereignis von einschneidender Bedeutung für Europa und seine Geschichte, sondern auch ein kommunikatives, welches weite Teile der Bevölkerung der Kriegsnationen mit einem Mal zum kontinuierlichen Schreiben bringt, ja sogar zwingt, wollen sie mit ihren Angehörigen in Kontakt bleiben. Diese Entwicklung betrifft alle Bevölkerungsgruppen gleichermaßen, für die sprachwissenschaftliche Forschung ist sie jedoch hinsichtlich der Menschen, deren Vorkriegsalltag nur eine eingeschränkte Schreibpraxis erforderte, von besonderem Interesse. Authentische Textzeugnisse (Briefe, Feldpostkarten, Tagebücher) in unterschiedlichen Sprachen aus den Jahren 1914 bis 1918 zeigen exemplarisch, wie Schreiberinnen und Schreiber die kriegerische Auseinandersetzung verbal abbilden, wie sie den Krieg benennen und wie zugleich das Bild des Gegners konstruiert und kommuniziert wird.

Part of a sustainable development of the Digital Humanities (DH) are findings whose relevance extends beyond DH communities because they are providing answers to existing research questions. A possible way of entering into this conversation seems to be a reflection on questions of how digital analyses critically question basic concepts of linguistics and literary studies and thus sharpen their definition. In this paper, we are going to address such questions based on the example of text segmentation which forms the basis for many analyses, and which can be used, albeit in different ways, as a foundation for both reading and computational processing of text. We are taking exemplary issues from linguistic and literary segmentation practice as a vantage point for discussion in this paper.

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Suitable methods are needed to ensure that information can be communicated at a distance. These include software solutions such as ticket systems. In this article, these are first classified in general terms and then described from a text linguistic perspective with a special focus on the text type ticket. The analysis of data from three German IT companies that use ticket systems for internal project management is the basis for this. Finally, the opportunities and limitations of the use of ticket systems in business enterprises are examined as examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The subject of this article is the linking of a hypothesis-driven case study in literary studies with the application of digital humanities methods. Primary texts of the analysis are thirteen longer narrative texts by the German-language contemporary author Uwe Timm (novels and novellas, a legend). I derive hypotheses from one of his self-statements about the work, which I analyze by means of computer-assisted stylometric procedures. The aim is to build a bridge between a computational analysis and human readings in order to arrive at new insights into the literary work of the author.

Think and Grow Rich is the title of a work written by Napoleon Hill, an American author, which according to our search has not been studied until today in Iran. This book takes a special place in the philosophical, sociological and psychological fields. This work is the product of his twenty years of hard work.The present study aims at the psychological criticism of the translation carried out by Gharache Daqi. For our criticism, we follow the psychological approach of Jean-Bellemin Noël based on text analysis. For the analysis part, in order to give justifiable interpretations for each translation, we compare extracts from the original text and the translation of corresponding passages. In this step, we use different translation procedures. Through relevant examples, we show that the translator has made a free interpretation of the text as well as deleting some sentences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die Kultur, die mit ihrer neuen Definition alle sozialwissenschaftlichen Bereiche beeinflusst, tritt in unserer zu einem globalisierten und zu einem kleinen Dorf gewordenen Welt als ein immer wieder an Bedeutung gewinnendes Phänomen auf. Die Kultur wird nicht mehr als „homogen“, sondern wegen der Migrationsbewegungen, kultureller Übergänge und kultureller Diffusion als „heterogen“ wahrgenommen und sie beeinflusst als ein Begriff, der allen sozialwissenschaftlichen Bereichen zugrunde liegt, den Menschen unserer Zeitperiode. Eine Disziplin, die von dem Begriff „Kultur“ betroffen worden ist und auf diesem Begriff basiert, ist die Germanistik, die sich mit der deutschen Literatur und Sprache befasst. Die Germanistik als ein Fach über die Forschungen über die deutsche Literatur und Sprache bezieht sich auf den Begriff „Kultur“, in dieser Disziplin werden literarische Texte diachronisch und synchronisch analysiert und die Kultur bildet dabei die Basis für die Analyse und Forschungen, auch wenn die Kultur an sich selbst als Analyseobjekt nicht in Betracht gezogen wird, und die Kultur bildet die Grundlage für die Entstehung der Nationalliteraturen wie es Goethe entworfen hatte. Die Dimensionen und die Heterogenität der Kultur wird im Buch von Doris –Bachmann Medick „Kultur als Text“ in Hinsicht auf „die Kultur als ein literarischer Text“, der analysiert werden kann, mit Beispielen aus den Texten veranschaulicht. Nach der Autorin bildet die Kultur die Grundsteine für die Text-Analysen in der Germanistik und der Literaturwissenschaft, sie redet auch von einer anthropologischen Wende in der Literaturwissenschaft. Dagegen geht es in den Bereichen wie Anthropologie, Ethnologie oder Ethnographie um eine literaturwissenschaftliche Wende. Das bedeutet, dass man die fremden Kulturen näher kennenlernen kann und dass die durch die Schrift festgelegten Bilder aufgehoben werden können, wenn diese genannten Bereiche zusammen gegenseitig von ihren Analysemethoden profitieren können. Diese vorliegende Arbeit basierend auf dieser These der obengenannten Autorin zielt darauf, den Beitrag der „Cultural Turns“ zu der Text-Analyse innerhalb der Germanistik zu zeigen. Man versucht mit Beispielen aus den Texten zu demonstrieren, wie diese „Cultural Turns“ eine innovative Analysemöglichkeit in die Türkische Germanistik und in die Textanalyse bringen können, ohne auf die traditionellen Analysemethoden innerhalb der Türkischen Germanistik zu verzichten.

Emotions are a crucial part of compelling narratives: literature tells us about people with goals, desires, passions, and intentions. Emotion analysis is part of the broader and larger field of sentiment analysis, and receives increasing attention in literary studies. In the past, the affective dimension of literature was mainly studied in the context of literary hermeneutics. However, with the emergence of the research field known as Digital Humanities (DH), some studies of emotions in a literary context have taken a computational turn. Given the fact that DH is still being formed as a field, this direction of research can be rendered relatively new. In this survey, we offer an overview of the existing body of research on emotion analysis as applied to literature. The research under review deals with a variety of topics including tracking dramatic changes of a plot development, network analysis of a literary text, and understanding the emotionality of texts, among other topics. Based on this review, we point to a set of remaining challenges that constitute promising future research directions.

Grundlagen und Techniken qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse sind vor über 35 Jahren vorgeschlagen worden und erfreuen sich im Rahmen qualitativ orientierter sozialwissenschaftlicher Textanalyseansätze anhaltender Beliebtheit. So soll hier ein Resümee gezogen, auf die Rezeption eingegangen und ein Ausblick gegeben werden. Im Beitrag werden drei Bereiche behandelt: Zum einen sollen die Grundlagen des Vorgehens skizziert werden, die Abgrenzungen zu anderen textanalytischen Ansätzen erlauben. Hier gilt es auch, die Unterschiede zur quantitativen Inhaltsanalyse herauszustreichen. Die Kategorisierungen erfolgen dort automatisch nach einem bestimmten Algorithmus, während bei der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse die Zuordnung von Kategorien zu Textbestandteilen immer interpretativ bleibt. Im Gegensatz zu anderen interpretativen Textanalyseansätzen geschieht dies allerdings streng regelgeleitet. Dann wird auf die Rezeption der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse eingegangen und es wird versucht, dabei aufgetretene Missverständnisse zu klären. Schließlich werden Vergleiche zu neueren Ansätzen qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse, wie sie von Margrit SCHREIER und Udo KUCKARTZ vorgeschlagen wurden, angestellt. An einem Beispiel wird das Vorgehen nochmals erläutert. Abschließend wird auf Weiterentwicklungen (eine kostenfrei nutzbare Software zur qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse) hingewiesen.

In the discussion about the status of Digital Humanities (DH) as an academic discipline, possibilities to transfer digital technologies, methods, and theories back are often given. But how exactly can digital methods for text analysis leverage the bridging into more traditional literary studies? And how can theoretically complex literary concepts be investigated digitally? Based on a concrete example, our article shows how a scalable reading (as a combination of distant and close reading methods) in DH can promote the discussions on renunciation and irony in Goethe philology and connect the two.

Mit "Systematische Metaphernanalyse: Eine Einführung" legen Rudolf SCHMITT, Julia SCHRÖDER und Larissa PFALLER in zwölf Kapiteln eine didaktische Aufarbeitung der systematischen Metaphernanalyse vor. Die Autor*innen führen zunächst in die grundlegenden theoretischen Konzepte der Methode ein. Da jeder Schritt an Beispielen vorgeführt wird, ist dies auch für Einsteiger*innen in die qualitative Forschung stets nachvollziehbar. SCHMITT et al. diskutieren häufige Herausforderungen sowie Lösungsstrategien im Forschungsprozess und zeigen dabei die vielfältigen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der systematischen Metaphernanalyse auf. Anschließend erläutern sie Möglichkeiten der Ergebnisdarstellung anhand von Beispielen und diskutieren Erweiterungen der systematischen Metaphernanalyse. Der Band schließt mit einer übersichtlichen Zusammenfassung der zentralen Thesen. Mit seiner klaren Struktur sowie seiner präzisen und zugleich verständlichen Sprache wird das Buch dem Anspruch an eine Einführung in die systematische Metaphernanalyse mehr als gerecht.

In diesem Beitrag wird The Codex vorgestellt, ein Projekt, in dem basierend auf Standoff Properties Texte multidimensional annotiert und die Annotationen in eine Graphdatenbank eingebettet werden können. Darüberhinaus sind Basistext und Annotationen im Unterschied zu vielen anderen Standoff-Markup-Systemen editierbar. Auch Annotationen selbst können wieder annotiert werden, was den Forschungsdiskurs leichter nachvollziehbar machen könnte.

In diesem Beitrag geht es um eine Methode zum Verständnis literarischer Texte mit Hilfe von maschinell erstellten Analysemodellen. Der Beitrag beschreibt die Methode und reflektiert darüber. Ausgehend von den Ausführungen Morettis wird zunächst die Frage nach alternativen Lesetechniken beantwortet. Mit dem Begriff Distant Reading beschreibt Franco Moretti eine neue Form des Textwissens, wobei das Abstandnehmen vom Text durch den Einsatz digitaler Mittel die Entdeckung von Formen und Modellen ermöglicht und somit zu konkreten Ergebnissen für den Interpreten führt. Im zweiten Teil werden konkrete Beispiele aus der Unterrichtspraxis gezeigt. Schülerinnen und Schüler analysieren das erste Kapitel des Romans Effi Briest und erarbeiten die Fragestellung mithilfe von Voyant Tools. Es handelt sich dabei nicht um digitale Werkzeuge, die rein mechanische Eingaben verlangen, sondern um Instrumente, die Text- und Spracherschließungen unterstützen und durch Häufigkeitsdiagramme Muster erkennen lassen. This essay will outline a method for the understanding of literary texts with the help of machine-generated analysis models. It also supplies some reflections upon said method. Firstly, it explores alternative reading techniques. With "Distant Reading" Franco Moretti has developed a technique for novel analysis by using digital tools. Computers can measure parameters such as sentence length, structure, and lexicon, and to give patterns of textual data to analyse, enabling the interpreter to reach concrete results. Secondly, examples from teaching practices show, how this method can be used in the classroom. Students have analysed the novel Effi Briest and have completed a questionnaire using the web-based reading environment "Voyant Tools". This instrument builds a support for the text exploitation and reveal patterns through diagrams or other visual elements, rather than provides digital tools that demand purely mechanical tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Datenbank-Spektrum is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In diesem Beitrag geht es um das interdisziplinäre Erlernen von Data Science u. a. im Rahmen von Aus- und Weiterbildungsmaßnahmen mittels interaktiver Lernumgebungen am Beispiel der Analyse großer Datenmengen mit Patentinformationen für neue Nutzergruppen wie z. B. den Informationsspezialisten, welche in der Regel über wenig bis keine Kenntnisse z. B. über Verfahren des maschinellen Lernens verfügen. Mittels einer interaktiven Lernumgebung auf Grundlage von Scientific Workflows und Big-Data-Technologien können dabei neue Methoden des Text und Data Mining (TDM) effizient erlernt und im Rahmen praktischer Anwendungsfälle erprobt werden. This article deals with the interdisciplinary learning of data science, e.g. in the context of education and training measures by means of interactive learning environments for the analysis of large amounts of data with patent information for new user groups such as information specialists, who usually have little to no knowledge of e.g. machine learning. Using an interactive learning environment based on scientific workflows and big data technologies, new methods of text and data mining (TDM) can be efficiently learned and tested in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Der Umgang mit dem Begriff „Kultur“ und den Konzepten, auf die sich der Begriff bezieht, stellt hohe heuristische und rhetorische Anforderungen an Studierende der Translationswissenschaft. „Kultur“ wird im Fachdiskurs auf unterschiedliche, teilweise widersprüchliche Konzepte bezogen. In Seminararbeiten fällt es Studierenden oft schwer, sich nachhaltig von homogenisierenden, nationalisierenden Kulturkonzepten zu emanzipieren, selbst wenn der thematische Fokus der Arbeit genau dies nahelegen würde. In meinem Beitrag werde ich dieses Phänomen anhand der ersten Fassung einer BA-Arbeit aus dem Seminar Transkulturelle Kommunikation (WS 2017/18) analysieren. Dabei wird das Problem des Umgangs mit dem Begriff „Kultur“ aus verschiedenen Perspektiven beleuchtet werden: Einerseits werden Anforderungen und Herausforderungen im Umgang mit dem Begriff „Kultur“ auf einer inhaltlich-begrifflichen Ebene analysiert, andererseits im Hinblick auf die Schreibentwicklung im wissenschaftlichen Schreiben im Studium. Die Analyse zeigt, wie durch einen undifferenzierten Umgang mit dem Begriff „Kultur“ Vorannahmen in die BA-Arbeit hineingetragen werden, die einerseits in der theoretischen Auseinandersetzung mit dem Thema und andererseits vor allem auch in der Entwicklung eines Fragebogens zu gravierenden Problemen führen. Es wird argumentiert, dass es demnach eine wichtige Aufgabe der Translationsdidaktik ist, Studierende in der Aneignung differenzierter Kulturkonzepte zu unterstützen.

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Digital analyses of literary genres are often based on the assumption that genres can be identified through constant and unvarying features. However, genres always reveal themselves as historically-based constructs with features that change and evolve over time. This paper illustrates how such historical developments in genres can be retraced with digital methods by means of a prominent example from Middle High German literature, Minnesang. With the help of frequency analysis and topic modeling, a research question which has been much debated will be discussed: whether there was an historical shift in genre during the development of Minnesang that differentiates the lyric poetry of the later period from ›classical‹ Sang.

The focus of this contribution is the presentation and discussion of the conceptual design of an XML database of fairytales (expandable to other popular narrative genres) and the required digital infrastructure. The purpose is a worldwide systematization of archival material through a suitable database and the development of a content annotation standard (ConAS) for the typological-comparative analysis of the international fairytales.

This study presents and tests a methodology with which the paratexts of a medium-sized text corpus are recorded and analysed. In the first part, the theory is introduced, then the separate methodical steps for the acquisition of the different paratextual and textual signals are explained in detail. Their quantification allows the clustering of the collected data and thus the grouping of the texts under study. A corpus of 103 scientific ethnographies is used as an example to demonstrate the results to which the analysis of paratexts can lead. This shows that ethnographic writing in the 20th century oscillates between a scientific presentation on the one hand, and an autobiographical presentation on the other. The analysis focuses both on the text corpus as a whole and on developments over time, which allows to trace the history of the discipline, that had initially conceived the subject of the researcher passively as a neutral observer. It has more recently been presented as an active personality acting and interacting in a social environment. The final part of the study discusses possibilities for automated data collection and the use of machine learning methods. The potential of paratextual analyses to provide insights into the functional differentiation of conventions of representation is thus outlined.

Die stetig voranschreitende Digitalisierung literarischer Texte verschiedenster Sprachen, Epochen und Gattungen stellt die Literaturwissenschaften immer wieder vor die Frage, wie sie diese Entwicklung mitgestalten und zu ihrem Vorteil nutzen können. Dabei ist digital nicht gleich digital, sondern es existiert eine Vielzahl sehr unterschiedlicher, digitaler Repräsentationsformen von Text. Nur wenige dieser Repräsentationsformen werden literaturwissenschaftlichen Anforderungen tatsächlich gerecht, darunter diejenige, die den Richtlinien der Text Encoding Initiative folgt. Der vorliegende Beitrag vergleicht zunächst einige derzeit gängige digitale Repräsentationsformen von Text. Für literaturwissenschaftliche Forschung besonders geeignet erweist sich hierbei eine Repräsentationsform, die den Richtlinien der Text Encoding Initiative folgt. Daher informiert der Beitrag anschließend über deren Nutzen für die literaturwissenschaftliche Arbeit, sowohl im Bereich der wissenschaftlichen Textedition als auch im Bereich der Analyse und Interpretation von Texten. Nur wenn die Literaturwissenschaften in ihrer Breite den Nutzen von offenen, expressiven, flexiblen und standardisierten, langfristig nutzbaren Formaten für die Forschung erkennen, können sie sich mit dem erforderlichen Nachdruck für deren Verbreitung einsetzen und durch die zunehmende Verfügbarkeit von Texten in solchen Formaten für die eigene Forschung und Lehre davon profitieren.

The debate on medieval textuality is shaped by an obvious reservation about the category of authorship. Therefore, the conditions for the acceptance of stylometric methods in the field of Middle High German literature might not seem too favorable. However, it is exactly this tension between tradition and individuality, which bears great significance for those texts, that offers opportunities for the application of stylometric methods, which can lead to a mutual elucidation of method and discipline. The paper provides examples of the ways in which Middle High German texts are influenced by individual as well as genre-specific style factors. Furthermore, it elaborates on the issues that must be addressed for a proper quantification of these categories.

Theory-driven research in the social sciences is confronting the Digital Humanities with new challenges. Here, text analysis can not be built directly on linguistic features, but rather the research questions require access to more complex concepts and their meaning. Our methodological contribution to DH argues that it is possible to develop hermeneutically sensitive methods for corpus analysis when the tool components remain transparent for the target discipline and allow for interactive exploration of the underlying data. We provide an overview of interactive tools for text processing and analysis that can be flexibly adjusted to specific disciplinary theories and research questions in the target disciplines, with an underlying architecture that is generic and therefore broadly applicable.

Customer opinions have become an important business factor. Companies want to know what consumers think of their product and their service trying to quickly adapt themselves and their products to customer needs. They deploy the customer opinions as a marketing tool. Though, with the increase of the relevance of customer opinions, also the number of manipulation attempts increases. This has turned out to be a socially and economically significant problem. This article presents research approaches concerning the English and Chinese languages and examines the transferability of the approaches to the German language. The construction of a corpus for fake reviews in the German Amazon site is outlined. Initial analyses on this corpus show that the methods for English and Chinese are to a large extent transferable to the German language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With networked large data collections and suitable quantitative methods new research questions become possible. Within the DARIAH-DE cluster 5 new philologico- critical and historical comparing perspectives enter the modelling of large data collections. Consequently new, tailored analytical tools can be developed. This includes the chance to test in empirical ways theoretical presuppositions and the extension and advancement of the modes of the production of scientific knowledge. The article describes two analytical tools developed within cluster 5: the Dariah-DKPro-Wrapper, a software package for the automated linguistical analysis, and Cosmotool, a searchand analysis tool for the exploration of transboundary lives by means of structured and unstructured data collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution demonstrates the application of approaches from information science to the domain-specific analysis of user requirements in the digital humanities. The ongoing project 'Welt der Kinder' (Children and their World) serves as an example of a project in the area of digital history. In this interdisciplinary project, a team of historians, computer linguists and information scientists develops and tests innovative methods for the comparative analysis of a large corpus of historical textbooks. From an information science perspective, methods for the user centred requirements analysis will be applied and evaluated in the context of the digital humanities, resulting in a set of system requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The press is an important medium and plays a significant role as an information source for people. Moreover, the daily press transmits opinion-forming contents. During the German 'transplantation scandal' various articles were published in the German press focusing on organ donation, transplantation, allocation of organs and brain death determination. Selected important newspaper articles were analyzed using a scientific text analysis as it was assumed that the publications might have had an important influence on attitudes or mistrust of transplantation medicine. Material and methods: A total of 216 articles from Süddeutsche Zeitung, Die Welt, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and Die Zeit published between summer 2012 and early 2013, which focused on the transplantation scandal were analyzed using a modern form of scientific text analysis. From these articles 12 categories of contents were identified which were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Results: Most articles were published between June and August 2012 when the accusations of organ allocation manipulation were made public. A second wave was found in the early months of 2013, when the court proceedings against the predominantly blamed physician began. Most of the categories (63.8 %) transmitted a negative evaluative opinion (i.e. loss of confidence, enrichment of the persons involved, fraud, misconduct, rejection of brain death and disturbing the peace of the dead) leading to mistrust of transplantation per se, while the minority (36.2 %) were categorized as endeavoring to convey objective information, focus on ethical responsibility for organ donation or the problems of organ shortage. Furthermore, a striking increase of articles doubting the concept of brain death was observed. Conclusion: German newspapers as important opinion-leading and opinion-forming media have a substantial impact in accomplishing the demands for objective and factual information of transplantation medicine. Physicians, ethicists, journalists and politicians are invoked to have a closer collaboration in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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One of the most important fields in translator's work is the translation of instruction texts -- a text type that clearly ref lects the functional concept of intercultural text transfer. Its text type norms are highly conventionalised and vary from one culture to another. But instruction texts may also contain several other cultural and language specifics that need to be adapted to the target culture. Using the example of a recipe, the author points out the importance of a thorough text analysis to sustain functional adequacy, which is the priority objective for that kind of text. The analysis is followed by a commentary on the translational decisions, stating the strategies and methods used to achieve the priority objective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]