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This paper investigates the effect of stock liquidity on blockholders for Malaysian public listed companies over a 19-year period from 2000 to 2018. Using five liquidity proxies, our results show a negative relationship between liquidity and blockholders. The negative effect of liquidity on blockholders is stemming from governance theory implies that greater stock liquidity decreases the cost of exit, and hence magnifies blockholders threat of exit when they are dissatisfied with company performance. Our results are robust to a battery of sensitivity tests, including endogeneity and disaggregate types of blockholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates gold as a hedge or a safe haven against inflation in four countries. We propose two standard and quantile techniques in the volatility models, with a time-varying conditional variance of regression residuals based on TGARCH specifications. Gold exhibits considerable evidence of a strong hedge in the US and China. Nevertheless, gold provides shelter at different times and not consistently across countries. With regards to be a safe haven, gold retains its status as a key investment in China. On the other hand, gold only plays a minor role in the UK and India. These findings indicate that gold can secure Chinese investment during the high inflationary periods, while gold is a profitable asset to hold over a long period of time in the US. In contrast, UK and Indian investors should hold a well-diversified portfolio for sustainable return and protection from purchasing power loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]