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Abstract A natural product is a compound or substance originating from a living organism and found in nature. Daidzein belongs to the class of bioflavonoids, which are plant‐derived compounds with various biological activities. Predominantly exists in soybeans and several legumes in either glycoside or aglycone forms. Its primary chemical constituents include metabolites like equol and trihydroxy isoflavone, generated through the influence of intestinal bacteria. Daidzein has exhibited pharmacological impacts on different ailments, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, skin disorders, osteoporosis, and neurodegenerative disorders. Daidzein's mechanisms of action involve interactions with estrogen receptors, as well as its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties, along with its ability to regulate apoptosis and the cell cycle. In efforts to enhance its solubility, stability, bioavailability, and targeting, daidzein has been innovatively formulated into novel dosage forms, including nanoparticles, liposomes, microemulsions, and nanosuspensions. As a promising nutraceutical, daidzein presents multiple health benefits and holds potential for various clinical applications. Additional investigation is required to comprehend the molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon and assess its safety. The purpose of this review is to provide a short description of the therapeutic properties, chemical composition, traditional use, toxicology profile, new insights on the dosage form, and future prospects of daidzein.

This study examines the antecedents of environmental sustainability in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) of a developing country and explores the specific internal and external factors for environmental sustainability. The study focused on SMEs in Balochistan, Pakistan, utilizing convenience and purposive sampling techniques to select a sample size of 30 SMEs. In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire. The results of the study revealed that lack of finance and education are major barriers to recognizing and addressing environmental sustainability issues, along with the lack of government support and regulations to ensure compliance with environmental safety laws, hence leading to low concern for sustainability practices among SMEs. Awareness and attitude of SME owners/managers, along with customer demand and government policies, influence the adoption of environmental sustainability practices. Overcoming financial constraints and promoting cooperation among stakeholders are key to fostering sustainable practices in SMEs. This research makes an important contribution to the sustainable management literature by providing new and in-depth insights into the barriers that impede environmental sustainability in SMEs of developing countries.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that is prima facie a cause for numerous macro and micro vascular complications. A common macroscopic complication associated with diabetes is cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathy refers to diseases of the heart muscle, where the heart muscle becomes enlarged, thick, or rigid. As cardiomyopathy worsens, the heart becomes weaker and is unable to conduct the right amount of blood through the body and maintain a normal electrical rhythm. This can lead to heart failure or arrhythmias. Chronic diabetes is one of the instigating factors behind the etiology of this cardiac complication. Type-II diabetes is associated with impaired glucose metabolism that increases the dependence of a diabetic heart on fatty acid oxidation to meet its functional demands, resulting in mitochondrial uncoupling, glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity and initially subclinical cardiac dysfunction that finally gives way to heart failure. The increasing diabetic population with cardiac disorders and the ironically decreasing trend in newer medications to counter this complication leave us at a crossroads for pharmacological management of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Keeping this in view, the present study proclaims a newly developed polyherbal combination (PHC) with three herbs, namely Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera and Boerhavia diffusa based in olive oil and administered in fixed dose (PHC-6 and PHC-10) to screen its cardioprotective potential against a well-established experimental model for diabetic cardiomyopathy. The three herbs mentioned have been known through the traditional literature for their antidiabetic and cardioprotective roles, hence they became the obvious choice. The study follows an experimental model proposed by Reed et al., where the capacity of the β-cell is unobtrusively impeded without totally compromising insulin release, bringing about a moderate disability in glucose resilience. Various sophisticated parameters, namely intraventricular septum thickness of hearts, Western blot of α/β- MHC monoclonal antibody (Ab), cardiac pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity, medium chain acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (MCAD) enzyme, etc. showed promising results where treatment with PHC (PHC-6 and PHC-10) significantly (*** p < 0.001 and **** p < 0.0001) prevented the symptoms of cardiomyopathy in subsequent groups when compared to disease control group.

Objective: Medicinal plants having antioxidant potential possess numerous constituents which are responsible for different beneficial effects and are used as an alternative resource of medicine to lessen diseases linked with oxidative stress. Flavonoids are identified in the plants since ages and display wide spectrum of biological actions that might be able to stimulate the steps which are disturbed in different diseases. Flavonoids are significant natural compounds with various biologic properties, among which the most common is the anti-oxidant potential.Citrus flavonoids establish an important stream of flavonoids. Naringin, very common flavonoids present in the diet, belongs to the family of flavanone. It is the principal constituent of citrus family that contains flavonoids for example tomatoes, grapefruits and oranges.Materials and Methods: In this article, we reviewed naringin with respect to sources, chemical property, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological activity, and novel formulations. The literature survey has been done by searching different databases such as Psyc INFO, Science Direct, PubMed, EMBASE, Google, Google Scholar, Medline.Results: Naringin is known to behave as an antioxidant and possess anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-atherosclerotic, neuroprotective, anti-psychotic, anti-asthmatic, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-tussive, cardioprotective, and anti-obesity activity. Further clinical studies using large sample sizes remain essential to obtain the appropriate dose and form of naringin for averting diseases. Furthermore, the therapeutic approach of these bioflavonoids is significantly inappropriate due to the lack of clinical evidence. Different plants must be explored further to find these bioflavonoids in them.Conclusion: The results of this exploration provides biological actions of bioflavonoid (naringin), predominantly on pharmacological and novel dosage forms of naringin.

Abstract Arecacatechu, commonly known as supari, consists of dried ripe nuts that came under Arecaceae family, which is cultivated in the tropical region of India and Southeast Asia. It is a prevalent traditional herbal medicine that is chewed to separate collected fluid in the alimentary canal and for killing worms. Areca catechu seed contains alkaloids (arecoline, arecaine, arecaidine, guvacoline, guvacine, and choline), tannin, gallic acid, gum, and various minerals such as copper, calcium, phosphorus, and iron. The chemical constituents of this plant have been used as antidiabetic, stomatitis, bleeding gums, gingivitis, conjunctivitis, glaucoma, leucorrhoea, urinary disorders, anorexia, diarrhea, blood pressure regulating activity, antiulcerogenic, antioxidant activity, anticonvulsant activity, central nervous system stimulant activity, antifertility, oxytocic activity, antiviral activity, anthelmintic, and foul breath. It showed a dose‐dependent toxicity profile, and various research has been done regarding its safety analysis and it would be considered safe when administered in the prescribed dose. The purpose of the present paper is to make available an up‐to‐date review on the ethnic, traditional description, morphology, phytochemistry, and the pharmacological and toxicological profile of this plant. Furthermore, the possible advances, trends, and a perspective for forthcoming research of this plant have also conversed.

Nanotechnology has emerged as an inspiring tool for the effective delivery of drugs to help treat Coronary heart disease (CHD) which represents the most prevalent reason for mortality and morbidity globally. The current study focuses on the assessment of the cardioprotective prospective ofanovel combination nanoformulation of sericin and carvedilol. Sericin is a silk protein obtained from Bombyx mori cocoon and carvedilol is a synthetic nonselective β-blocker. In this present study, preparation of chitosan nanoparticles was performed via ionic gelation method and were evaluated for cardioprotective activity in doxorubicin (Dox)-induced cardiotoxicity. Serum biochemical markers of myocardial damage play a substantial role in the analysis of cardiovascular ailments and their increased levels have been observed to be significantly decreased in treatment groups. Treatment groups showed a decline in the positivity frequency of the Troponin T test as well. The NTG (Nanoparticle Treated Group), CSG (Carvedilol Standard Group), and SSG (Sericin Standard Group) were revealed to have reduced lipid peroxide levels (Plasma and heart tissue) highly significantly at a level of p < 0.01 in comparison with the TCG (Toxic Control Group). Levels of antioxidants in the plasma and the cardiac tissue were also established to be within range of the treated groups in comparison to TCG. Mitochondrial enzymes in cardiac tissue were found to be elevated in treated groups. Lysosomal hydrolases accomplish a significant role in counteracting the inflammatory pathogenesis followed by disease infliction, as perceived in the TCG group. These enzyme levels in the cardiac tissue were significantly improved after treatment with the nanoformulation. Total collagen content in the cardiac tissue of the NTG, SSG, and CSG groups was established to be highly statistically significant at p < 0.001 as well as statistically significant at p < 0.01, respectively. Hence, the outcomes of this study suggest that the developed nanoparticle formulation is effective against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.

Abstract Ischemic postconditioning (IPTC) brings cardioprotection endogenously, Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) produces the same effect. It happens due to down expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Thus, experimental protocol associating IPTC has been formulated to find the role of ANP in the cardioprotection of heart in OVX rats. For this experiment, heart was isolated from OVX rat and held tightly on Langendorff’s apparatus in a manner that ischemia of 30 min and reperfusion of 120 min were also given. Simultaneously, IPTC with four cycles of 5 min ischemia and 5 min reperfusion of each was applied. Parameters like size of myocardial infarct, levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and release of creatine kinase- MB (CK-MB) in coronary effluent were noted after each stage of experiment for ensuring the extent of myocardial injury. Some significant changes were also seen in the histopathology of cardiovascular tissues. The cardio-protection has been made by four cycles of IPTC. It was confirmed by decline in the size of myocardial infarct. It diminishes the release of LDH and CK-MB in heart of OVX rat. Thus, IPTC induces cardio-protection in the isolated heart from OVX rat. Perfusion of ANP associating with IPTC favors the cardioprotection which is further confirmed by rise in the NO release and heart rate. The level of myocardial damage changes using IPTC, IPTC+OVX, IPTC+OVX+ANP, IPTC+ OVX+ANP+L-NAME and other groups were observed significantly and were found to be less than those in I/R control group. Thus, it is recommended that ANP involving IPTC restores attenuated cardio-protection in OVX rat heart. Therefore, Post-conditioning is useful in various clinical aspects.

Abstract Background Curcumin, quercetin and rutin are flavonoids having strong antioxidant potential, individually used in treatment of numerous ailments. The safety assessment of each of them is already established but no toxicological assessment has been done that would guarantee the safe use of these three flavonoids when used as a polyherbal combination (PHC). The aim of this study to evaluate the possible toxicological effect of polyherbal combination of these three flavonoids in female Swiss albino mice. Methods In acute toxicity study, the oral dose of poly herbal combination was administered to four groups stepwise in single dose and general behaviour, adverse effects and mortality were determined up to 14 days and compared to normal group. In sub-acute study, the tested poly herbal combination was administered orally for 28 days to the four experimental groups and their body weight was measured each alternate day from the first day of dosing. On 29th day the final body weight was recorded and euthanized by using thiopentone sodium, blood was collected and later haematological, lipid profile, biochemical parameter was evaluated and compared to normal group. Result In acute toxicity study, no abnormal general behaviour, adverse effects were reported. No significant changes were reported in body weight, haematological, lipid profile, biochemical parameter in sub-acute toxicity study. No mortality was reported in both the study. Histopathological examination revealed no alterations in clinical signs or organ weight at any dose. Conclusion The result concludes that the oral administration of Polyherbal combination did not produce any significant toxic effect in swiss albino mice. Hence, the Polyherbal combination can be utilized safely for therapeutic use.

The silkworm cocoon has been used in the treatment of various ailments in different Asian countries. This research was designed to evaluate the effect of sericin on myocardial necrosis and hypertrophy in isoproterenol-challenged rats. The rats were administered with sericin (500 and 1000 mg/kg, p.o.) for 28 days, followed by administration of isoprenaline (85 mg/kg, s.c.) on the 29th and 30th days. The cardioprotective activity was assessed by various physical, enzymatic, and histopathological parameters along with apoptotic marker expression. The cardioprotective effect showed that pre-treatment of rats with sericin significantly increased the non-enzymatic antioxidants marker in serum and heart tissue (glutathione, vitamin E, and vitamin C). The results were the same in enzymatic antioxidant marker, mitochondrial enzymes, and protein. The grading of heart, heart/body weight ratio, gross morphology, cardiac markers, oxidative stress markers in serum and heart tissue, glucose, serum lipid profiling and Lysosomal hydrolases, heart apoptotic markers such as MHC expression by western blot, apoptosis by flow cytometry, total myocardial collagen content, fibrosis estimation, myocyte size were significantly decreased when compared with isoproterenol (ISG) group however histopathological studies showed normal architecture of heart in both control and treated rats. The pharmacological study reflects that sericin on both doses i.e., 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg have potent cardioprotective action against the experimental model which was confirmed by various physical, biochemical, and histopathological parameters evaluated further research is required to examine the molecular mechanism of cardioprotective effect of sericin.

The current study was undertaken to ascertain the mediating role of meaningfulness linking servant leadership (SL) to job crafting behavior (JCB) of the employees. The study also endeavors to find the association between meaningfulness and JCB. This study collected data from 689 service sector employees through survey design. Data were processed and analyzed through PLS-SMART and SPSS. mainly. The findings manifested a relation between meaningfulness and employees’ job crafting behavior. Similarly, SL significantly impacted both meaningfulness and employees’ job crafting behavior. The results also unraveled the mediating role of meaningfulness between SL and JCB of the employees. The research has ascertained the previously unexplored mediating role of meaningfulness between SL and JCB. It is also the first study that attempted to explore meaningfulness as a stimulus to job crafting behavior.

Cardiovascular diseases are the main source of death and morbidity in developed and developing nations. Animal models are required to propel our understanding of the pathogenesis, increase our knowledge, disease progress, and mechanism behind cardiovascular disorder, providing new approaches focused to improve the diagnostic and the treatment of these pathological conditions and additionally to test various therapeutic ways to deal with tissue regeneration and re-establish heart working following damage. A perfect model framework ought to be reasonable, effectively controlled, reproducible, and physiologically illustrative of human disease, show cardinal signs and pathology that resembles after the human ailment and ethically stable. The decision of selection of animal model should be considered precisely since it influences exploratory results and whether results of the research can be sensibly matched with the human. In this way, no specific technique splendidly reproduces the human disease, and relying upon the model, extra cost burden, resources, infrastructure and the necessity for technical hands, should also be kept under consideration. Here we have discussed and compiled various methods of inducing myocardial infarction in animals, basically by surgery, chemicals and through genetic modification, this may benefit the researchers in getting a complied data regarding various methods through which they can induce myocardial infarction in animals.

Summary: Brain development is a sequential anatomical process characterised by specific well-defined stages of growth and maturation. One of the fundamental and necessary events in the normal development of the central nervous system in vertebrates is the formation of a myelin sheath. This process is influenced by dietary lipids. A number of researches have indicated that the administration of a diet, deficient in essential fatty acids during development causes hypomyelination in the brain. Brain lipids determine the localization and function of proteins in the cell membrane and in doing so regulate synaptic signalling in neurons. Lipids may also function as transmitters and relay signals from the membrane to intracellular compartments or to other cells. Several experimental studies have suggested a crucial role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in membrane formation, as well as clinical role of glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, and sphingolipids in the attenuation of depression- and anxiety-related behaviours. Hence it can be assumed that polyunsaturated fatty acids may also offer new treatment options (for example, targeted dietary supplementation or pharmacological interference with lipid-regulating enzymes). These lipids could be exploited for improved prevention and treatment. A very interesting and emerging approach in this direction is through ‘Lipidomics’ which is a relatively recent research field that has been driven by rapid advances in technologies such as mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, dual polarisation interferometry and computational methods, coupled with the recognition of the role of lipids in many metabolic diseases such as obesity, atherosclerosis, stroke, hypertension and diabetes. Keywords: Glycerolipids, Glycolipids, Polyunsaturated fatty acids, Neurodegenerative disorders, Sphingolipids

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) compelled scientists in general while pharmacists, chemists and biologists in specific to believe that we could always remain ahead of the pathogens. The pipeline of new drugs is running gasping and the inducements to develop new antimicrobials to address the global problems of drug resistance are weak. In this pursuit, effective endeavours to prepare new anti-bacterial entities is highly wished. The present study demonstrates successful synthesis of a library of 1,4-disbustituted 1,2,3-triazoles (3a-3k) using Click-chemistry concept and anti-their bacterial potential. In this 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, the 3-methoxy-4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)benzaldehyde (1) was used as alkyne partner which was synthesized from vanillin and propargyl bromide and further reacted with differently substituted arylpropoxy azides (2a-k) to furnish series of mono and bis1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles. All the synthesized compounds were characterized spectroscopically and were evaluated for their initial antimicrobial activity. Preliminary results of antibacterial screening revealed that the synthesized compounds have the highest inhibitory effects compare to the control ciprofloxacin. The compounds 3b and 3g were found to be the most active (MIC: 5 μg/mL, MIC: 10 μg/mL respectively) against various strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The molecular docking study against 4GQQ protein with synthesized ligands was performed to see the necessary interactions responsible for anti-bacterial activity. The docking analysis of the most potent compound 3g supported the antibacterial activity exhibiting high inhibition constant and binding energy.

Objective: The study was conducted to evaluate cardioprotective effect of silk cocoon (Abresham) Bombyx mori (B. mori) on isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction. This study deals with the cocoons, which is called Abresham in the Unani system of medicine. It is one of the 64 drugs which Avicenna has mentioned in Avicenna’s tract on cardiac drugs and used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Abresham is a chief ingredient of the two very famous Unani formulation viz. Khamira Abresham Sada, and Khamira Abresham Hakim Arshad Wala. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of B. mori (Abresham) silk cocoons in the dose of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight was administered orally for 28 days before isoprenaline administration to test their cardioprotective effect. Isoprenaline (85 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously on days 29th and 30th, respectively in order to induce myocardial infarction. Results: The parameters for evaluation of cardioprotective activity were the physical parameters and the biochemical estimations. The physical parameters were gross examination of heart, heart weight/body weight ratio and histopathology examination. In biochemical estimations, the activity of various cardiac enzymes such as aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, creatinine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and the gold marker troponin-I were determined. The levels altered by isoproterenol were restored significantly by the administration of the both doses of test extract especially at higher dose. Conclusion: The result of this study shows that alcoholic extract B. mori hassignificant cardioprotective activity against isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction.

Cancer remains a serious health problem in terms of incidence and mortality worldwide. As a result, researchers are working to identify new chemotherapeutic therapies or, potentially, to use innovative drug delivery methods in existing therapies. Recently, there has been a lot of interest in using nanocarriers as drug delivery systems, particularly for the treatment of cancer. Several novel nanocarrier-mediated drug delivery systems are currently being used to deliver chemotherapeutic agents to specific sites. Polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, polymeric micelles, carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, solid lipid nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles and quantum dots are all examples of important nanocarriers. One of the most often prescribed chemotherapeutics for first-line therapy is gemcitabine hydrochloride, which has a broad spectrum of effects. Gemcitabine hydrochloride is an intriguing example of a drug for which various nanostructured targeted delivery methods are being explored over history. Even though some of these systems already exist on the market, there is continued research on this topic and new solutions are continually sought. In this context, the present review examines gemcitabine not as a specific drug, but as a proof of concept study that has drawn upon a wide range of innovative nanotechnology approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An acquired loss of cognition in several cognitive domains that is severe enough to interfere with social or professional functioning is called dementia. As well as a moderately in-depth mental status examination by a clinician to identify impairments in memory, language, attention, visuospatial cognition, such as spatial orientation, executive function, and mood, the diagnosis of dementia requires a history evaluating for cognitive decline and impairment in daily activities, with confirmation from a close friend or family member. The start and organization of the cognitive assessment can be helped by short screening tests for cognitive impairment. Clinical presentations show that neurodegenerative diseases are often incurable because patients permanently lose some types of neurons. It has been determined through an assessment that, at best, our understanding of the underlying processes is still rudimentary, which presents exciting new targets for further study as well as the development of diagnostics and drugs. A growing body of research suggests that they also advance our knowledge of the processes that are probably crucial for maintaining the health and functionality of the brain. We concentrate on a number of the animal models of memory problems that have been mentioned in this review article because dementia has numerous etiologies. Serious neurological impairment and neuronal death are the main features of neurodegenerative illnesses, which are also extremely crippling ailments. The most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders are followed by those primary nucleation pathways responsible for cognitive impairment and dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiometabolic disorders (CMD) is a constellation of metabolic predisposing factors for atherosclerosis such as insulin resistance (IR) or diabetes mellitus (DM), systemic hypertension, central obesity, and dyslipidemia. Cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) continue to be the leading cause of mortality in both developed and developing nations, accounting for over 32% of all fatalities globally each year. Furthermore, dyslipidemia, angina, arrhythmia, heart failure, myocardial infarction (MI), and diabetes mellitus are the major causes of death, accounting for an estimated 19 million deaths in 2012. CVDs will kill more than 23 million individuals each year by 2030. Nonetheless, new drug development (NDD) in CMDs has been increasingly difficult in recent decades due to increased costs and a lower success rate. Drug repositioning in CMDs looks promising in this scenario for launching current medicines for new therapeutic indications. Repositioning is an ancient method that dates back to the 1960s and is mostly based on coincidental findings during medication trials. One significant advantage of repositioning is that the drug's safety profile is well known, lowering the odds of failure owing to undesirable toxic effects. Furthermore, repositioning takes less time and money than NDD. Given these facts, pharmaceutical corporations are becoming more interested in medication repositioning. In this follow-up, we discussed the notion of repositioning and provided some examples of repositioned medications in cardiometabolic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Antioxidants are used to treat or reduce the complications in various ailments. These are a substance that contains the potential to hinder or avoid the oxidation process of another molecule. Enzymatic antioxidants are endogenous. The most frequent endogenous antioxidant systems are catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidise while non-enzymatic antioxidant are flavonoids, minerals, vitamins etc. Thevetia peruviana is an attractive ornamental plant. Thevetia peruviana or T. peruniava is widespread in South Asian nation chiefly in India and Sri Lanka. A number of pytoconstituents are present in the various fractions of the plant. A few parts of the plant are used for detailed pharmacological function. Some of the plant parts like seed kernels and flowers are poisonous and hold a diversity of cardiac glycosides with thevetin A and thevetin B. This review assembles all the necessary information associated to antioxidant activity of T. peruviana. Methodology: Appropriate literatures have been compiled by searching the different scientific databases with Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Medline, and Google Scholar for Thevetia peruviana. Result: From the vast literature searches the result evidenced that T. peruviana holds antioxidant potential. Conclusion: This review concluded with the exploitation of T. peruviana in herbal applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Andrographis paniculata belongs to the family Acanthaceae and is commonly known as ‘King of bitters’ is extensively used medicinal plant in China, India and South Asia. A. paniculata is generally and easily available medicinal plant that has been extensively used in the treatment for a variety of diseases.This plant contains andrographolide as a chief constituent. And also the medicinal value of this plant is due to the presence of active ingredients viz andrographolide and neoandrographolide which are derivatives of diterpenoids. The present review is an endeavor to provide updates on the pharmacological profile of A. paniculata along with its toxicity. From the vast literature study, it can be concluded that Andrographis paniculata is a traditional remedy for liver ailments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]