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In this paper, we employed a hydrothermal method to synthesize different ratios of NH2-MIL-125(Ti) modified manganese dioxide (MnO2@ NH2-MIL-125(Ti)) and explored the effect of pH and mass fraction on the degradation of Rhodamine B. The characterization (XRD, XPS, SEM) of the material proves that MnO2 successfully adheres and grows on the NH2-MIL-125(Ti) frameworks, changing the micromorphology while increasing the yield. In particular, when the NH2-MIL-125(Ti) is introduced at a ratio of 15%, the composite sample reveals optimal degradation performance, with a rate of Rhodamine B degradation as high as 95.8% in 40 min, which is about 1.6 times better than that of pure MnO2. And it can perform superior oxidation performance under acidic conditions. The increased active sites due to the introduction of the framework structure and the higher redox potential under acidic conditions are the main reasons for the improved oxidative properties. In addition, we put forward a mechanism of growth and oxidative degradation for the composite sample for this phenomenon. Highlights: A simple hydrothermal method is used to obtain the oxidant MnO2@ NH2-MIL-125(Ti). The sample MnO2@ NH2-MIL-125(Ti)-15% exhibits the optimum oxidation performance of 95.8% for RhB. The oxidation of the sample to RhB is augmented under acidic conditions (pH = 3). Propose growth mechanism of oxidant MnO2@ NH2-MIL-125(Ti) and degradation mechanism of RhB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic technology is promising in the wastewater treatment field due to its environmental friendliness and high degradation rate. Herein, a highly photocatalytic active magnetic composite SnO2/NiFe2O4 is successfully prepared through the hydrothermal and physical grinding method, and its structure and properties are analyzed using advanced characterization methods. The results indicate a significant improvement in the light absorption of SnO2 with the incorporation of NiFe2O4, thus significantly improving the utilization of light energy by the wide bandgap semiconductor SnO2. The SnO2 composite with 3% wt NiFe2O4 (hereafter, SN-3) demonstrates outstanding photocatalytic performance, achieving a 97.3% degradation rate of Rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light for 120 min, which is much superior to that of pure phase SnO2. Characterizations of SN-3 show a decrease in fluorescence peak intensity and a rise in photocurrent density compared with SnO2, suggesting a lower recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs in SN-3 and a greater separation efficiency. Meanwhile, the magnetization strength of 1.06 emu/g for SN-3 provides the possibility of recycling the material. In addition, the degradation process primarily involves the participation of superoxide radicals (·O2-) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) as the main active groups. Based on this, the possible photocatalytic mechanism is explored and explained. This study provides a strategy for novel and effective composite semiconductor fabrication and further use in dye wastewater treatment. Highlights: A low-consumption way to treat industrial wastewater containing Rhodamine B. The novel magnetic composite photocatalyst SnO2/NiFe2O4 could be synthesized by low-cost SnO2 as main material. The magnetic composites display better optical and magnetic properties. The result shows 97.3% degradation rate of RhB after 120 min and the removal rate only decreased by 7.9% after 3 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute lung injury (ALI) is an acute hypoxic respiratory failure caused by diffuse inflammatory injury in alveolar epithelial cells during severe infection, trauma, and shock. Among them, trauma/hemorrhagic shock (T/HS) is the main type of indirect lung injury. Despite a great number of clinical studies, indirect factor trauma/hemorrhagic shock to the function and the mechanism in acute lung injury is not clear yet. Therefore, it is still necessary to carry on relevant analysis in order to thoroughly explore its molecular and cellular mechanisms and the pathway of disease function. In our research, we aimed to identify potential pathogenic genes and do modular analysis by downloading disease-related gene expression profile data. And our dataset is from the NCBI-GEO database. Then, we used the Clusterprofiler R package, GO function, and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis to analyze the core module genes. In addition, we also identified key transcription factors and noncoding RNAs. Based on the high degree of interaction of potential pathogenic genes and their involved functions and pathways, we identified 17 dysfunction modules. Among them, up to 9 modules significantly regulate the response to bacterial-derived molecules, and the response to lipopolysaccharide and other related functional pathways that mediate disease development. In addition, miR-290, miR-30c-5p, miR-195-5p, and miR-1-3p-based ncRNA and Jun, Atf1, and Atf3-based transcription factors have a total of 80 transcription drivers for functional modules. In summary, this study confirmed that miR-30c-5p activates lipopolysaccharide response pathway to promote the pathogenesis of ALI induced by hemorrhagic shock. This result can be an important direction for further research on related deepening diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). It further provides a piece of scientific medical evidence for revealing the pathogenic principle and cure difficulty of acute lung injury and also provides important guidance for the design of therapeutic strategies and drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Permafrost peatland plays an important role in the global carbon (C) cycle, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is one of the most important components to C budgets in this system. Through the Chinese–United States EcoPartnership program, Dr Xianwei Wang, Li Sun, and Prof Changchun Song et al. from the Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Prof Aixin Hou from the Louisiana State University observed dynamics of DOC concentrations and specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA254) obtained from soil porewater of permafrost peatlands for two growing seasons in the Great Hing'an Mountains, Northeast China. Soil porewater DOC concentrations varied greatly with depths during the growing season, ranging between 22.08 and 65.02 mg L−1. There was no significant relationship between DOC concentrations and SUVA254. DOC concentrations were higher in autumn and increased as the seasonal thaw depth increased. DOC concentrations of supra‐permafrost water at freeze–thaw boundary were also higher than those at the other soil depths. Temperature and thawing depth had been shown to affect DOC concentrations at different soil depths. Our finding suggests that warming and deepening of the active layer likely increase the DOC productions in the permafrost peatland, which may influence the C balance in these C‐enriched ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about the effect of woody plant expansion on decomposition of root mixtures in grass-dominant temperate wetlands. Here, we collected fine roots (< 1 mm) of Deyeuxia angustifolia (grass) and Betula fruticosa (shrub) from a freshwater wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China, and decomposition rates of their monocultures and mixtures (with 2:1 and 1:2 mass ratios) were determined by measuring carbon (C) mineralization and mass loss with a 365 days incubation experiment. Meanwhile, litter mixing effects were assessed by the differences in observed decomposition rates of root mixtures and predicted values based on the performance of component species decomposing alone. Betula fruticosa fine roots had higher N, total polyphenol, and condensed tannin concentrations than D. angustifolia fine roots. By the end of incubation, B. fruticosa fine roots generally had greater C mineralization rate and mass loss than the other three root treatments. Notably, both C mineralization rate and mass loss were lower than the expected values in the B. fruticosa-dominant mixture, whereas there were no significant differences between observed and expected values in the D. angustifolia-dominant mixture. Our findings imply that the increase in woody plant abundance will exert influences on fine root decomposition rates through altered substrate quality and litter mixing effects in grass-dominated temperate wetlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to deliver chemotherapeutic drugs efficiently and selectively to tumor cells to improve therapeutic efficacy remains a difficult problem. We herein construct an efficient cell-targeting drug delivery system (Sgc8-MSN/Dox) based on aptamer-modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles that relies on the tumor-targeting ability of the aptamer Sgc8 to deliver doxorubicin (Dox) to leukemia cells in a targeted way, thereby improving therapeutic efficacy and reducing toxicity. In this work, Sgc8-MSN/Dox showed sustained Dox release, and they targeted and efficiently killed CCRF-CEM human acute T lymphocyte leukemia cells, suggesting potential as a cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NiCo 2 O 4 modified carbon cloth (CC) and Ni-P modified CC are respectively prepared and used as microbial fuel cell (MFC) anodes to deal with the aging landfill leachate. The electrode characterization results reveal a significant improvement in redox activity, owing to the large specific capacitance and excellent electrochemical activity. The MFCs using NCOC and NPC anodes severally exhibit excellent power production performance with the maximum steady-state output voltages of 598.0 mV and 483.0 mV and maximum power densities of 502.9 mW/m2 and 383.4 mW/m2, which are better than that of CC electrode (216.8 mV, 212.4 mW/m2). Moreover, the electrochemical measurements of MFCs unveil that the modified electrodes have significantly higher exchange current densities (9.8 times than that of CC) and lower internal resistances (about 1/5 of CC). As far as chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and the coulombic efficiency (CE) are concerned, the COD removal of NCOC and NPC are 880.9 ± 34.6 mg/L and 917.7 ± 17.3 mg/L, and their CEs are 13.9 ± 0.5% and 17.8 ± 0.3%, respectively. According to the analysis of biofilms and microbial communities, the selective effect of electrode materials on the dominant bacteria Desulfobacterota, Proteobacteria makes NiCo 2 O 4 and Ni-P possess considerable prospects as modified materials for MFC anodes. [Display omitted] • A green way to treat and utilize aging landfill leachate. • The NCOC and NPC have a maximum output voltage of 598.0 mV and 483.0 mV. • Modified composite electrodes can significantly improve the performance of MFC. • The NCOC and NPC can attract the enrichment of dominant electroactive bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A cluster of eleven patients, including eight family members and three healthcare workers with fever and thrombocytopenia occurred in Yixing County, Jiangsu Province, China, from October to November 1996. However, the initial investigation failed to identify its etiology. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease caused by SFTS bunyavirus (SFTSV), which was first discovered in 2009. The discovery of novel SFTSV resulted in our consideration to test SFTSV on the remaining samples of this cluster in September 2010. Methodology/Principal findings: We retrospectively analyzed the epidemiological and clinical data of this cluster. The first case, one 55-year-old man with fulminant hemorrhagic diseases, died on October 14, 1996. His younger brother (the second case) developed similar hemorrhagic diseases after nursing him and then died on November 3. From November 4 to November 15, nine other patients, including six family members and three medical staffs, developed fever and thrombocytopenia after exposure to the second case. The sera of six patients were collected on November 24, 1996. IgM antibodies against SFTSV were detected in all of the six patients’ sera using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while IgG antibodies were detected in one patient’s serum using an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). We also found that IgG antibodies against SFTSV were still detected in four surviving patients’ sera 14 years after illness onset. Conclusions and significance: The mysterious pathogen of the cluster in 1996 was proved to be SFTSV on the basis of its epidemiological data, clinical data and serological results. It suggests that SFTSV has been circulating in China for more than 10 years before being identified in 2009, and SFTSV IgG antibodies can persist for up to 14 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Permafrost thawing in peatlands has the potential to alter the catchment export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), thus influencing the carbon balance and cycling in linked aquatic and ocean ecosystems. Peatlands along the southern margins of the Eurasian permafrost are relatively underexplored despite the considerable risks associated with permafrost degradation due to climate warming. This study examined dynamics of DOC export from a permafrost peatland catchment located in northeastern China during the 2012 to 2014 growing seasons. The estimated annual DOC loads varied greatly between 3211 and 19 022 kg yr-1, with a mean DOC yield of 4.7 gm-2 yr-1. Although the estimated DOC yield was in the lower range compared with other permafrost regions, it was still significant for the net carbon balance in the studied catchment. There were strong linkages between daily discharge and DOC concentrations in both wet and dry years, suggesting a transport-limited process of DOC delivery from the catchment. Discharge explained the majority of both seasonal and interannual variations of DOC concentrations, which made annual discharge a good indicator of total DOC load from the catchment. As indicated by three fluorescence indices, DOC source and chemical characteristics tracked the shift of flow paths during runoff processes closely. Interactions between the flow path and DOC chemical characteristics were greatly influenced by the seasonal thawing of the soil active layer. The deepening of the active layer due to climate warming likely increases the proportion of microbial-originated DOC in baseflow discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is caused by SFTS virus (SFTSV), a tick-borne phlebovirus in family Bunyaviridae. Studies have found that humans, domestic and wildlife animals can be infected by SFTSV. However, the viral ecology, circulation, and transmission remain largely unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings: Sixty seven human SFTS cases were reported and confirmed by virus isolation or immunofluorescence assay between 2011 and 2014. In 2013–2014 we collected 9,984 ticks from either vegetation or small wild mammals in the endemic area in Jiangsu, China, and detected SFTSV-RNA by real-time RT-PCR in both questing and feeding Haemaphysalis longicornis and H. flava. Viral RNA was identified in larvae of H. longicornis prior to a first blood meal, which has never been confirmed previously in nature. SFTSV-RNA and antibodies were also detected by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively, in wild mammals including Erinaceus europaeus and Sorex araneus. A live SFTSV was isolated from Erinaceus europaeus captured during the off tick-feeding season and with a high SFTSV antibody titer. Furthermore, SFTSV antibodies were detected in the migratory birds Anser cygnoides and Streptopelia chinensis using ELISA. Conclusions/Significance: The detection of SFTSV-RNA in non-engorged larvae indicated that vertical transmission of SFTSV in H. longicornis might occur in nature, which suggests that H. longicornis is a putative reservoir host of SFTSV. Small wild mammals such as Erinaceus europaeus and Sorex araneus could be infected by SFTSV and may serve as natural amplifying hosts. Our data unveiled that wild birds could be infected with SFTSV or carry SFTSV-infected ticks and thus might contribute to the long-distance spread of SFTSV via migratory flyways. These findings provide novel insights for understanding SFTSV ecology, reservoir hosts, and transmission in nature and will help develop new measures in preventing its rapid spread both regionally and globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT A competitive chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) method for porcine β-defensin-2 (pBD-2) detection in transgenic mice was established. Several factors that affect detection, including luminol, p-iodophenol and hydrogen peroxide concentrations, as well as pH, were studied and optimized. The linear range of the proposed method for pBD-2 detection under optimal conditions was 0.05-80 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9960. Eleven detections of a 30 ng/mL pBD-2 standard sample were performed. Reproducible results were obtained with a relative standard deviation of 3.94%. The limit of detection of the method for pBD-2 was 3.5 pg/mL (3σ). The proposed method was applied to determine pBD-2 expression levels in the tissues of pBD-2 transgenic mice, and compared with LC-MS/MS and quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. This suggests that the CLEIA can be used as a valuable method to detect and quantify pBD-2. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucellosis is a common zoonotic infection worldwide and a major public health problem in developing countries including China. The aim of our study was to investigate the seroprevalence of Brucella infection in humans in Yixing, located at the centre of the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration. A total of 895 sera from apparently healthy abattoir workers and 3303 sera from general healthy people living in rural areas were collected in Yixing, screened by Rose-Bengal plate agglutination test (RBPT) and the positives were confirmed by standard tube agglutination test (SAT) according to official Chinese diagnostic criteria. Seropositivity among abattoir workers was 16.42% compared to zero among the general population living in rural areas. No significant difference of seropositivity was observed in age groups. Contact or inhalation of Brucella organisms from infected animals, principally goats, was found to be a significant risk factor. Education in occupational hygiene and public healthcare programmes are needed to control this emerging problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zonation along a water level is the main spatial distribution characteristic of wetland plants. This is mainly because of the influences of hydrological conditions and interspecific competition, which finally narrow the fundamental niche of a species to its realized niche. In the present study, a controlled experiment was conducted in order to analyze the relationship between Carex lasiocarpa/Carex pseudocuraica and Glyceria spiculosa, in conditions of three competitive treatments at four water levels. The results showed that in no competition, C. lasiocarpa preferred low water levels, but this preference receded when competing with G. spiculosa. In contrast, C. pseudocuraica had greater preference for low water level when competing with G. spiculosa. The root/shoot ratios of the two Carex species decreased with increasing water levels, but they were almost unaffected by different competition treatments. With the increase in water level during full competition with G. spiculosa, the competitive ability of C. lasiocarpa showed an increasing trend, whereas a contrary trend was observed in C. pseudocuraica. Our results suggested the effects of water levels and their interactions with interspecific competition varied between the two Carex species and played an important role in determining spatial distribution patterns and potential community succession of wetland plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming is likely to influence the soil microorganisms and enzyme activity and alter the carbon and nitrogen balance of peatland ecosystems. To investigate the difference in sensitivities of carbon and nitrogen cycling microorganisms and enzyme activity to warming, we conducted three-year warming experiments in a boreal peatland. Our findings demonstrated that both mcrA and nirS gene abundance in shallow soil and deep soil exhibited insensitivity to warming, while shallow soil archaea 16S rRNA gene and amoA gene abundance in both shallow soil and deep soil increased under warming. Soil pmoA gene abundance of both layers, bacterial 16S rRNA gene abundance in shallow soil, and nirK gene abundance in deep soil decreased due to warming. The decreases of these gene abundances would be a result of losing labile substrates because of the competitive interactions between aboveground plants and underground soil microorganisms. Experimental warming inhibited β-glucosidase activity in two soil layers and invertase activity in deep soil, while it stimulated acid phosphatase activity in shallow soil. Both temperature and labile substrates regulate the responses of soil microbial abundances and enzyme activities to warming and affect the coupling relationships of carbon and nitrogen. This study provides a potential microbial mechanism controlling carbon and nitrogen cycling in peatland under climate warming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Eurasian permafrost serves as an important nitrogen source for linked aquatic and oceanic ecosystems. To fill in the data gaps in the southern margin of the Eurasian permafrost, nitrogen dynamics in the two rivers that drain the permafrost in the Great Xing'an Mountains of northeast China were investigated during the 2012–2015 growing seasons. The mean concentration of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) in the two catchments was 0.63 mg L−1, which is generally higher than other permafrost catchments around the Arctic Ocean. The dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) constituted the majority of TDN, and the mean DON:TDN ratio was as high as 0.84. The seasonal flood patterns broadly influenced the concentrations and annual loads of DON, as well as the dissolved organic carbon (DOC):DON ratios in the two rivers. River discharge was positively related to DON concentration during growing seasons, while the concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), namely ammonium and nitrate, demonstrated no relationship with discharge. The estimated annual TDN yield, 190 kg km−2 yr−1 on average, was much higher than in the large Arctic rivers that drain permafrost. This yield accounts for 42.7% of the total atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the study area, which indicates a great potential for dissolved nitrogen export from the permafrost area in the Great Xing'an Mountains. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • N loads and yields are estimated in the south margin of Eurasian permafrost. • Mean TDN concentration is higher than other sites around the Arctic Ocean. • Annual TDN yield accounts for 42.7% of the total atmospheric N deposition. • Discharge pattern is the main controlling factor on DON concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) availability affects litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics, especially in N-limited ecosystems. We investigated the response of litter decomposition to N additions in Eriophorum vaginatum and Vaccinium uliginosum peatlands. These two species dominate peatlands in Northeast China. In 2012, mesh bags containing senesced leaf litter of Eriophorum vaginatum and Vaccinium uliginosum were placed in N addition plots and sprayed monthly for two years with NH 4 NO 3 solution at dose rates of 0, 6, 12, and 24 g N m − 2 year − 1 (CK, N1, N2 and N3, respectively). Mass loss, N and phosphorus (P) content, and enzymatic activity were measured over time as litter decomposed. In the control plots, V. uliginosum litter decomposed faster than E. vaginatum litter. N1, N2, and N3 treatments increased the mass losses of V. uliginosum litter by 6%, 9%, and 4% respectively, when compared with control. No significant influence of N additions was found on the decomposition of E. vaginatum litter. However, N and P content in E. vaginatum litter and V. uliginosum litter significantly increased with N additions. Moreover, N additions significantly promoted invertase and β-glucosidase activity in E. vaginatum and V. uliginosum litter. However, only in V. uliginosum litter was polyphenol oxidase activity significantly enhanced. Our results showed that initial litter quality and polyphenol oxidase activity influence the response of plant litter to N additions in peatland ecosystems. Increased N availability may change peatland soil N and P cycling by enhancing N and P immobilization during litter decomposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate warming is expected to increasingly influence boreal peatlands and alter their greenhouse gases emissions. However, the effects of warming on N 2 O fluxes and the N 2 O budgets were ignored in boreal peatlands. Therefore, in a boreal peatland of permafrost zone in Northeast China, a simulated warming experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of warming on N 2 O fluxes in Betula . Fruticosa community ( B . Fruticosa ) and Ledum . palustre community ( L . palustre ) during the growing seasons from 2013 to 2015. Results showed that warming treatment increased air temperature at 1.5 m aboveground and soil temperature at 5 cm depth by 0.6 °C and 2 °C, respectively. The average seasonal N 2 O fluxes ranged from 6.62 to 9.34 μg m − 2 h − 1 in the warming plot and ranged from 0.41 to 4.55 μg m − 2 h − 1 in the control plots. Warming treatment increased N 2 O fluxes by 147% and transformed the boreal peatlands from a N 2 O sink to a source. The primary driving factors for N 2 O fluxes were soil temperature and active layer depth, whereas soil moisture showed a weak correlation with N 2 O fluxes. The results indicated that warming promoted N 2 O fluxes by increasing soil temperature and active layer depth in a boreal peatland of permafrost zone in Northeast China. Moreover, elevated N 2 O fluxes persisted in this region will potentially drive a noncarbon feedback to ongoing climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) is a limiting nutrient in many peatland ecosystems. Enhanced N deposition, a major component of global climate change, affects ecosystem carbon (C) balance and alters soil C storage by changing plant and soil properties. However, the effects of enhanced N deposition on peatland ecosystems are poorly understood. We conducted a two-year N additions field experiment in a peatland dominated by Eriophorum vaginatum in the Da Xing’an Mountains, Northeast China. Four levels of N treatments were applied: (1) CK (no N added), (2) N1 (6 g N m −2 yr −1 ), (3) N2 (12 g N m −2 yr −1 ), and (4) N3 (24 g N m −2 yr −1 ). Plant and soil material was harvested at the end of the second growing season. N additions increased litter N and phosphorus (P) content, as well as β-glucosidase, invertase, and acid-phosphatase activity, but decreased litter C:N and C:P ratios. Litter carbon content remained unchanged. N additions increased available NH 4 + –N and NO 3 − –N as well as total Gram-positive (Gram+), Gram-negative (Gram−), and total bacterial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) in shallow soil (0–15 cm depth). An increase in these PLFAs was accompanied by a decrease in soil labile organic C (microbial biomass carbon and dissolved organic carbon), and appeared to accelerate decomposition and reduce the stability of the soil C pool. Invertase and urease activity in shallow soils and acid-phosphatase activity in deep soils (15–30 cm depth) was inhibited by N additions. Together, these findings suggest that an increase in N deposition in peatlands could accelerate litter decomposition and the loss of labile C, as well as alter microbial biomass and function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study, conducted at the Emuer River in northern China during the growing season of 2014, investigated the concentrations and sources of dissolved CH 4 and CO 2 in wetland rivers in the permafrost region, as well as the total export of dissolved gaseous carbon (C) transported by streamflow. CH 4 and CO 2 concentrations in these rivers, ranging from 0.410–1.045 to 107.838–190.925 μmol L −1 , respectively, were among the highest levels of gaseous C concentrations reported from studies around the world. The concentrations of the C gases varied greatly with streamflow, but the influence of hydrological, as well as meteorological parameters, was not significant, except for the influence of the thaw depth of the soil active layer of adjacent wetlands on CH 4 concentrations. δ 18 O‰ values suggest the observed dissolved gases originated mainly from soil pore water in the active layers of the wetlands, as opposed to organic-rich sediments in river beds, which serves as a common source for riverine CH 4 and CO 2 according to many other studies. A total of 444.30 t C was exported by the 3rd order main Emuer river during the growing season, and an export coefficient of 4.65 mg C m −2 day −1 was calculated for the wetland ecosystem. The dataset in this study is significant with regard to the global carbon balance because it is representative of the extensive wetlands occurring throughout the Eurasian permafrost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Warming increases soil C cycling microbial abundance, which will result in C loss. • Soil nif H and nir K gene abundances exhibit insensitivity to 6 years of warming. • Soil β-glucosidase, inverse, and urease respond differently to 6 years of warming. • Warming accelerates DOC decomposition and leaching from shrub non-rhizosphere soil. • No warming effect is observed on soil TC, MBC, and NO 3 −–N content. Soil microbes and enzymes in permafrost peatland are sensitive to temperature changes, which might result in more potential loss of carbon and increase in available nitrogen from permafrost peatlands in a warming world. We previously demonstrated that 3-year warming could affect soil microbial abundance and enzymatic activity. However, soil microbial abundance and enzymatic activity in permafrost peatlands under long-term climate warming is not well understood. Therefore, a 6-year field manipulation experiment was used to assess the impact of long-term warming on soil microbial abundance and enzymatic activity in a permafrost peatland in northeastern China. Results showed that 6-year warming increased the abundance of bacteria in 0 to 15 cm soil under tussock and from shrub rhizosphere, fungi from shrub non-rhizosphere, and archaea under tussock and from the rhizosphere of shrub. These increased microbial abundances could stimulate soil carbon cycling and accelerate soil carbon loss in permafrost peatland under warming. Six-year warming increased methanogen abundance in 0 to 15 cm soil and methanotroph abundance in 15 to 30 cm soil under tussock, indicating that warming could enhance CH 4 cycling. Soil nir S-denitrifier abundance from the 0 to 15 cm shrub rhizosphere increased under warming, thereby suggesting that warming stimulated denitrification and N 2 O emission. β-Glucosidase activity in 0 to 15 cm soil under tussock and from shrub rhizosphere increased, but invertase activity in 15 to 30 cm soil under tussock and from shrub rhizosphere showed opposite tendency under warming. DOC content tended to increase in the 0 to 15 cm rhizosphere soil, but decreased in shrub non-rhizosphere soil. Warming increased NH 4 +–N content in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil. Positive correlations between abundances of bacteria, archaea, contents of DOC, and NH 4 +–N in 0 to 15 cm soil suggest that increases in bacterial and archaeal abundance could indicate higher carbon and nitrogen availability in topsoil of permafrost peatlands under warming. The results offer new insights into the response of plant–soil-microbe interactions in permafrost peatlands to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Growing season carbon budget from the peatland was estimated to be 71–95 g C m−2. • Photosynthetically active radiation is a good indicator in estimating photoinhibition. • Soil respiration and plant respiration respond to environmental changes differently. • Detailed utilization and analyses of the eddy covariance data are important. Eddy covariance (EC) technique is a widely used method to quantify the net exchange of CO 2 between ecosystems and the atmosphere. The quality control and data analysis of calculated fluxes are essential to ensure accurate budget estimates. Ecosystem scale CO 2 exchange between a typical permafrost peatland of the Great Hing'an Mountains and the atmosphere was measured during the growing season of 2014 and 2015 using the open-path eddy covariance technique. Footprint analysis and turbulence stationary test were applied to the calculated fluxes to improve the data accuracy. High quality data were then screened to study emission patterns. Combining widely used models with the observed data, an empirical model derived by photosynthetically active radiation was developed to fit daily photosynthesis reduction. Seasonal variation of apparent quantum yield (α , mol CO 2 mol−1 photon), maximum photosynthesis rate (P max , µmol CO 2 m−2 s−1) and temperature sensitivity for respiration (E 0 , K) were found to follow a unimodal distribution and could be simulated by a Gaussian based equation. The use of EC data and the potential issues, especially the bias on respiration estimation, were discussed. Detailed utilization and analyses of the EC data are helpful in revealing the CO 2 exchange patterns on different time scales, and also contribute to reducing the result differences between EC and other measurement techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on network pharmacology analysis, this study was to uncover the anti-colorectal cancer (CRC) targets and molecular mechanisms exerted by puerarin. Pathological genes of CRC and therapeutic genes of puerarin were collected through well-established databases. The crucial targets of puerarin against CRC were further used for function and pathway enrichment assays to elucidate the biological processes and signaling pathways, followed by experiment-based verification. In network data, the most significant targets of tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase-1 (TDP1), aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A-1 (ALDH1A1), muscleblind like splicing regulator 1 (MBNL1), aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (HPGD) were screened and defined in anti-CRC effects exerted by puerarin. In further enrichment assays, the functional processes of puerarin against CRC were associated with energy pathways, metabolism, cell communication, signal transduction, aldehyde metabolism, DNA repair. Meanwhile, key ten signaling pathways from bioinformatic findings were ascertained respectively. As revealed in human data, CRC patients showed up-regulated expressions of endogenous TDP1, ALDH1A1, accompanied with visible hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Ki-67 stains and elevated blood tumor marker expressions. In further study in vitro , puerarin-treated human CRC cells resulted in inhibited cell growth, increased cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent way. Further, down-regulated expressions of TDP1, ALDH1A1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were detected in puerarin-treated CRC cells. In conclusion, the molecular network data manifest the biotargets and signaling pathways of puerarin against CRC, followed by verification of both human and cell line studies. Furthermore, the pharmacological molecules of TDP1, ALDH1A1 seem to be the possible targets for managing CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]