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Sessile serrated lesions (SSLs) and microvesicular hyperplastic polyps (MVHPs) are colorectal lesions displaying gastric differentiation. Griffonia simplicifolia‐II (GS‐II) is a lectin specific to terminal α/βGlcNAc residues. Here, we assessed GS‐II binding and performed immunostaining for HIK1083 (specific to terminal αGlcNAc residues), MUC5AC, MUC6, and special AT‐rich sequence binding protein 2 (SATB2) in SSLs, MVHPs, and tubular adenomas (TAs). We observed MUC5AC positivity in 28 of 30 SSLs, but in only three of 23 TAs. Moreover, 24 of 30 SSLs were MUC6‐positive, while none of the 23 TAs were MUC6‐positive. None of the 30 SSLs or 23 TAs showed HIK1083 positivity. All 30 SSLs and 26 MVHPs were GS‐II‐positive, while only seven of 23 were in TAs. GS‐II staining was mainly distributed in the Golgi region, but SSLs and MVHPs showed goblet cell distribution, in 20 of 30 and 19 of 26 cases, respectively. All SSLs, MVHPs, and TAs were SATB2‐positive, but 21 of 30 SSLs and 12 of 26 MVHPs showed decreased staining intensity relative to adjacent mucosa, a decrease seen in only two of 23 in TAs. These results indicate overall that increased terminal βGlcNAc and decreased SATB2 expression are characteristics of SSLs and MVHPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boiogito (BO), a Japanese traditional herbal medicine, has been reported to prevent knee osteoarthritis (KOA) development in in vivo studies. In the early stage of KOA, osteoclasts proliferate in the subchondral bone. This study aimed to investigate the preventive effect of BO on osteoclast proliferation, which remains unclear, in a KOA-induced rat model. KOA was induced in 12-week-old male Wistar rats using surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM). BO was mixed with powdered chow, applying 1%, 3%, and 5% of the total feed, and administered to KOA-induced rats. The rats were divided into 6 groups: control, sham, DMM, DMM + BO 1%, DMM + BO 3%, and DMM + BO 5%. Rotarod tests were performed each week to assess the locomotor function, and the right knees were harvested 28 days after surgery for histological analysis. Oral administration of BO significantly inhibited the decrease in the latency to fall off in the rotarod test, which was aggravated in the DMM group. Furthermore, KOA development was significantly prevented in the BO-administrated groups as assessed by the Osteoarthritis Research Society International score. The number of multinucleated activated osteoclasts in the subchondral bone was decreased in the BO-treated groups, which was increased in the DMM group. Therefore, oral administration of BO may reduce articular cartilage degeneration, osteoclast differentiation and proliferation in the KOA patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bronchiolar adenoma/ciliated muconodular papillary tumor is a lung neoplasm exhibiting various degrees of proximal and distal bronchiolar differentiation. Here, we evaluated distribution of MUC5AC and MUC5B in bronchiolar adenoma/ciliated muconodular papillary tumor for comparison with that seen in normal respiratory tract. In normal respiratory tract, MUC5AC was mainly distributed in large bronchi, while MUC5B was distributed in bronchi, bronchioles, and submucosal glands. In bronchiolar adenoma/ciliated muconodular papillary tumor, MUC5AC was primarily distributed in luminal cells of large airspaces, and MUC5B was distributed in luminal cells of small airspaces and mucinous glands, in addition to large airspaces, regardless of distal or proximal differentiation. In particular, MUC5B was distributed in non‐mucinous club and ciliated cells in both the normal respiratory tract and bronchiolar adenoma/ciliated muconodular papillary tumor. These results indicate that MUC5AC and MUC5B distribution in bronchiolar adenoma/ciliated muconodular papillary tumor is similar to that seen in normal respiratory tract, suggestive of organoid differentiation simulating the normal lung. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the synthesis of ionic-liquid-supported 1,3-dimethylimidazolidin-2-one, together with the halogenation of alcohols in a reaction system in which this reagent is combined with oxalyl chloride. A new method was established that does not require additives such as bases, and which permits the ready isolation and purification of the product. Good conversions were obtained, and good reusability of the reagent was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitric oxide (NO) is known to play pivotal roles as one of the final effector molecules in the development of allergic diseases, including allergic rhinitis (AR). Although quercetin has been reported to attenuate the clinical conditions of AR, its influence on NO production is not well defined. The present study aimed to examine the influence of quercetin on in vitro NO production from nasal epithelial cells after interleukin- (IL-) 4 stimulation. Human nasal epithelial cells (HNEpCs) at a concentration of 1 x 105 cells/ml were stimulated with 10.0 ng/ml of IL-4 in the presence and absence of quercetin. After 48 hours, the culture supernatants were collected and assayed for NO (NO2 and NO3) using the Griess method. The influences of quercetin on the transcription factor, STAT6, activation, and iNOS mRNA expression were also examined using ELISA and real-time quantitative RT-PCR, respectively. Addition of quercetin to cell cultures caused suppression of NO production from HNEpCs after IL-4 stimulation. The minimum concentration of quercetin that caused significant suppression was 1.0 nM. Treatment of cells with quercetin at more than 1.0 nM suppressed STAT6 activation and iNOS mRNA expression induced by IL-4 stimulation. The present results strongly suggested that quercetin favorably modified the clinical condition of AR through the suppression of NO production from nasal epithelial cells after IL-4 stimulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]