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Abstract Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin cancer. However, BCC on the scrotum is very rare, with an incidence of 0.03%. Giant BCC, in which the tumour is larger than 5 cm, has also been reported as a rare variant. Here, we report a 71‐year‐old male with a giant BCC on the scrotum and review similar cases reported in English. None of the four cases of giant BCC on the scrotum, including the present case, showed lymph node or distant metastasis. Wide local excision was conducted in all cases, and no recurrence was reported. The role of human papilloma virus in scrotal BCC development remains unclear.

This article deals with the problem of testing for two normal sub-mean vectors when the data set have two-step monotone missing observations. Under the assumptions that the population covariance matrices are equal, we obtain the likelihood ratio test (LRT) statistic. Furthermore, an asymptotic expansion for the null distribution of the LRT statistic is derived under the two-step monotone missing data by the perturbation method. Using the result, we propose two improved statistics with good chi-squared approximation. One is the modified LRT statistic by Bartlett correction, and the other is the modified LRT statistic using the modification coefficient by linear interpolation. The accuracy of the approximations are investigated by using a Monte Carlo simulation. The proposed methods are illustrated using an example.

Background: Medication adherence has an important influence on health outcomes in patients with chronic diseases. However, few studies have been performed in Japan to determine factors related to medication non-adherence. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify prescription factors related to medication non-adherence by investigating patient characteristics, all prescriptions, and prescriptions for oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs).Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional survey of prescription data about implementation of dosing regimen was performed at community pharmacies engaged in appropriate use of leftover drugs. We evaluated the amount of drugs originally prescribed and the reduced amount after use of leftover drugs, and then calculated prescription reduction ratio (PRR). We analyzed prescription factors contributing to non-adherence based on the PRR.Results: Prescription information for 1,207 patients was reviewed, revealing that patients were non-adherent to 58% of prescriptions. Lack of a drug copayment, fewer concurrent drugs, and drugs not in single-dose packaging were associated with non-adherence. Among the 1,207 patients, 234 prescriptions for diabetes and 452 OAD formulations were included. Forty-seven percent of prescriptions and 29% of the formulations were non-adherent. A higher dosing frequency and preprandial administration were associated with non-adherence. Among the OADs, adherence was lower for α-glucosidase inhibitors and biguanides than for sulfonylureas. Conclusions: Several factors related to patient characteristics, general drug prescriptions, and OAD prescriptions were associated with non-adherence. Further consideration will be needed to improve adherence to medication in Japan. Health care providers should perform more careful monitoring of adherence in patients with the factors identified by this study.

BACKGROUND Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is a malignant skin tumor with a relatively good prognosis. The standard treatment is wide local resection or Mohs micrographic surgery. However, conservative excision may be a better option when radical wide local excision is difficult to perform due to the patients' mental or physical condition. There have been no studies on the prognosis of patients with EMPD who underwent conservative excision. OBJECTIVE To compare the prognosis of conservative excision cases to wide excision cases of EMPD. MATERIALS AND METHODS The authors retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 69 cases of EMPD without metastases to lymph nodes or organs (11 cases treated with conservative excision, 58 cases treated with wide local excision) who underwent resection of the primary tumor from 2002 to 2022 in the Department of Dermatology at Hokkaido University Hospital. RESULTS The log-rank test showed no significant differences in overall survival or metastasis-free survival between the wide excision group and the conservative excision group, although conservative surgery was often chosen in elderly patients or patients with lower performance status. CONCLUSION This study suggests that conservative surgery should be considered as a treatment option for EMPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we consider the likelihood ratio test (LRT) for a normal mean vector when the data have a monotone pattern of missing observations. We derive modified likelihood ratio test (MLRT) statistic by using decomposition of the likelihood ratio (LR). Further, we investigate the accuracy of the upper percentiles of this test statistic by Monte Carlo simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The approximate upper percentile of Hotelling's T²-type statistic is de- rived in order to construct simultaneous confidence intervals for comparisons with a control under elliptical populations with unequal sample sizes. Ac- curacy and conservativeness of Bonferroni approximations are evaluated via a Monte Carlo simulation study. Finally, we explain the real data analysis using procedures derived in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We were able to show the predominant incorporation of a single enantiomer and intact incorporation of multiply labelled synthetic diketide precursors (14and 16), which established the intermediacy of cyclopropanated diketide and led to our proposal for the unprecedented biological cyclopropanation, viaPKS (polyketide synthase) having a novel cyclopropanase domain, in the biosynthesis of FR-900848 (1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider profile analysis for the observations with two- step monotone missing data. There exist three interesting hypotheses - the parallelism hypothesis, level hypothesis, and flatness hypothesis - when comparing the profiles of some groups. The T 2-type statistics and their asymptotic null distributions for the three hypotheses are given for two- sample profile analysis. We propose the approximate upper percentiles of these test statistics. When the data do not have missing observations, the test statistics perform lower than the usual test statistics, for example, as in [8]. Further, we consider a parallel profile model for several groups when the data have two-step monotone missing observations. Under the assumption of non-missing data, the likelihood ratio test procedure is derived by [16]. We derive the test statistic based on the likelihood ratio. Finally, in order to investigate the accuracy for the null distributions of the proposed statistics, we perform a Monte Carlo simulation for some selected parameters values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]