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Airborne Lidar Bathymetry (ALB) is a technology for characterizing the depths of shallow-water bodies in relatively transparent waters from an airborne platform using a scanning and pulsed light beam. A bathymetric LiDAR usually uses wo laser pulses: one is a near-infrared (NIR) laser pulse for land topography and the other is a green laser pulse for submarine topography. In recent years, ALB has become more popular in river and coastal surveying in Japan. The accuracy of ALB has been verified by comparison with the results of acoustic sounding or levelling. However, since the comparison with either acoustic sounding or levelling is limited to a partial comparison at a point or on a line such as a cross section, it is not suitable for overall verification for detailed terrain features. In addition, accuracy verification by comparison between the results of ALB's green laser scanning and those of NIR laser scanning has been performed in the past only on land, but not in water. As scattering of the green laser occurs when measuring in water, it is possible to affirm that the verification under actual operating conditions has not been sufficiently investigated. In this study, we conducted NIR laser scanning in a natural pond and an artificial pool when they had no water, and conducted green laser scanning when they were filled with water. Thus, the NIR laser scanning and the green laser scanning could be compared in terms of surface measurement for the same bottom of the water body. It was confirmed that the green laser in water has sufficient accuracy compared to the NIR laser in actual operation conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Japan has many meandering rivers in her mountainous areas. Many hazards have occurred in their surroundings. Airborne laser scanning (ALS) is one of measures for disaster prevention in the surrounding of a meandering river. In Japan, ordinary ALS by using both a fixed wing airplane and a rotary wing airplane adopts flying along straight lines over a target area. Although ALS along straight lines is effective when a target area is planar, ALS along straight lines for a meandering river in a mountainous area increases the number of flying courses and flight time. On the other hand, although ALS by a meandering flight along a target meandering river would be efficient in data acquisition, it depends on the skill of a pilot and brings difficulty in data processing to secure measuring accuracy. We decided to develop a new efficient ALS method by a meandering flight. It systematizes flight planning, GCP allocation, and data processing especially course adjustment to secure required measuring accuracy. After conducting preliminary experiments in the test area, measuring accuracy was verified following the operation guidelines for the Japanese public surveying established by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of Japan. The result that the accuracy by a meandering flight would be almost the same as that by a straight-line flight, and indicated that it would meet the operation guidelines for Japanese public surveying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile mapping technology is an effective method to collect geospatial data with high point density and accuracy. It is mainly used for asset inventory and map generation, as well as road maintenance (detecting road cracks and ruts, and measuring flatness). Equipment of former mobile mapping systems (MMS) is large in size and usually installed (hard-mounted) onto dedicated vehicle. Cost-effectiveness and flexibility of MMS have not been regarded as important until Leica Pegasus series, a much smaller system with integrated and configurable components, come out. In this paper, we show you how we realize a versatile MMS with a Pegasus II loaded on a remodelled Japanese light vehicle (small size and less than a cubic capacity of 660 cc). Besides Pegasus II and data-processing PC, we equip this system with a small crane to bring the sensor onto a different platform, an electric cart to survey narrow roads or pedestrian walkway, and a boat attachment so that the sensor can be fixed on a boat. Thus, one Pegasus II can collect data from various platforms. This paper also discusses the precision and accuracy of the Pegasus II working on various platforms. When mounted on a light vehicle, we verified the accuracy of the difference with GCP and evaluated the accuracy of the road maintenance (detecting road cracks and ruts, and measuring flatness). When mounted on an electric cart, we verified the accuracy of the difference with GCP on a pedestrian road and generated road hazard map as a data utilization. When mounted on a boat, we verified the accuracy of the difference with GCP on a dam slope and created slope shading map of landslide area as a data utilization. It turns out that Pegasus II can totally achieve to required surveying-grade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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What is known and objective A simple, rapid analysis is required to simultaneously analyse medicinal toxicants in emergency medical care. In this regard, the analysis of blood samples by LC- MS/ MS equipped with a spin column, involving a rapid, simple pretreatment, has attracted attention. In this study, sample pretreatment using a Monospin C18 column was performed to screen 11 medicinal toxicants in blood samples by LC- MS/ MS. Methods Serum samples supplemented with 11 medical toxicants-acetaminophen, salicylic acid, nitrazepam, diphenhydramine, bromvalerylurea, phenobarbital, amitriptyline, risperidone, fenitrothion, malathion and methomyl-were pretreated with the Monospin C18 column according to Pretreatment I and Pretreatment II, followed by LC- MS/ MS analysis. Results and discussion All toxicants were not detected by a single pretreatment method but were detected by two pretreatment methods. According to Pretreatment I, 10 medicinal toxicants-excluding salicylic acid-were detected. The recovery rates of all medicinal toxicants, except acetaminophen and methomyl, were greater than or equal to 80%. Salicylic acid was detected by Pretreatment II, with a recovery rate of 57.1%. Although the coefficient of variation was less than that reported in previous methods employing SPE, the recovery rates were better possibly because of the simultaneous adsorption of water- and lipid-soluble substances and evaporation by drying. What is new and Conclusion As LC- MS/ MS analysis using Monospin C18 can simultaneously and rapidly screen several medicinal toxicants present in blood samples, it is expected to be highly suitable for clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the design and fabrication of a 2D monolithic pixelated detector array using metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy grown thick CdTe epitaxial layers on Si substrates. Each pixel in the array consists of a p-CdTe/n-CdTe/n^+-Si heterojunction diode structure, and pixels were patterned by cutting deep vertical grooves using a dicing saw. We also developed a low-temperature conductive-epoxy based bonding technique to bond the array to the read out electronic circuit via an interface board. Preliminary evaluation shows that the fabricated array is capable of discriminating energies of the incident radiation and can be applied for the energy discriminating imaging purpose. Moreover, this fabrication technique is useful in developing larger imaging arrays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present reverse bias current (dark current) characteristics of a two-dimensional monolithic pixel-type nuclear radiation detector array fabricated using metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE)-grown thick CdTe epitaxial layers on Si substrate. The (14 × 8) pixel array was formed by cutting deep vertical trenches using a dicing saw, where each pixel possesses a p-CdTe/ n-CdTe/ n-Si heterojunction diode structure. The dark currents showed pixel-to-pixel variations when measured at higher applied biases exceeding 100 V. The dark current had a dependence on the pixel thickness, where pixels with lower CdTe thickness exhibited higher currents. Moreover, the temperature dependence of the dark current revealed that a deep level with activation energy of around 0.6 eV is responsible for the observed dark currents and their pixel-to-pixel variation. We discuss that the effective ratio of Te to Cd at the growth surface is a major factor that controls the thickness variation, and is also responsible for the formation of 0.6 eV deep levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present fabrication process of two-dimensional (2D) energy discriminating pixel-type imaging arrays. Each pixel in the array possesses a p-CdTe/n-CdTe/n+-Si heterojunction diode structure. The array is fabricated using metalorganic vapour-phase epitaxy grown thick layers of single crystal CdTe on (211)Si substrates. In order to avoid the charge sharing problem among the adjacent pixels, we used a mechanical saw based pixel pattering technique, which produced pixels that are isolated from each other by narrow vertical trenches. Preliminary evaluation with room-temperature reverse biased dark current values exhibited uniform response from the entire pixels in the array. This opens a new possibility for developing large-area imaging arrays in a simple and efficient way. (© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexistyly is a unique floral mechanism involving extreme curving of the style. It was first described in Chinese ginger (Amomum, Zingiberaceae). This is a pioneer report on flexistylous gingers of Malesia, where most species of this family grow. We observed the floral behaviour and flower visitors inAlpinia nieuwenhuiziiVal., a Bornean endemic. Although the floral behaviour and effective pollinators (carpenter bees,Xylocopa) were similar between the Bornean species and the previously reported flexistylousAlpinia, the pollinator behaviour between them strikingly differed with regard to the visit frequency of the pollinators showing a bimodal pattern during the day. This was a better match for the floral behaviour of the flexistylousAlpinia. Some gender differentiation observed between the two types of morphs is also discussed in the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cu-bearing pyroxene, Mg(Cu.56,Mg.44)Si2O6, has been synthesized by a flux method and crystal structure refinement has been performed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. It is found that the crystal structure is orthorhombic (space group Pbca) with unit cell dimensions of a=18.221(4), b=8.890(1), c=5.2260(7)Å and the cell volume of 846.5( )3Å3. In the M2-site one of the M-O bonds(M-O3B) is extremely expanded from 2.444(2) in enstatite to 2.732(2), thus the coordination polyhedron around M2-site is regarded as square pyramidal rather than square planar or octahedral. It is also found that the M1-site in the pyroxene structure is occupied almost exclusively by Mg, while the M2-site is almost evenly occupied by Mg and Cu. The observed extreme site preference shown by Cu2+ is unusual among the divalent cations with similar ionic sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]