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The tradition of temperance movement in the Bohemian lands dates back to the early 20th century. It gained momentum after World War I, which was perceived by the movement as a consequence of the decline and the movement sought to prevent any similar conflicts in the future. Its aim was to solve the issue of alcoholism, which posed a serious social and health problem. The movement was based and relied on the knowledge and current trends coming from Western Europe and the U.S. It found support among professionals and laymen alike, often through the prism of religion. The article discusses the temperance movement in the Bohemian lands in the first half of the 20th century. The article traces the movement’s origins and history – especially its acceptance by education and sports associations, clubs and societies. Special emphasis is put on the Sokol organisation and its diverse temperance activities, which were intended to lead its own members to voluntary sobriety and complete abstinence (teetotalism). Such activities were meant to offer an example for the entire nation. The main emphasis is on the Moravian region, which spearheaded the temperance movement and would influence the rest of the Bohemian lands for a long time. It also considers local conditions and the communitywide support, as well as what the entire movement achieved from the times of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the end of the First Czechoslovak Republic. It also looks closely at the interconnectedness and synergies among the various temperance organisations.

Undercover police operations have long been recognized as legally and ethically problematic, leading to court appeals and discourse about the appropriate uses of deception and manipulation by the state. The issue was debated as early as 1886, when a jury acquitted a defendant because the evidence was gathered using deceptive methods. In Sarnia, Ontario, a tavern owner named Charles Hand was accused of orchestrating the bombing of temperance leaders' homes. The Crown's case was based on the testimony of an undercover detective who had befriended Hand and his family. With the support of the trial judge, the defense discredited the testimony on the basis that detectives were thought to be disreputable people, a fact confirmed by their surreptitious investigations under the Canada Temperance Act. At issue was the question of how anyone could accept the testimony of a detective who had used lies and deception against reputable people. While, ostensibly, the Hand case was a victory of the "wets" over the "drys," it was also a conflict over police modernization. In this case study, I argue that the employment of this novel investigative tactic challenged traditional, anti-modern, views about the appropriate limits of police behaviour, deception, and state authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temperance movement has had substantial public health impacts. • Impacts on individual consumption, where studied, have always been positive. • Six of the nine temperance countries continue to have national or regional government stores particularly for the sale of heavily taxed spirits, with limits as well on the accessibility of alcohol. • There have been associations with other movements - most importantly women's suffrage. • There is an historical connection between the historical temperance movements and recent developments in alcohol consumption in the relevant countries. The study aims to assess firstly, the historical (pre-2000) achievements in the control of alcohol and its adverse health consequences in the nine developed countries with mass temperance movements. Currently (post-2000), it looks at achievements in developed countries more generally, including these nine countries. The study is a policy analysis conducted within an historical timeframe. This principally involves the historical impacts on government schemes regulating alcohol as well as individual alcohol consumption and its consequences. Trends since 2000 in alcohol consumption in young people in high-income temperance cultures are also examined. Substantial alcohol-related public health impacts have occurred in almost all of the nine countries, either on relevant government schemes and/or individual alcohol consumption. Regarding government schemes, five of the nine temperance countries, and in part a sixth (the US), retain government store monopoly systems, offering heavily-taxed spirits with limits on their accessibility. Impacts on individual consumption in these countries, where studied, were positive. Consumption in young people since 2000 in high income countries is lower in temperance than non-temperance countries. It is concluded that temperance culture has had substantial and enduring governmental and individual public health impacts relating to alcohol consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1880s, the U.S. Army established on-post canteens as a way of curbing excessive drinking in off-post taverns. Army officers supported the canteen concept, but when large numbers of citizen volunteers entered the army in 1898, the temperance movement, particularly the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), successfully advocated for the canteen's abolition. The ensuing public debate revealed contesting popular images of soldiers: innocent boys or adult men. The canteen debate focused the attention of Progressive Era activists on moral and social conditions in the army, and engendered a long debate over the role of the army in American society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some historians have argued that the teetotal societies active in Sydney in the 1830s and 1840s performed a function that was primarily symbolic, serving more to display the respectability of the movement's already sober adherents than to promote the reform of habitual drunkards. One phenomenon that runs counter to this characterisation of the societies is the close personal experiences that several of the movement's most prominent clerical leaders and supporters in this period had with the dynamics of alcohol addiction. In this article I trace the impact of those experiences on the teetotal movement. While the precise nature of the experiences differed from person to person, their cumulative impact helps to explain the enthusiasm with which these clerical leaders embraced the teetotal societies of the temperance movement's second wave, the strategies that they advocated and the rhetoric with which they promoted them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do social interactions shape collective action, and how are they mediated by networked information technologies? We answer these questions studying the Temperance Crusade, a wave of anti-liquor protest activity spreading across 29 states between 1873 and 1874. Relying on exogenous variation in network links generated by railroad accidents, we provide causal evidence of social interactions driving the diffusion of the movement, mediated by rail and telegraph information about neighboring activity. Local newspaper coverage of the crusade was a key channel mediating these effects. Using an event-study methodology, we find strong complementarities between rail and telegraph networks in driving the movement's spread. (JEL D83, J16, L92, L96, N31, N41, N71) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article challenges the theoretical "sectoral model" of civil society through a historical case study and offers an alternative actor-centered approach inspired by American pragmatism. First, three separate strands of research are identified that each conceptualize civil society as a sector with institutional independence, a single normative logic, and fixed roles. Building on archival material on the Danish temperance organization the Blue Cross, the article then compares the theory to the empirical case. It is argued that the CSO exposes three types of "awkwardness" in the sector model, as the Blue Cross (1) de-differentiated and became part of the public system of treatment for alcoholism, (2) applied multiple logics depending on the audience it addressed, and (3) acted in the role of "interpreter" rather than "antenna"—and specifically interpreted the needs of alcoholics in mutual understanding with state authorities. Finally, an alternative approach to the study of CSOs is proposed: a historically sensitive approach that differently from an ahistorical model analyzes collective actors historically, affirmatively, and situationally through their application of contentious and non-contentious repertoires of civic action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In Norway in the 19th and 20th century the consumption of liquor formed the basis for a peculiar political culture manifested in restrictive alcohol legislation in combination with a strong temperance movement. A restrictive alcohol culture in a country where the alcohol consumption was low in comparison with other countries in Europe at that time is in this article perceived as a paradox. The article investigates how drinking habits were practiced among the elites and common people in rural and urban areas in the county of Telemark and concludes that drinking habits in Telemark in the 19th century confirm the impression of Telemark as divided. In the rural and western part of the county popular drinking habits and practices were maintained. People seemed to express a mentality in which maintenance of traditions, habits and practices was valued. A premise for social and cultural acceptance was to sustain the norms and values that old practices represented. In the urban areas in Telemark the bourgeoisie influenced social manners and drinking practices. According to their economic and cultural power, the bourgeois way of life served as an example in local communities. Continental manners, which also meant heavy drinking, were practiced but this way of drinking was perceived as more “sophisticated”.

The paper strives to reveal the background of Jack London’s novel John Barleycorn (1913) which is analyzed in the context of Temperance Movement and the topoi that are typical for its visual propaganda and literature. Jack London used the conventions and clichees typical for Temperance literature, changing them, however, renewing Temperance rhetoric and introducing innovations that allowed the writer to break the limits of the canon and to create a unique, complex, and original work, its literary form and message going far beyond the Temperance agenda.

The American Civil War resulted in massive numbers of injured and ill soldiers. Throughout the conflict, medical doctors relied on opium to treat these conditions, giving rise to claims that the injudicious use of the narcotic caused America's post-bellum opium crisis. Similar claims of medical misuse of opioids are now made as America confronts the modern narcotic crisis. A more nuanced thesis based on a broader base of Civil War era research suggests a more complex set of interacting factors that collectively contributed to America's post-war opium crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many commentators on Edgar Allan Poe's "The Black Cat" attribute the writer's interest in Gothic and psychological themes to his short, unhappy life. Others endeavored to analyze his stories and probe his characters in the light of the historical era in which they were written. In "The Black Cat," for instance, critics find in the story an allegory of racial relations and intemperance control, two of the most important issues of the time. Still, little attention has been paid to the domestic issues in the story, especially the relationship between the narrator and his wife. This article aims to read the story as an allegory of marital jealousy by comparing the relationship between the narrator and his wife to that of Othello and Desdemona in Shakespeare's Othello. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Croatian Journal of Education / Hrvatski Časopis za Odgoj i Obrazovanje is the property of Uciteljski Fakultet u Zagrebu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Five studies examine how the two distinct emotional states of shame and guilt influence the effectiveness of messages that highlight socially undesirable consequences of alcohol consumption. Appeals that frame others as observing versus suffering the negative consequences of binge drinking differentially activate shame and guilt. Given these emotional consequences of message framing, the authors examine the interaction between incidental shame or guilt and message framing on drinking intentions and behavior. Compatible appeals (i.e., appeals that elicit the same emotion as being incidentally experienced by the consumer) are less effective in influencing behavioral intentions and beverage consumption because of a process in which consumers discount the notion that they may cause the negative consequences outlined in the message. Such defensive processing of compatible messages is driven by a desire to reduce the existing negative emotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the proclamation of the Republic of Latvia and after the end of Independence War, parliamentary democracy regime provided new opportunities for temperance workers in Latvia to establish new associations, including branches from the international temperance organisations. For temperance propaganda its advocates chose the blueprint of practice and ideological background of temperance movement in the USA. The idea of complete ban of alcohol sales was the aim of the temperance movement in Latvia till the middle of the 1930s. Focusing on the alcohol misuse in society less as a moral, but rather as a medical problem, the role of women's participation and contribution to the movement success became vital. From the gender role prospective women were seen primarily as mothers and educators and their goal was to abstain from the use of alcohol in order to produce healthy children and from early age educate them about dangers of alcohol. Especially after the coup in 1934, this belief became a tool of nationalism in order to recreate Latvian moral values and healthy society in future. In the Republic of Latvia this opinion as a focal goal was propagated by the Latvian branch of the World's Women Christian Temperance Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temperance movement in Turkey had its roots in various historical sources. Protestant missionary propaganda, the establishment of an Ottoman Society for the Prohibition of Alcoholic Beverages under the patronage of the Committee of Union and Progress, and the lodges of Der neutralen Guttempler-Orden founded by Professor Auguste-Henri Forel of Zurich in a number of Ottoman cities can be distinguished as movers. Dr. Khachig Boghossian (1875-1955), the chief of the psychiatry clinic of the Surp Prgich Armenian Hospital in Istanbul, collaborated with Prof. Forel during his visit to Turkey in 1910 to inaugurate the Armenan lodge of the Order, and subsequently formed the Turkio Hagalkolagan Ingeragtsıtyun / Anti-Alcohol League of Turkey. Huys (l'Espoir/Hope) was published as the monthly organ of the League. One signature of the anti-alcohol campaigns during the Second Constitutional period was the Green Crescent, which has since been in use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the effects of the prohibition movement on the women's suffrage movement in the U.S. Topics include the challenges confronted in amending the U.S. Constitution, the enactment of the Eighteenth Amendment on prohibition in 1919 and the Nineteenth Amendment on women's suffrage in 1920, and the support by conservative Americans that led to the enactment of the amendments.

In his influential account of the political history of early colonial Australia, Michael Roe identified the temperance movement of the 1830s–1840s as a pivotal factor in the secularisation of Australian culture and institutions. The belief system that drove the movement, he argued, was not traditional Christian doctrine but a "new faith" of "moral enlightenment." In this article I test the validity of Roe's claim, drawing on the work of a more recent generation of historians and sociologists who have argued for more "porous" and "reciprocal" accounts of concepts such as reason, religion, the Enlightenment, and the secular. Its focus is on the writings and activities of John Saunders, whose endeavours on behalf of the temperance cause were such that he was described by his contemporaries as the "life and soul" of the society, the "father" of the movement, and the "apostle of temperance." It examines the role played by key Enlightenment motifs such as improvement, optimism, reason and cooperation within the rhetoric of Saunders's writings and the reasoning that informed his actions, exploring the various and complicated ways in which he articulated the relationship between evangelical religious conviction and the quest for the common good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article probes the discourses of the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) in the war on alcohol, prison reform, and the twin punishments of lynching and incarceration that help recontextualize Frances Harper's 1893 novel Iola Leroy. The argument between Frances Willard and Ida B. Wells frames the illusory fear of black men raping white women and the threat of miscegenation. Harper's novelistic response to this debate is to create multiple discourses for diverse audiences: white slavery, miscegenation, and the rise of a carceral state and its practice of convict leasing and the chain-gang. The article shows that the debates over women's issues, domesticity, gender normativity, and prison reform within the WCTU disrupt the discourse of the tragic mulatta that has often been assumed primary and has softened the narrative critique in Iola Leroy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how the Swedish insurance company Ansvar established and expended an international business from the 1930s to the 1990s with the motives to insure total abstainers while battling against alcohol abuse in society. Anvar represented a for-profit business that aimed at addressing social issues. The case provides a historical example of how shared value was created between the company and the temperance movement for the joint goal of improving society through temperance. The article argues that the company's decline was due to changing values, where alcohol was no longer seen as a threat to society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the outcome of the controversial 1947 New South Wales liquor referendum. As part of proposed reforms to liquor legislation, the New South Wales government asked the people to decide whether evening trading hours for hotel bars should be extended from six o'clock to either nine or ten o'clock. Early closing was retained with a significant majority, despite widespread recognition that early closing had created a problematic binge-drinking culture. Drawing on newspaper articles, letters to the editor, advertisements, trade journals, parliamentary records and temperance literature, this article will examine why there was such extensive public support for six o'clock closing in 1947. It will focus in particular on the role of two seemingly opposed groups - the temperance movement and the trade union movement - in the campaign to retain early closing, revealing surprisingly similar arguments used by these groups during their campaigns. The article argues that mid-century notions of restraint, moderation and respectability perpetuated public support for restrictive liquor legislation, and that temperance and trade union groups successfully capitalised on these notions in their campaign for six o'clock closing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The First World War precipitated an upsurge in temperance campaigning. Inspired by a dominant discourse of sacrifice and self‐denial, most state legislatures introduced reduced trading hours for hotels. Queensland was the exception. Six o’clock closing was resisted in the northern state despite a vigorous and rancorous campaign for its introduction. This paper maps the contours of the debates around early closing and temperance in Queensland. Like so many other tensions induced by the war, the campaign both generated and was evidence for deep divisions in Queensland society around class, politics and religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some of the most visible recent movements in Russia cannot be accurately described as either bottom-up or top-down. They are copycat movements, in that the initial idea for a new type of public activity spreads quickly across numerous locales with minimal organizational efforts on the part of those who originated it. This article analyzes three such movements and discusses the structural features they share despite their widely differing ideological background, objectives, and popularity: the Strategy-31 protests for the freedom of assembly, the ultranationalist temperance movement known as Russian Runs, and the commemorative processions titled Immortal Regiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Darbai ir Dienos is the property of Vytautas Magnus University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: In Australia, recent years have seen a rise in the popularity of temporary abstinence campaigns, in which people pledge to abstain from alcohol for a month while raising funds for charity. In addition to their fundraising aims, such initiatives have been viewed as tools for broader behavioural and cultural change around alcohol, encouraging participants to reflect on their drinking and make longer-term changes to their behaviour. The extent to which these initiatives promote enduring change may depend on how they portray the experience of temporarily abstaining from alcohol, and how they position participants.Method: We conducted a thematic discourse analysis of e-mails and website content from the 2016 editions of Dry July™ and Ocsober™, two Australian temporary abstinence campaigns.Results: Both campaigns featured an overarching portrayal of participation as a hero's journey through sobriety, with participants embarking on a quest to fundraise for their cause, and returning from their experience transformed. However, the campaigns differed in the way they positioned participants. Dry July™ consistently positioned participants as heroes, promoting both fundraising and reflection on longer-term behaviour changes. In contrast, Ocsober™ offered varied and inconsistent positions which were less likely to engage participants or prompt enduring changes in behaviour, for example positioning participants as alcohol abusers or on a detox.Conclusion: Our findings emphasise the need to attend to how campaigns materials position participants in order to strengthen the effectiveness of such campaigns as health promotion tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the long-term consequences of the U.S. temperance movement, one of the largest-scale policy changes impacting alcohol consumption in history. Using a sample of persons born between 1900 and 1925 drawn from nationally representative census microdata, the study investigates the effect of prenatal temperance environment on adult educational outcomes. The quantitative analysis uses proxies for temperance environment: the strength of temperance laws and the density of liquor retailers. In sum, the evidence suggests that men and women exposed to the temperance movement in utero had modestly higher education. The effect on eighth grade completion was weakly significant at best, while the effect on high school completion was robustly significant, though relatively small in magnitude. Estimates imply that the adoption of temperance laws increased the odds of high school completion by about 3–8%, and analogously that the reduction of retail liquor density, to the extent it changed from 1913 to 1921, increased the odds of high school completion by about 4–8%. The findings are consistent with several causal mechanisms including a reduction in fetal alcohol exposure and the adverse developmental outcomes with which it is associated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how a coalition of American protestant churches, missionaries, and civil society organizations attempted to export their moral crusade for alcohol and drug prohibition, and other vices from the United States to Mexico. The focus of this analysis is the anti-alcohol activities of these groups at the U.S.-Mexico border during the period of Prohibition (1920-1933) when the manufacture and sale of alcohol were forbidden by the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. A central purpose for these moral reformers was to contain alcohol consumption and trade at the U.S.-Mexico border. During Prohibition, Americans crossed into Mexico to drink and gamble, as well as to smuggle alcohol and drugs back home. In an attempt to contain these activities, American protestant groups tried to pressure Mexican and American authorities to close the ports of entry or to establish a dry zone along the border. Most of their efforts were ultimately unsuccessful; alcohol never became a part of the U.S.-Mexico formal diplomacy, and alcohol prohibition never gained enough popularity in Mexico. However, in 1898 with the U.S. acquisition of new territories in Asia, narcotics became part of the American global agenda; the federal government joined the social reformers' fight against drugs in the world arena. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, narcotics prohibitionist policies have remained as part of the U.S.-Mexico relations, with all the negative consequences of black markets, violence, and corruption that have resulted since their foundation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been debated whether the Hippocratic Oath's commitment referring to not administering poisonous/ deadly drugs prohibits: euthanasia, assisted suicide or murder. The first goal was to analyze if the prohibition of administering poisonous/ deadly drugs was kept and how it changed in medical oaths of Hippocratic stemma of different time periods and religious orientations. The second aim was discern what is forbidden: euthanasia, assisted suicide or murder. Seventeen medical oaths: 4 Medieval, 2 Modern and 11 Contemporary oaths were studied and divided into those expressing the commitment like the original, those that may include it depending on the interpretation and those that do not mention it. Medieval and Modern oaths express it similarly to the Hippocratic Oath, possibly due to religious and Hippocratic/Galenic influences. What they forbid cannot be inferred. Contemporary oaths maintaining the commitment tend to include phrases regarding active euthanasia and assisted suicide. Other contemporary oaths may generalize it. It would be advisable that medical oaths would contain clear and specific premises regarding this commitment depending on the country, school and the student body's idiosyncrasies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the temperance songs of American composer Stephen C. Foster in the 19th century. Topics covered include the beginning of Foster's alcoholism in the middle of the century, a focus on alcohol's negative impact on home and family in the songs "Comrades" and "The Wife," how drinking is implied in the "Willie" songs, and comic drinking songs composed with lyricist George Cooper. Also mentioned are Foster's empathy for the drinker and sympathy for the family of the drinker.

Reducing youth exposure to alcohol advertising is a global health priority. In most countries around the world, the alcohol industry is given the opportunity to regulate itself with respect to advertising practices. Generally, the alcohol industry self-regulations are lax, allowing youth to be disproportionately exposed to alcohol advertising. However, Beam Global Spirits and Wine (Beam) voluntarily adopted more restrictive advertising standards in the United States in 2007. This study assessed Beam's compliance with their new standard and estimates its effect on youth exposure and advertising costs. We found that Beam's compliance with its more restrictive standards was imperfect, but never-the-less, we estimated that youth exposure to alcohol advertising was reduced compared to other spirits brands. Beam's more restrictive standards did not increase their advertising costs, and therefore other alcohol companies should consider adopting similar standards around the world. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the interwar international conferences on the alcohol problem. How did they view the alcohol problem and its causes; what were the consequences for the individual and the society as a whole; and which solutions merited discussion? The first post-war conferences enjoyed an optimistic and internationalistic atmosphere, added to by American prohibition, which had given the temperance movement plenty to be hopeful about. But when the 1920s turned to the 1930s, the conferences were transformed into arenas for national solutions and into outright propaganda pieces. The responses to the alcohol problem debated in the interwar conferences built on a combination of scientifically masked ideological conviction and ideologically inspired passion for science. The apparently neutral ethics of such thinking was manifested in various radical measures to combat alcohol abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In common with similar popular pressure groups, the temperance movement needed to inspire, to inform and to integrate its members, and music was a vital tool to fulfil these functions. This article explores temperance music, particularly songs, performed in a range of contexts from concerts of 15,000 voices to the individual use of material produced in songbooks and periodicals. The tonic sol-fa movement grew symbiotically with the drive for temperance and, with developments in printing and distribution, this musical technology enabled the effective spreading of the temperance message through activity and entertainment. A case study of songs for children reveals that, predictably, songs were informed by religion to some extent and acted as vehicles for propaganda, instilling principles and offering guidance. However, many were more martial and encouraged children to act as agents. Temperance songs were not merely instructive; many were designed to rouse the singer – and hearer – into action. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

My aim is to analyse how the alcohol question and its responses were framed in the formative period in 1885-1913, when the international anti-alcohol conferences were taking shape. How was the alcohol problem framed in terms of current discussions on general themes such as the individual's role in society, the challenges of modernity and the contribution of science in solving a problem that was traditionally seen as a moral issue? The anti-alcohol conferences of 1885-1913 can be seen as an arrangement for the modern state where the temperance movement placed itself in the service of the state and at the same time demanded that it be given some responsibility for the future development. These were years when the nation acted as a point of reference in several questions that were chafing within the modern project: population qualities and the condition of future generations, the notion of citizenship, industrial strength and competitiveness, the role and the strength of the state. That nation which desired industrial competitiveness, an efficient infrastructure and a strong military institution also did well to ally itself with those temperance advocates who met at the transnational anti-alcohol conferences. The nation which had such objectives and wanted to see sober and strong citizens was encouraged also by the progressive forces in the temperance movement to take up a whole host of issues from women's political status to an individual's sex life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issues: Preoperative alcohol use is associated with an increase in postoperative morbidity and mortality. Short-term abstinence prior to elective surgery has been shown to reduce postoperative risks. Therefore, behavioural intervention (BI) targeting risky drinking may have significant utility in preventing surgical complications.Approach: The literature was systematically reviewed to identify the scope and outcomes of BIs aiming to reduce alcohol use in risky drinkers before they underwent surgery. Five databases were searched using PRISMA criteria. Of 1243 studies identified, four met pre-established inclusion criteria: (i) implementation of a BI prior to an elective surgery; (ii) the BI-targeted alcohol use among risky drinkers; and (iii) printed in English.Key Findings: Two studies indicated significant reductions in alcohol use at follow ups, and one study demonstrated reductions in postoperative risks. These findings are encouraging, but in light of methodological limitations, the efficacy of preoperative BIs for risky drinking could not be determined.Implications: Future efforts to screen and implement BIs addressing alcohol use in preoperative patients should carefully define risky drinking, allow ample time for recruitment prior to surgery, implement empirically supported interventions, examine the impact of relevant covariates, and consider the statistical power needed to detect change in postoperative complications.Conclusion: Given the strong link between preoperative alcohol use and postoperative risks, additional research on preoperative BIs is critically needed. Existing research suggests several promising directions for research that may enhance future intervention efforts with this high-risk population. [Fernandez AC, Claborn KR, Borsari B. A systematic review of behavioural interventions to reduce preoperative alcohol use. Drug Alcohol Rev 2015;34:508-20]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores recent policy development and resulting tensions that emerge in a neo-liberal climate of widespread availability and use of alcohol and a parallel move towards the marketization of offender management. We argue that these trends threaten the quality of treatment and supervision offered to those whose alcohol use is linked to their violent offending and unduly criminalizes those behaving disorderly as a result of their drinking in the context of ever more coercive frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dominant service delivery model in substance abuse treatment in the United States is abstinenceonly. Often attributed to the prominence of the twelve step approach to addiction, some argue that abstinence-only is a co-optation of the twelve steps, which are inclusive of anyone with the desire to stop drinking where "everyone deserves a seat at the table." Drawing on my experience as a social worker and researcher of harm reduction approaches for the homeless population in substance abuse treatment, I argue that excluding individuals who do not commit to abstinence (i.e., "cherry picking") is paradoxical (given our acceptance of the disease model of addiction) and ethically problematic in its exclusion of individuals in need of psychosocial support and basic services. Abstinence-only service delivery poses an ethical dilemma for health care and psychosocial service providers who work in institutions with abstinence-only policies. The work of social workers is cited as a case example that is particularly problematic given our Code of Ethics which prioritizes client self-determination. If leaders in health care and social services seek to address the needs of vulnerable populations and high utilizing patients, it is critical that we address the ways in which abstinence-only service delivery acts as a barrier to needed health care and social services. Abstinence-only service delivery must be called into question if we are to work toward reducing and eliminating health and health care disparities in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study looks to explain, using archival material from the Presbyterian Historical Society and the Egyptian National Archives, the fascinating presence of a temperance movement in late 19th and early 20th century Egypt, a Muslim-majority country. It looks at how the Egyptian temperance movement grew out of two separate traditions, Anglo- American and Islamic temperance. These traditions were divided by demographics and ideology, but came to be united in their goals, structures, and efficaciousness. Although both failed to enact meaningful legislation, they are excellent examples of the interaction between Anglo-American evangelicalism and the modern Muslim missionary movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article surveys the wave of new historical and political-science literature exploring humanitarianism and the ‘pre-history’ of human rights in the long nineteenth century, noting the presentist assumptions underpinning much of this literature. On the one hand, histories of humanitarianism have focused on the origins of present-day humanitarian concerns, paying particular attention to the anti-slavery movement. On the other hand, the overwhelming majority of this literature has explored Anglo-American (and usually Protestant) humanitarianism to the exclusion of the humanitarian campaigns and ideologies of other nations and faith traditions. A more properly historical approach is required, which would pay greater attention to the fusion of religious and secular traditions of activism, to the particular role of women in constituting these traditions, and to the different national contexts in which they bore fruit. Such an approach would also expand our understanding of ‘humanitarian’ activity to incorporate causes with less obvious present-day relevance, such as the temperance movement and Josephine Butler's campaign against the state regulation of prostitution. It would certainly prompt deeper reflection on the contingency of humanitarianism as a topic of historical inquiry, at least as currently constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper analyzes the moral career of alcoholism treatment in a public health facility, with testimonials from "alcoholic" men and women on the moral of shame. The moral career is the sequence of changes that affect the scheme of identity and images with which a person judges others and herself. We interviewed 20 patients out of which, ten men and ten women, who were either outpatients or hospitalized. Furthermore, field observations of the relationship between patients and those with health professionals were conducted. Moral career aspects were analyzed, among which, the "awareness" of alcoholism and the alcoholic condition as well as the construction of shame and responsibility in the context of treatment. Shame expresses the recognition of respondents about the disregard of social norms, such as the impact of gender in defining both the ethics of the male provider and the good mother. Proving the moral dimension of medical therapeutic device, shame is reconfigured in moments of (re) admission as an expression of a disapproved drinking lifestyle, and joins the therapeutic project in order to hamper the "relapse" and prevent the alcoholic demoralization. We conclude that the medicalization of alcoholism is inscribed in an encompassing moral field that produces moralities and particular ways of perceiving and dealing with alcoholism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Drawing upon the published annual reports of the National Health Society (established in 1871) and its intimate relationship with the Metropolitan Public Gardens and Playgrounds Association, this paper will explore the discourses expressed by the sanitarians and health professionals represented by the Society in relation to the parks movement in London in the 1870s and 1880s. By analysing this particular aspect of the Society, the connections between medical professionals, sanitarians and philanthropic members of the upper classes in relation to the urban parks movement will be explored. Notions of health as a state achieved through the dual combination of the physical environment and the behaviour of the individual will also be discussed, building on the work of recent commentators such as Nancy Tomes, H.L. Malchow, Felix Driver, Martin Gaskell and Peter Thorsheim. Finally, the inter-relationships between the temperance movement, the National Health Society, and the idea of urban green spaces as places of health will be drawn out. This approach will demonstrate the important influence of named medical practitioners, and their approaches regarding health and disease, on the design of the urban fabric in which the majority of Britons now live. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: As both a concept and a movement, “recovery” is increasingly guiding substance use disorder (SUD) services and policy. One sign of this change is the emergence of recovery support services that attempt to help addicted individuals using a comprehensive continuing care model. This paper reviews the policy environment surrounding recovery support services, the needs to which they should respond, and the status of current recovery support models. We conclude that recovery support services (RSS) should be further assessed for effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, that greater efforts must be made to develop the RSS delivery workforce, and that RSS should capitalize on ongoing efforts to create a comprehensive, integrated and patient-centered health care system. As the SUD treatment system undergoes its most important transformation in at least 40years, recovery research and the lived experience of recovery from addiction should be central to reform. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A pious Orthodox peasant from Samara province who moved to St. Petersburg in mid-i890s, "Brother Ioann" (Ivan Alekseevich Churikov, 1861-1933?), always believed himself to be a faithful son of the church, but his flamboyant public preaching against the ills of alcohol ultimately led to his excommunication in 1914. Naturally gifted as a preacher, Brother Ioann regularly attracted thousands of listeners to his Sunday prayer meetings, the vast majority of whom were simple working people, suffering the devastating effects of alcoholism and the chronic insecurities associated with poverty. Debates over his relationship to the Orthodox tradition began almost as soon has he appeared in St. Petersburg, and over time, he suffered imprisonment in an insane asylum and faced a range of serious charges. Drawing on published and archival sources, this article explores the ongoing and increasingly bitter debate between leading members of the Church and Churikov's followers between 1910 and 1914. By illuminating the central points of conflict and the competing visions of Orthodoxy at work in the Churikov case, it reflects more broadly upon the nature of the contemporary crisis within the Russian Orthodox Church, particularly with respect to issues of religious and spiritual authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The English-born New Zealand temperance activist, the Rev. Leonard M. Isitt, undertook a number of temperance ‘missions’ in Britain between 1895 and 1905, offering historians a deeper insight into the lived reality of the ‘British world’ and ‘Greater British’ identity. Addressing several areas of imperial historiography, the article uses newspapers from both New Zealand and Britain to acquire a truly ‘Greater British’ perspective of an imperially mobile individual, from which can be drawn lessons about imperial identities and ‘networks’. Isitt's participation in a self-consciously imperial temperance movement highlights the development of a New Zealand identity that depended upon both contrast and commonality with Britain, but it also points to a politics of imperial peregrination, with the temperance reformer's visits to the ‘Mother Country’ factoring in the highly divisive drink question in both New Zealand and Britain. The article concludes with reflections on the nature and limitations of a ‘Greater British’ politics. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This piece offers a brief account of strategies used to bring archival resources to a wider audience to stimulate public engagement. It demonstrates possible links and synergies for traditional visual arts scholarship with other fields and institutions, such as oral history, museums and galleries, and commerce. Such an enterprise not only demonstrates the possibilities for outreach and community involvement, but also the rich rewards gained in terms of fresh approaches to material and revivified scholarship. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The problem of drink and the consumption of alcohol, especially vodka, and its consequences in prerevolutionary and Soviet Russia have been well documented. Furthermore, historians of Russia have also analyzed the role of posters as a form of propaganda or as a means of generating support for the policies of the Soviet state. However, with the exception of Laura Bernstein and Tricia Starks, very few specialists on the Soviet era have explored the link between the two. This article aims to fill the gap by using visual illustrations to analyze the anti-alcohol health text and messages in Soviet posters from the 1920s to the end of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The issues explored include: the historical context and other factors and how they shaped the content of the posters; the way posters were employed by the Ministry of Public Health and Soviet leadership to create a new way of life (novyi byt); how far and in what way these posters are a sign of the key health problems highlighted by the Soviet state and medical profession; and the types of appeal made. Finally, a critical assessment will be undertaken of the impact and effectiveness of these posters as part of a broader campaign of Soviet health promotion in relation to drink and alcoholism in Soviet Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]