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Intimate partner violence (IPV) is prevalent and has devastating consequences for college students. Online counseling (OC) may be a way to decrease barriers to help. This study seeks to determine openness to OC compared to face-to-face counseling (F2F) by examining: (1) How openness to OC varies depending on college students' personal and IPV characteristics and (2) How these characteristics vary compared to college non-IPV survivors. Two linear regressions were conducted using a sample from a cross sectional survey. First with the entire sample of college students (

We develop three types of organic–inorganic composite membranes based on a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (SIPN) to explore the effects of membrane structure on the possible operating current densities of a non-aqueous redox flow battery (RFB) system. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) is selected as a supporting polymer matrix for improving the chemical and thermal stability of the organic–inorganic composite membranes. We also introduce silica nanoparticles (5 wt% of PVdF) into the membranes to ensure the low crossover of active species. The fabrication of SIPN through the addition of glycidyl methacrylate, 4-vinylpyridine, or N-vinylcarbazole enables control of the membrane structure. Depending on monomer type, the membrane structure is determined to be either aliphatic or aromatic in terms of chemical properties and either dense or porous in terms of physical properties. These chemical and physical structures affect the electrochemical properties that correspond to charge/discharge performance and to the range of possible operating current densities. An important requirement is to examine charge/discharge performance at the possible range of operating current densities by using various membrane structures. This requirement is discussed in relation to a proposed design strategy for non-aqueous RFB membranes.

The formation of ion channels is crucial in preparation of high-performance ion exchange membranes. We studied the alignment of ion channels in a desired direction to improve the ion conductivity of a membrane. In this study, sulfonic groups, attached to poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (SPPO), were aligned according to the direction of the applied electric field. For the proof-of-concept experiment, the ion channels were aligned on a glass plate under an electric field while drying the polymer solution. The formation of in-plane ion channels was confirmed by polarized ion conductivity, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM). The electrical alignment method was further tested to fabricate an ion exchange membrane with aligned ion channels in the through-plane (thickness) direction, which was then characterized in terms of ion conductivity, transport number, and water uptake. The results show that ion conductivity of the membrane was enhanced up to 12 times without loss of ion selectivity. This study successfully demonstrated an electrical alignment of nanoscale ion channels to increase the ion conductivity of an ion exchange membrane at a given ion exchange capacity.

As social network service (SNS) is set as life friendly service, the knowledge of ordinary individuals is being used in educational arena. That is, collective intelligence is built between students or between students and SNS, not between teachers and student in hierarchical educational situation, and the application plan for collective intelligence has been suggested as a new topic in cluster computing environment. This study suggests social learning platform in a specific way to realize the collective intelligence with the interaction between students, teachers and external helper (using API) in educational filed. In this study social learning platform means the aggregation of specific system that collective intelligence helps individual's creativity realize. This study is expected to help for application, expansion and creative linkage of collective intelligence which is able to use at social education in the future, also help the new relation between students and teachers in cluster computing environment.

aElectrochemistry Branch, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, USA bIonic Liquids & Electrolytes for Energy Technologies (ILEET) Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA cSchool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea dElectrochemical Materials & Systems (EMS) Group, Energy & Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington 99352, USA

Teaching research to social work students continues to be the topic of an ongoing dialog within the profession. The literature suggests that some form of a “real-world” or “hands-on” learning opportunity has many benefits for teaching a subject that students often are reluctant to engage in. Using online survey methods, researchers gathered feedback from graduate students and their field supervisors about their experience of completing a field seminar that integrated an agency-based research proposal as part of the course requirement. Although there were limitations to this approach, many of the same benefits of actually implementing research were reported by students who completed only a proposal.

Electrodialysis (ED) has been used for concentration and dilution of salts in aqueous phases. Applications of ED processes are expanded to high purity water production, wastewater treatment, production of acid and base by water splitting, and conversion of chemical energy into electricity through various process integration. The process integration includes ion exchange, electro-adsorption, electrolysis, and microbial fuel cell to enhance the performance of ion removal from process streams or wastewater. In this article, recent development of ED and ion exchange membrane processes integrated with electrochemical and biological devices, that is, water splitting electrodialysis (WSED), continuous electrodeionization (CEDI), membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI), reverse electrodialysis (RED), microbial desalination cell (MDC), and their applications are reviewed. Such processes draw attention increasingly due to growing demand for cleaner energy and environment.

In this study, we report the relative stabilities of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) comprised of different functional groups. The base membrane was synthesized from vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC) that was cross-linked by divinylbenzene (DVB) using a porous polyethylene (PE) substrate, and subsequently quaternized by functional groups including ammonium, diammonium, and phosphonium types. Every synthetic process was confirmed by FTIR spectra, and hydroxide ion conductivity, ion-exchange capacity, and water uptake. For the various functional groups, the membrane stabilities were examined under alkaline and accelerated oxidative conditions. The membranes were found to be reasonably stable under alkaline conditions, whereas the oxidative stability was significantly dependent on the structures of the functional groups. Moreover, an alkaline fuel cell test was performed at 60 °C for selected membranes. Membranes quaternized with trimethylamine (PE-TMA) and triethylamine (PE-TEA) showed the highest power density, while PE-TEA exhibited a higher oxidative stability. Also, the PE-TEA composite membrane was successfully tested for a non-aqueous vanadium redox flow battery.

Anion exchange membranes (PE/VBC) are successfully synthesized by pore-filling a porous polyethylene (PE) substrate with poly(4-vinylbenzyl chloride) followed by amination with pyridyl functional groups for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) applications. The membrane crosslinked with 10% of DVB content (PE/VBC(10)), 33 μm in thickness, exhibits a low swelling ratio of 3.4% and a water uptake of 23%. In addition, the vanadium crossover rate of the PE/VBC(10) membrane is lower than Nafion 117 by 48% at a similar electrical area resistance. Electrochemical properties of the PE/VBC membranes are examined in terms of the transport number and migration of ions as well as the electrical area resistance. Transport numbers for anions of the PE/VBC(10) membranes are 0.96 and 0.97 in NaCl and NaOH solutions, respectively. In acidic solutions of HCl and H2SO4, the membrane shows remarkably higher cation transport numbers of 0.20 and 0.72, which imply that the membrane allows high proton permeation and it is advantageous in VRFB operations. Furthermore, the migration of ions reveals reasonably low fluxes of other cations through the anion exchange membrane. Finally, the energy efficiency of the PE/VBC (10) membrane is 90.2%, higher than Nafion 117 by 5.4%.

It requires a lot of costs and manpower to manage an election. The electronic voting scheme can make the election system economic and trustful. The widespread use of smart phones causes mobile voting to be a major issue. The smart phone can be used as a mobile voting platform since it can carry out many services in addition to basic telephone service. To make mobile voting practical and trustful, we analyzed two subjects of study. Firstly, the way to make a biometric based mobile ID, which has legal binding forces. In mobile voting, user identification is accomplished on line since the voter should be able to vote wherever they go. The digital ID conducts a similar role to the need for a resident card. The user’s identity is bound to the resident card legally. To bind the user’s identity to the smart phone, we use USIM. Biometric recognition is also needed to authenticate the user, since the user cannot prove him or her on line face-to-face. The proposed mobile ID can be reissued by means of introducing a random secret value. Secondly, the mobile voting scheme is proposed where candidates can accept election results without doubt. The goal of an election is to select a leader among two or more candidates. Existing electronic voting schemes mainly focus on the study of ballot verification accomplished by voters. These approaches are not safe against collusion attacks where candidates and the election administration center are able to collude to fabricate election results. Therefore, a new type of voting and counting method is needed where candidates can directly take part in voting and counting stages. The biometric based multi-signature scheme is used to make the undeniable multi-signed ballot. The ballot cannot be verified without the help of all candidates. If candidates accept election results without a doubt, the fairness of the election is satisfied.

A simple electrochemical approach is presented to quantitatively predict activation energy and mass transfer coefficient from a polarization curve of polymer electrolyte fuel cells to examine the membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) performance. It is assumed that the initial voltage drop at open circuit voltage is due to kinetic activation energy and that the current loss at short circuit current is due to mass transfer resistance. Accordingly, voltage drop in the activation polarization is converted into a change in the Gibbs free energy to determine the activation energy requirement. The mass transfer coefficient for current losses is derived from Fick’s law, based on the mass transfer limitation of oxygen at the oxygen reduction reaction sites. Case studies from the literature show reasonable correlations to the operating conditions, thereby providing a useful tool for prediction of the preliminary values of the activation energy and mass transfer coefficient for an MEA under various conditions.

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are prepared with quasi-solid-state electrolytes by employing electrospun nanofiber mats. Here, we investigated the effects of a brominated poly(phenylene oxide) (BPPO) electrospun nanofiber mat used as a non-fluorinated polymer backbone in DSSCs. It was found that BPPO, which contains ether and bromine functional groups of non-bonding electrons, acts as a Lewis base. This Lewis basicity not only negatively shifted the flat band, but also coordinated Li ions in the electrolyte. As a result, by introducing a quasi-solid-state electrolyte, the open circuit voltage increased by 50 mV and the photon-to-current efficiency was comparable to a conventional liquid electrolyte. Furthermore, the quasi-solid-state DSSCs exhibited enhanced long-term stability, maintaining 97% of initial efficiency after 7 d under a mild acceleration condition at 50 °C. Keywords: Dye-sensitized solar cells, Quasi-solid-state electrolyte, Brominated poly(phenylene oxide), Lewis basicity, Long-term stability

A noble electrode for capacitive deionization (CDI) was prepared by embedding ion exchanger onto the surface of a carbon electrode to practice membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI). Bromomethylated poly (2, 6-dimethyl-1, 4-phenylene oxide) (BPPO) was sprayed on carbon cloth followed by sulfonation and amination to form cation exchange and anion exchange layers, respectively. The ion exchange layers were examined by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR). The SEM image showed that the woven carbon cloth was well coated and connected with BPPO. The FT-IR spectrum revealed that sulfonic and amine functional groups were attached on the cationexchange and anionexchange electrodes, respectively. The advantages of the developed carbon electrodes have been successively demonstrated in a batch and a continuous mode CDI operations without ion exchange membranes for salt removal using 100 mg/L NaCl solution.

Digital content is easy to reproduce and manipulate. It is difficult to distinguish the original content from pirated copies. A cryptographic method is needed to protect content author's ownership and secure content distribution. The method should be extended to the case of multiple authors since the content is completed with the assistance of many authors. In this paper, the biometric-based, convertible, and undeniable multi-signature scheme is proposed. The private and public keys are generated using a signer's biometric data and a random secret value. Thus, lending the private key to the proxy signer is not possible. All the signers should participate in multi-signature generation and verification stages. The proposed scheme also provides a signature conversion process in which undeniable multi-signature is converted to the ordinary one. We demonstrate how our scheme is useful to ensure multi-author copyrights and profits.

The present study demonstrates the development and initial examination of psychometric properties of the Intimate Violence Responsibility Scale (IVRS) in a community-based sample (N = 527). The underlying factor structure of the IVRS was tested by the exploratory factor analysis (Principal Axis Factoring), which identifies the four factors: partner blame, distal blame, minimization, and violence recognition. The internal consistency of the four subscales of the 20-item IVRS had an acceptable-to-good coefficient alpha ranging from .75 to .83. Evidence for the convergent and discriminant validity was established through correlational analyses. The initial findings of this study support that the IVRS is a reliable and valid self-reporting instrument that measures attitudes related to responsibility for violent behavior toward the intimate partner. Implications for practice and future research are specified.

This study reports on a novel non-fluorinated composite polymer electrolyte membrane reinforced by an electrospun nanofiber porous substrate (NFPS) having a symmetrically pore-filled structure. Sulfonated poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (SPPO) was mechanically reinforced by electrospun and cross-linked bromomethylated poly(2,6-dimetyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (cBPPO), and the effect of pore-filled SPPO with different ion exchange capacities was investigated. After physical and chemical treatments of the electrospun BPPO nanofiber mat (NFM), proton conducting membranes were successfully fabricated without additional surface conducting layers. In particular, the affinity between hydrophilic conducting SPPO and hydrophobic reinforcing BPPO was considerably improved as both have the same backbone structure. As a result, SPPO based membranes with a high water swelling of 90% were significantly suppressed to 20% due to the mechanical support of cBPPO NFPS. Moreover, the proton conductivities of the prepared membranes were improved from 0.03 to 0.08 S/cm by the increasing IEC, and greatly enhanced performances were confirmed in a H 2 /O 2 fuel cell. Finally, advantages for water management using the prepared thin membranes were discussed in terms of their corresponding polarization behaviors.

Fish meat extract (FME) desalination via electrodialysis (ED) was performed and the changes of important parameters such as membrane stack potential, brix, pH, and electrical conductivity were examined for a quantitative evaluation. The change of electrical conductivity in diluted or concentrated solutions showed that the mineral ions contained in the FME could be effectively removed. The characterization of membrane fouling indicated that the organic/inorganic components deposited, respectively, on the surfaces of anion/cation exchange membrane and resulted in the increase of membrane electrical resistance. Ion chromatograph (IC) analysis showed that the main mineral ions, such as Na+ and Cl+ ions contained in the FM E, were removed about 82.3% at an average current efficiency of around 77.9% via ED. By considering the removal rate of mineral ions and current efficiency, the feasibility of FME desalination via ED was proved.

This study evaluated the impact that undergraduate social work education had on students' attitude toward poverty as pretest and posttest data were collected from 166 university students enrolled in an undergraduate social work course that included a focus on poverty. At both stages of the study participants responded to a 37-item validated instrument designed to measure attitudes toward poverty and impoverished persons. The authors' analyses indicated that the participants demonstrated a significantly more structural attitude toward poverty and impoverished persons at the posttest stage, suggesting that social work education influences students' poverty-related attitudes. The implications for social work practice are discussed.

The desalination of fish meat extract was performed via electrodialysis based on different membrane stack configurations (i.e., conventional electrodialysis or packed-bed electrodialysis) at a constant current. The salt removal and brix change showed that the diluted fish meat extract could be effectively desalted using electrodialysis, while the mostly nutritional ingredients remained in the dilution. Compared with the conventional electrodialysis (ED), a lower membrane stack potential meant lower energy consumption and higher current efficiency for the same salt removal in the packed-bed electrodialysis (PBED). The results indicated that the PBED might be more suitable for use in the fish meat extract desalination due to the effects of ion exchange resins in enhancing ion electromigration and mitigating membrane fouling.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of individual grief counselling using music-based intervention for women who had unresolved forgiveness/grief issues due to the loss of a loved one. Each individual (N = 21) completed the 12 bi-weekly grief counselling sessions, in which the pretest and posttest data were collected. The results suggest that music-based intervention made a positive impact on the individuals who had current unresolved forgiveness/grief issues and depression symptoms. A strong positive correlation was observed between their perception of unresolved forgiveness/grief issues and their depression levels. Implications for evidence-based social work practice are discussed.

The oxidative stability and proton conductivity of a sulfonated polystyrene/poly(vinyl chloride) (SPS/PVC) composite membrane were simultaneously enhanced through the proper copolymerization of styrene (St) with α-methylstyrene (αMS), acrylonitrile (AN), and divinylbenzene (DVB). These monomers were readily impregnated and polymerized within a nonporous PVC film, thereby forming a semi-IPN structure. The AN increased both the molecular weight of copolymer and swelling of the PVC film in the monomer solution composed of St, αMS, AN, and DVB. The molecular weight and weight gain ratio affected the degradation mechanism and membrane properties during the oxidative degradation of a crosslinked copolymer reinforced with PVC film. The low AN content (5–10%) limited the enhancement of the oxidative stability of the copolymer due to its low molecular weight. And though AN effectively increased the copolymer molecular weight, excessive AN content (30%) slightly deteriorated both the proton conductivity and oxidative stability due to the high water uptake. In this study, a proper AN content (20%) concurrently improved both the proton conductivity (0.164 S/cm) and oxidative stability compared to the SPS/PVC composite membrane.

For development of proton conductive membranes, it is a difficult dilemma to balance proton conductivity and methanol permeability; however, this research proposes a simple strategy to solve this problem, i.e., embedding a proton conductive "barrier" into the perflorosulfonated matrix. The strategy is exemplified by embedding the amphoteric sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone kentone) (SPPESK) into a semicrystalline perflorosulfonic acid polymer matrix (FSP). After being annealed, the domain of SPPESK is converted to the barrier. Two acid-base interactions constitute the barrier for both the transfer of protons and the blockage of methanol, respectively. On one hand, poorly hydrophilic ionic acid-base interactions (-SO(3)(-)...NH(+)-) are formed between sulfonic acid group and phthalazinone group through annealing and are useful for methanol blocking. On the other hand, more hydrophilic hydrogen-bonded acid-base interaction (-SO(3)H...(H(2)O)(n)...N-, n ≤ 3) can also be formed under hydrated condition and facilitate proton transport according to the Grotthuss-type mechanism. As a result, the final membrane exhibits an extremely low methanol permeability (30% of that of Nafion-112) and an excellent fuel cell performance (as compared with Nafion-112 at 80 °C).

For application in fuel cells, a series of low-cost proton exchange membranes with covalently crosslinking structure were prepared from sulfonated poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) just through a heat treatment. The crosslinking reaction was verified and investigated in detail. The crosslinking degree could be controlled by adjusting the time or temperature for heat treatment. With a proton conductivity of 0.128 S cm −1 and tensile strength of 52.8 MPa, the optimum membrane showed a maxim power density of 0.893 W cm −2 while that of Nafion ® 112 is 0.602 W cm −2 in a single cell test at 60 °C. In view of the competitive properties with Nafion ® series, the crosslinked membranes are qualified for a potential application in fuel cells.

Water management is one of the critical issues of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells because dehydration of a membrane increases membrane-resistance whereas excessive water flooding at the cathode impedes the gaseous diffusion of oxygen to reaction sites at the wetted catalyst surface. In this study, we have developed an asymmetric polymer electrolyte membrane that facilitates water management. The structural modification of the membrane strongly affected water management, due primarily to the fact that water must move through the membrane during fuel cell operation. The asymmetric membrane improved transport of water from the cathode to the anode when the hydrophilic side of the membrane located to the cathode, thereby enhancing overall fuel cell performance under both fully humidified and non-humidified conditions. Keywords: Asymmetric membranes, Water management, Pore-filling, Fuel cells, Functional electrolyte membranes

Different from H(3)O(+) transport as in the vehicle mechanism, protons find another channel to transfer through the poorly hydrophilic interlayers in a hydrated multiphase membrane. This membrane was prepared from poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone kentone) (SPPESK) and H(+)-form perfluorosulfonic resin (FSP), and poorly hydrophilic electrostatically interacted acid-base pairs constitute the interlayer between two hydrophilic phases (FSP and SPPESK). By hydrogen bonds forming and breaking between acid-base pairs and water molecules, protons transport directly through these poorly hydrophilic zones. The multiphase membrane, due to this unique transfer mechanism, exhibits better electrochemical performances during fuel cell tests than those of pure FSP and Nafion-112 membranes: 0.09-0.12 S cm(-1) of proton conductivity at 25 degrees C and 990 mW cm(-2) of the maximum power density at a current density of 2600 mA cm(-2) and a cell voltage of 0.38 V.

The catalytic conversion of phenol in a membraneless electrochemical reactor with immobilized horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a biological catalyst was investigated. To introduce HRP into a membraneless electrochemical reactor, we conducted immobilization on the porous Celite beads through aminopropylation with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APTES) and covalent linkage with glutaraldehyde (GA). Under the optimal applied potential determined by the stability of the immobilized HRP in the electric field and the production rate of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), the aqueous phase of phenol was effectively converted by the electroenzymatic reaction. Phenol was oxidized by the electrochemical and electroenzymatic methods in a membraneless electrochemical reactor with the immobilized HRP, showing that the oxidation of phenol was enhanced by the electroenzymatic method. During the electroenzymatic degradation, phenol was converted into p -benzoquinone, various organic acids and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ).

Recent comparisons between transpalpebral tonometry using TGDc-01 and Goldmann applanation tonometry were performed in populations with IOPs between 10 and 20 mmHg. The purpose of this study was to evaluate device deviations depending on different IOP levels (range 5-40 mmHg).A total of 68 eyes of 68 patients were included and assigned to four IOP levels according to an initial applanation tonometry assessment: level I,10 mmHg (n=8); level II, 10-19 mmHg (n=20); level III, 20-29 mmHg (n=20); and level IV,or =30 mmHg (n=20). Two independent and randomized observers performed three replicate measurements per eye-observer 1 using TGDc-01 tonometry, and observer 2 using Goldmann applanation tonometry. Intraindividual deviations between measurement results were investigated concerning clinical relevance by medians and quartiles, concerning statistical significance by pairwise sign tests; p values0.05 indicate local statistical significance.In patients with initial IOPor =20 mmHg, TGDc-01-based tonometry significantly underestimated the IOP as based on Goldmann applanation tonometry (p0.001). This effect increased with increasing IOP: IOP level III median difference (TGDc-01 - Goldmann) -1.3 mmHg (interquartile range, -2.5, -0.4), IOP level IV median difference -2.7 mmHg (-3.7, -1.0). In patients with initial IOP10 mmHg, an at least gradual underestimation by TGDc-01 tonometry (p=0.219; median difference, -0.6, -1.6, 0) was observed. A total 18% of patients showed device deviations+/-3 mmHg, and even 35% of those patients with initial IOPor =30 mmHg.TGDc-01-based tonometry demonstrated an increasing underestimation of IOP with increasing IOP levels when compared with the current standard method of Goldmann applanation tonometry.

Studies on glaucoma therapy were analyzed with regard to study design, diagnostic parameters and success criteria. In 11 frequently read peer-reviewed periodicals, 101 studies published between 1996 and 1999 were chosen according to specific criteria. Design parameters, diagnostic measures and success criteria were investigated. Thirty-seven studies were retrospective and 64 prospective. Twenty-five studies were multicenter studies. Thirty-seven studies dealt with drug therapy, 12 with laser therapy, and 52 with surgical therapy. The study duration in 51% of the studies (n=52) was up to 1 year, in 28% (n=28) from 1 to 2 years, in 17% (n=17) over 2 years, and in 5% (n=5) in excess of 4 years. Four studies gave insufficient data. Forty-one studies recruited less than 50 patients and 57 studies recruited less than 75 patients. Thirty-four studies included more than 100 patients and 11 studies more than 250 patients. Sixty-one studies included race as a parameter. All 101 studies measured intraocular pressure (IOP). Forty-five studies explicitly described the method of tonometry. Thirteen studies measured a diurnal IOP. Forty-one studies examined the visual field, of which 30 named the method of perimetry. Only 28 studies examined the optic disc morphology. They all employed ophthalmoscopy, and two additionally employed optic disc photography. Sixty-three studies explicitly defined success criteria, establishing 95 different definitions: 74 definitions (78%) used a specified value for IOP as a success criterion. Out of the 70 definitions that gave an absolute value for IOP, 12 definitions (17%) used IOP values between 14 and 16 mmHg as the upper limit, 4 definitions (6%) used IOP values between 17 and 19 mmHg, and 54 definitions (77%) used IOP values between 20 and 22 mmHg. Out of the 26 definitions that specified a percentage IOP reduction, it was judged to be a success when the IOP was lowered by 20% or more from the starting value in ten definitions (38%), by 25% or more in three definitions (12%), and by 30% or more in 13 definitions (50%). Examples of prestigious studies show the necessity of observation periods of several years and demonstrate the need for a high number of participants, necessitating the cooperation of many study centers. Beside a more precise characterization of the patient collectives, clinical studies should always specify the measurement method clearly. Investigating a diurnal IOP profile to recognize changes in IOP and IOP peaks, as well as the routine determination of central corneal thickness, would be desirable. New diagnostic techniques for improved assessment of the functional and morphologic damage will gain in relevance in the future. The lack of a common definition of success reveals the complexity of the disease. However, an IOP reduction based on the degree of damage and ascertaining the target pressure seems sensible.